scholarly journals Relationship of rural work with gender and education level / Relação do trabalho rural com gênero e nível de escolaridade

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2364-2378
Author(s):  
Eveline Barbosa S. Carvalho ◽  
Felipe Rocha Campos ◽  
José Wellington Saraiva Sousa Junior ◽  
Luis Henrique B. De Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Education Level ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Rural Work

The research analyzes the relationship between rural work gender and education level based on microdata from the Brazilian Federal Government's General Register of Employed and Unemployed. Using data from employment in the states of Ceará and São Paulo as a case study, the descriptive analysis from the demand curve confirms that male workers have higher average salary level than female workers, in rural areas and also in urban areas, regardless of schooling. The research used the calculation of the price elasticity of demand coefficient to capture the behavior of employment in response to wage variations and showed that for illiterate workers job is more stable in Ceará regardless of gender. On the other hand, for São Paulo illiterate workers have less job stability. For workers with incomplete elementary education, the demand for men and women is inelastic for both Ceará and São Paulo. The cross-elasticity coefficients showed that the higher the level of education, the lower the possibility of discrimination as both gender are considered substitute factors of production.

scholarly journals Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini ◽  
Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça ◽  
Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira ◽  
Adélia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto ◽  
Camila Infantosi Vannucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Mean

In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.

scholarly journals Geotecnologias Aplicadas à Análise de Ilhas de Calor de Superfície em Cidades do Interior do Estado de São Paulo

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2041
Author(s):  
Gislene Figueiredo Ortiz Porangaba ◽  
Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Heat Islands

A qualidade dos ambientes urbanos tem se mostrado de maneira inadequada para parcela significativa da população, devido ao fato de não se considerar, no seu processo de expansão territorial, as características físicas desses ambientes. No intuito de amenizar os problemas relacionados à qualidade desses ambientes, particularmente no que se refere às características da temperatura e à geração de ilhas de calor de superfície, a comunidade científica vem desenvolvendo formas de análise para auxiliar no planejamento ambiental das cidades tendo o sensoriamento remoto como grande aliado. Nas análises acerca das ilhas de calor de superfície, o sensoriamento remoto auxilia na representação da temperatura dos alvos urbanos em relação ao entorno próximo e na avaliação da cobertura vegetal, que é um importante elemento para amenizar as ilhas de calor superficiais. Nesse sentido, no presente artigo tem-se por objetivo analisar a cobertura vegetal por meio do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e sua interferência na temperatura da superfície nas cidades de Assis, Cândido Mota, Maracaí e Tarumã (São Paulo/Brasil). Para isso foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat 8, banda 10, para o cálculo da temperatura dos alvos e as bandas 4 e 5 para o cálculo do NDVI.  Pode-se concluir por meio da análise do NDVI que a vegetação exuberante e/ou ativa (alto NDVI) tem papel fundamental na amenização das temperaturas dos alvos. Por outro lado, NDVI baixo, devido à alta densidade construtiva nas áreas urbanas ou em período de estiagem, particularmente nas áreas rurais próximas, favorece o aquecimento superficial. Heat Islands in Cities in the Interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil A B S T R A C TThe quality of urban environments has proven inappropriate for a significant portion of the population due to a failure to consider, in their territorial expansion process, the physical characteristics of these environments. In order to mitigate issues related to the quality of these environments, particularly regarding characteristics of temperature and generation of surface heat islands, the scientific community has developed analysis methods to assist in the environmental planning of cities, using remote sensing as a key ally. In the analysis of surface heat islands, remote sensing assists in the representation of the temperature of urban targets in relation to the near surroundings and the assessment of the vegetation, which is a key element to mitigate surface heat islands. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the vegetation cover using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its interference on surface temperature in the cities of Assis, Cândido Mota, Maracaí and Tarumã (São Paulo, Brazil). To do that, we used images from the Landsat 8 satellite, band 10, to calculate the temperature of the targets, and bands 4 and 5, to calculate the NDVI. It can be concluded through the NDVI analysis that the exuberant and/or active vegetation (high NDVI) plays a key role in reducing temperatures in the targets. On the other hand, a low NDVI, due to the high building density in urban areas or the dry season, particularly in nearby rural areas, favors surface heating.Keywords: Remote sensing, NDVI, Surface temperature, Urban climate.

