Microsaccades reflect the dynamics of misdirected attention in magic

The methods of magicians provide powerful tools for enhancing the ecological validity of laboratory studies of attention. The current research borrows a technique from magic to explore the relationship between microsaccades and covert attention under near-natural viewing conditions. We monitored participants’ eye movements as they viewed a magic trick where a coin placed beneath a napkin vanishes and reappears beneath another napkin. Many participants fail to see the coin move from one location to the other the first time around, thanks to the magician’s misdirection. However, previous research was unable to distinguish whether or not participants were fooled based on their eye movements. Here, we set out to determine if microsaccades may provide a window into the efficacy of the magician’s misdirection. In a multi-trial setting, participants monitored the location of the coin (which changed positions in half of the trials), while engaging in a delayed match-to-sample task at a different spatial location. Microsaccades onset times varied with task difficulty, and microsaccade directions indexed the locus of covert attention. Our com-bined results indicate that microsaccades may be a useful metric of covert attentional processes in applied and ecologically valid settings.

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Covert Attention and Eye Movements during Reading

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A ◽

10.1080/14640748908402353 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 63-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

Albrecht Werner Inhoff ◽

Alexander Pollatsek ◽

Michael I. Posner ◽

Keith Rayner

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Reading Performance ◽

Covert Attention ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Reliable Effect ◽

Eye Movements During Reading ◽

Attentional Spotlight

Eye movements were monitored during the reading of spatially transformed text in order to examine covert attentional processes in reading. In some conditions, the sequence of letters within a word was congruent with (i.e. in the same direction as) the sequence of words in the sentence; in other conditions the direction of letters within words and the direction of words in the sentence were incongruent. In addition, the window of visible text was varied so that in some conditions only the fixated word (and all preceding words) were visible, whereas in other conditions the fixated word and the succeeding word were both visible. Readers were able to extract more parafoveal information from text when the words themselves were normal than when the letters within the words were transformed. However, with practice, readers were able to use some parafoveal information even when the words were transformed. The most important finding was that the congruity of the word and letter order had no reliable effect on the ability to extract parafoveal information and influenced reading performance only when the words themselves were normal. We conclude that covert attention in reading is not a letter-by-letter scan that sweeps across the page, but either an asymmetric spotlight held constant on each fixation or a shifting of an attentional spotlight extending across multiletter units (possibly words) with the direction of shifts of attention closely coupled to the direction of eye movements.

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Does visual scanpath reflect self-focused and other-focused attention, a maintenance factor of social anxiety?

10.31124/advance.9873050.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nozomi Tomita ◽

Minamide Ayumi ◽

Hiroaki Kumano

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Focused Attention ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Metacognitive Beliefs ◽

Visual Scanpath ◽

The Relationship

Social anxiety disorder has two critical attentional processes, self-focused attention (SFA) and other-focused attention (OFA). These biases are caused by two psychological aspects: Strategies known as positive metacognitive beliefs and negative metacognitive beliefs. A method in which the occurrence of OFA is predicted by eye movement has been proposed. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between SFA and changes of eye movement. We investigated the relationship between the degree of SFA and OFA during speech and eye movements based on psychogenic correlation that psychological changes reflect eye movements in this study.

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Does visual scanpath reflect self-focused and other-focused attention, a maintenance factor of social anxiety?

10.31124/advance.9873050 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nozomi Tomita ◽

Minamide Ayumi ◽

Hiroaki Kumano

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Focused Attention ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Metacognitive Beliefs ◽

Visual Scanpath ◽

The Relationship

Social anxiety disorder has two critical attentional processes, self-focused attention (SFA) and other-focused attention (OFA). These biases are caused by two psychological aspects: Strategies known as positive metacognitive beliefs and negative metacognitive beliefs. A method in which the occurrence of OFA is predicted by eye movement has been proposed. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between SFA and changes of eye movement. The relationship between the degree of SFA and OFA during speech and eye movements was investigated in this study, based on the psychosomatic relationship in which eye movements reflect psychological changes.