Sobre a Formação da Mão de Obra Industrial no Brasil e a Imigração Estrangeira - 1890-1930

GEOgraphia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Satiê Mizubuti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
First Republic ◽  
International Demand

Resumo A formação da mão-de-obra no Brasil no decorrer da Primeira República (1890-1930) se fez de forma acelerada e em dois campos simultaneamente no rural e no urbano. No rural, pelo aquecimento da demanda internacional pelo café brasileiro, e, no urbano, pelo início da industrialização, principalmente, nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Tanto nas atividades agrícolas, como nas industriais, a presença e a participação do imigrante estrangeiro foram hegemônicas e decisivas. É preciso considerar que a abolição da escravatura havia ocorrido em 1888, criando um esvaziamento do mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Palavras chave: imigração estrangeira; cafeicultura, industrialização; sindicalismo; relações de trabalho.Resumo Labor formation in Brazil took an accelerated rhythmus during the First Republic (1890-1930) in two fields simultaneously: rural and urban. In the rural sector it was due to an increase in international demand for Brazilian coffee. In the urban areas, meanwhile, the beginning of industrialization, specially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, was the main cause. Not only in the agricultural activities. but also in the industries, the presence and participation of foreign immigrants were decisive. The abolition os slavery in 1888 must be considered as part of this context, as it changed the labour market. Keywords: foreign immigration; coffee growing; industrialization; trade unionism; work relations.

scholarly journals A hospital-based study on clinical data, demographic data and visual function of keratoconus patients in Central China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaili Yang ◽  
Liyan Xu ◽  
Qi Fan ◽  
Yuwei Gu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Central China ◽  
The Mean

AbstractChina is a populous country but lacks epidemiological data on keratoconus (KC). The present study aimed to investigate the clinical data, demographic data, and visual function (VF) data of KC patients in Central China. A total of 524 KC eyes in 307 KC patients (217 bilateral and 90 unilateral) from Henan Eye Hospital were included in the current study. Demographic and VF data were assessed with questionnaires administered by well-trained staff during face-to-face interviews. Visual acuity value was examined by a qualified optometrist, and the clinical data were measured by professional clinicians. The distributions of sex, residence and education level of KC patients were compared by Chi-square tests, and the ratios of people wearing glasses and rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses were compared by McNemar tests. General linear models/Chi-squared tests were used to compare the clinical and demographic data according to KC severity. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to test the associations between the data and KC severity. The mean age at diagnosis was 20.98 ± 6.06 years, and males had a higher ratio of KC than females (P < 0.001). Patients in rural areas had a higher rate of KC than those in urban areas (P = 0.039), and the proportion of KC patients with a higher education level (above high school) was high (P < 0.001). A total of 68.40% of the patients reported eye rubbing and 3.52% had a positive family history. The percentage of people wearing glasses was higher than that of patients wearing RGP lenses (P < 0.001). The total VF score of KC patients was 69.35 ± 15.25. The thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) and stiffness parameter at the first applanation (SP-A1) values were inversely correlated with KC severity (P < 0.05). The mean, steep, and max keratometry (Km, Ks and Kmax) values, the RGP lens use and keratoplasty were positively correlated with KC severity (all P < 0.05). The total VF score of the eye with better VA decreased as the severity increased (r = − 0.21, P = 0.002). The present study comprehensively describes various associated features of KC patients from a tertiary hospital in Central China, providing a reference for understanding the characteristics of KC patients in China.

scholarly journals Space-time cluster analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis in Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1949-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Aparecida Feijó de Souza ◽  
Luiz Ricardo Paes de Barros Cortez ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
José Soares Ferreira Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Space Time ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The City

A space-time analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in humans in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed between June 2003 and October 2008. Spatial analysis of the disease showed that cases occurred especially in the city's urban areas. AVL annual incidence rates were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate occurred in 2006 (19.55/100,000 inhabitants). This finding was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also showed a positive tendency over the period analyzed. The present study allows us to conclude that the disease was clustered in the Southwest side of the city in 2006, suggesting that this area may require special attention with regard to control and prevention measures.

scholarly journals Mathematical model to estimate of the deterioration of wooden poles in contact with soil used in rural areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1026
Author(s):  
Julio C. Molina ◽  
Carlito Calil Júnior ◽  
Roberto R. de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
Simplified Mathematical Model