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Interference between smooth pursuit and color working memory

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.10.3.6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Shulin Yue ◽

Zhenlan Jin ◽

Chenggui Fan ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

Ling Li

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Field ◽

Spatial Attention ◽

Smooth Pursuit ◽

Spatial Working Memory ◽

Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽

Match To Sample ◽

Pursuit Eye Movements ◽

The Relationship

Spatial working memory (WM) and spatial attention are closely related, but the relationship between non-spatial WM and spatial attention still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between color WM and smooth pursuit eye movements. A modified delayed-match-to-sample paradigm (DMS) was applied with 2 or 4 items presented in each visual field. Subjects memorized the colors of items in the cued visual field and smoothly moved eyes towards or away from memorized items during retention interval despite that the colored items were no longer visible. The WM performance decreased with higher load in general. More importantly, the WM performance was better when subjects pursued towards rather than away from the cued visual field. Meanwhile, the pursuit gain decreased with higher load and demonstrated a higher result when pursuing away from the cued visual field. These results indicated that spatial attention, guiding attention to the memorized items, benefits color WM. Therefore, we propose that a competition for attention resources exists between color WM and smooth pursuit eye movements.

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Does visual scanpath reflect self-focused and other-focused attention, a maintenance factor of social anxiety?

10.31124/advance.9873050.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nozomi Tomita ◽

Minamide Ayumi ◽

Hiroaki Kumano

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Focused Attention ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Metacognitive Beliefs ◽

Visual Scanpath ◽

The Relationship

Social anxiety disorder has two critical attentional processes, self-focused attention (SFA) and other-focused attention (OFA). These biases are caused by two psychological aspects: Strategies known as positive metacognitive beliefs and negative metacognitive beliefs. A method in which the occurrence of OFA is predicted by eye movement has been proposed. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between SFA and changes of eye movement. The relationship between the degree of SFA and OFA during speech and eye movements was investigated in this study, based on the psychosomatic relationship in which eye movements reflect psychological changes.

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Affirmative Action and Leadership Attitudes in Brazilian Women Managers

Journal of Personnel Psychology ◽

10.1027/1866-5888/a000039 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gazi Islam ◽

Sarah E. S. Zilenovsky

Keyword(s):

Affirmative Action ◽

Latin American ◽

Women Managers ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Preferential Selection ◽

Justice Perceptions ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

This note examines the relationship between affirmative action (AA) program perceptions and women’s self-ascribed capacity and desire to become leaders. We propose that women who believe that their organization implements a program of preferential selection toward women will experience negative psychological effects leading to lowered self-expectations for leadership, but that this effect will be moderated by their justice perceptions of AA programs. We test this proposition empirically for the first time with a Latin American female sample. Among Brazilian women managers, desire but not self-ascribed capacity to lead was reduced when they believed an AA policy was in place. Both desire’s and capacity’s relationships with belief in an AA policy were moderated by justice perceptions.

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ЗУБРЫ НА СЕВЕРЕ РОССИИ — НАСТОЯЩЕЕ И БУДУЩЕЕ

Molochnoe i miasnoe skotovodstvo ◽

10.33943/mms.2019.3.31722 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 42-44

Author(s):

I.V. GUSAROV ◽

V.A. OSTAPENKO ◽

T.V. NOVIKOVА

Keyword(s):