In São Paulo State, mainly in rural areas, the utilization of wooden poles is observed for different purposes. In this context, wood in contact with the ground presents faster deterioration, which is generally associated to environmental factors and, especially to the presence of fungi and insects. With the use of mathematical models, the useful life of wooden structures can be predicted by obtaining "climatic indexes" to indicate, comparatively among the areas studied, which have more or less tendency to fungi and insects attacks. In this work, by using climatological data of several cities at São Paulo State, a simplified mathematical model was obtained to measure the aggressiveness of the wood in contact with the soil.

scholarly journals Knowledge and attitudes towards dementia in a sample of medical residents from a university-hospital in São Paulo, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Ferrari Jacinto ◽  
Paulo José Fortes Villas Boas ◽  
Vânia Ferreira de Sá Mayoral ◽  
Vanessa de Albuquerque Citero
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Medical Residents ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes

An estimated 61% of the 24.3 million people diagnosed with dementia worldwide live in underdeveloped countries, including Brazil, where a public healthcare system covers the majority of the population. This care is usually provided by General Practitioners (GP) and in Brazil many doctors recently graduated from medical school and residents of different medical specialties practice as GPs. Objective : The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge and attitudes about dementia in a sample of Brazilian medical residents from a university-hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods : A total of 152 Brazilian medical residents participated in the study. Participants answered a "Knowledge Quiz" (KQ) and "Attitude Quiz" (AQ) about dementia issues, transculturally adapted for use in Brazilian physicians. A descriptive analysis of the correct answers on knowledge and of the attitude aspects was performed. Results : The medical residents showed poor knowledge (<50%) about dementia prevalence and incidence and a good knowledge on disease management and diagnosis. Participants tended to be optimistic about caring for demented patients. Conclusion : In this study, it is likely that the physicians' good knowledge about dementia issues is the reason for their optimism dealing with demented patients.

scholarly journals Examining the Dietary Diversity of Children in Niger

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽  
Ariun Ishdorj ◽  
E.L.J. McKyer ◽  
Rahma Mkuu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Factors

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.

scholarly journals The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 2394-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽  
Anne McMunn ◽  
Paola Zaninotto ◽  
Eric J Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico.DesignCross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016. Effect modification of the education–obesity association by household wealth was tested.SettingMexico.SubjectsWomen (n 54 816) and men (n 20 589) aged 20–49 years.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the association between education and obesity in women varied by level of household wealth in the earlier surveys (1988, 1999 and 2006; interaction P<0·001). In urban areas in 1988, one level lower education was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with 45 % higher obesity prevalence among the richest women (1·45; 1·24, 1·69), whereas among the poorest the same education difference was protective (0·84; 0·72, 0·99). In the latest surveys (2012, 2016), higher education was protective across all wealth groups. Among men, education level was not associated with obesity in urban areas; there was a direct association in rural areas. Wealth did not modify the association between education and obesity.ConclusionThe reversal of the educational gradient in obesity among women occurred once a threshold level of household wealth was reached. Among men, there was no evidence of a reversal of the gradient. Policies must not lose sight of the populations most vulnerable to the obesogenic environment.

Extreme Rainfall Events in the Macro-Metropolis of São Paulo: trends and connection with climate oscillations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyne B. Machado ◽  
Thamiris L. O. B. Campos ◽  
Sameh A. Abou Rafee ◽  
Jorge A. Martins ◽  
Alice M. Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Climatic Indices

AbstractIn the present work, the trend of extreme rainfall indices in the Macro-Metropolis of São Paulo (MMSP) was analyzed and correlated with largescale climatic oscillations. A cluster analysis divided a set of rain gauge stations into three homogeneous regions within MMSP, according to the annual cycle of rainfall. The entire MMSP presented an increase in the total annual rainfall, from 1940 to 2016, of 3 mm per year on average, according to Mann-Kendall test. However, there is evidence that the more urbanized areas have a greater increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, while coastal and mountainous areas, and regions outside large urban areas, have increasing rainfall in a better-distributed way throughout the year. The evolution of extreme rainfall (95th percentile) is significantly correlated with climatic indices. In the center-north part of the MMSP, the combination of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) explains 45% of the P95th increase during the wet season. In turn, in southern MMSP, the Temperature of South Atlantic (TSA), the AAO, the El Niño South Oscillation (ENSO) and the Multidecadal Oscillation of the North Atlantic (AMO) better explain the increase in extreme rainfall (R2 = 0.47). However, the same is not observed during the dry season, in which the P95th variation was only negatively correlated with the AMO, undergoing a decrease from the ‘70s until the beginning of this century. The occurrence of rainy anomalous months proved to be more frequent and associated with climatic indices than dry months.

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