Biological Diversity ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

European Bison ◽

Rare And Endangered Species ◽

The North ◽

Rare And Endangered ◽

Relationship Of ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Впервые в мире создана популяция зубров на территории 60 градусов северной широты. В новых климатических условиях разведения и сохранения зубров определены и проанализированы факторы существования вида на севере Европейской части РФ. Выявлены признаки, динамика численности, которые являются составной частью системы, предназначенной для управления биоразнообразием. Интродукция, являясь процессом введения в экосистему нехарактерных для нее видов, может усиливать изменения биоценозов как положительно, так и отрицательно. Насколько быстро и успешно проходит процесс адаптации заселенного вида, и усматривается его влияние на окружающую среду зависит дальнейшее существование зубров и в целом биоразнообразия. В статье обсуждаются вопросы взаимоотношения зубров с другими видами копытных и хозяйственной деятельностью человека, а также дальнейшим использованием зубров в сельскохозяйственном производстве. Пластичность зубров, выявление изменений и их анализ при вселении видов в новые условия обитания необходимы не только для определения развития или деградации биоценозов и в целом экосистемы, но и прогноза социально-экономических последствий интродукции как одного из методов сохранения редких и исчезающих видов фауны.For the first time in the world, a bison population has been created in an area of 60 degrees north latitude. In the new climatic conditions of breeding and preservation of bison, the factors of the species existence in the north of the European part of the Russian Federation are identified and analyzed. The signs, dynamics of abundance, which are an integral part of the system designed to manage biodiversity are identified, since the preservation of biological diversity on the planet is one of the main problems of our time. Introduction, being the process of introducing non-typical species into an ecosystem, can enhance changes in biocenoses, both positively and negatively. The question posing sounds especially when it comes to such a large hoofed animal as the European bison. How quickly and successfully the process of adaptation of the universe takes place and its environmental impact is seen depends on the continued existence of bison and biodiversity in general. The article discusses the relationship of bison with other types of ungulates and human activities, as well as the further use of bison in agricultural production. How these issues will be resolved positively depends on the future of these animals. Thus, the plasticity of bison, the identification of changes and their analysis, with the introduction of species into new habitat conditions is necessary not only to determine the development or degradation of biocenoses and the ecosystem as a whole, but also to predict the socio-economic consequences due to the introduction as one of the methods of preserving rare and endangered species of fauna.

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A University Education

10.1093/oso/9780198767268.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David Willetts

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Modern Society ◽

University Education ◽

Modern World ◽

Controversial Issues ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual ◽

The University ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Universities have a crucial role in the modern world. In England, entrance to universities is by nation-wide competition which means English universities have an exceptional influence on schools--a striking theme of the book. This important book first investigates the university as an institution and then tracks the individual on their journey to and through university. In A University Education, David Willetts presents a compelling case for the ongoing importance of the university, both as one of the great institutions of modern society and as a transformational experience for the individual. The book also makes illuminating comparisons with higher education in other countries, especially the US and Germany. Drawing on his experience as UK Minister for Universities and Science from 2010 to 2014, the author offers a powerful account of the value of higher education and the case for more expansion. He covers controversial issues in which he was involved from access for disadvantaged students to the introduction of L9,000 fees. The final section addresses some of the big questions for the future, such as the the relationship between universities and business, especially in promoting innovation.. He argues that the two great contemporary trends of globalisation and technological innovation will both change the university significantly. This is an authoritative account of English universities setting them for the first time in their new legal and regulatory framework.

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The relationship between eye movements and subsequent recognition: Evidence from individual differences and amnesia

Cortex ◽

10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.007 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 85 ◽

pp. 182-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Rosanna K. Olsen ◽

Vinoja Sebanayagam ◽

Yunjo Lee ◽

Morris Moscovitch ◽

Cheryl L. Grady ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Eye Movements ◽

The Relationship

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Variation in VKORC1 Is Associated with Vascular Dementia

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-201256 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 1329-1337

Author(s):

Jure Mur ◽

Daniel L. McCartney ◽

Daniel I. Chasman ◽

Peter M. Visscher ◽

Graciela Muniz-Terrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Vascular Dementia ◽

Genetic Variant ◽

Warfarin Dose ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Parental History ◽

Genome Wide ◽

History Of ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Background: The genetic variant rs9923231 (VKORC1) is associated with differences in the coagulation of blood and consequentially with sensitivity to the drug warfarin. Variation in VKORC1 has been linked in a gene-based test to dementia/Alzheimer’s disease in the parents of participants, with suggestive evidence for an association for rs9923231 (p = 1.8×10–7), which was included in the genome-wide significant KAT8 locus. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate whether the relationship between rs9923231 and dementia persists only for certain dementia sub-types, and if those taking warfarin are at greater risk. Methods: We used logistic regression and data from 238,195 participants from UK Biobank to examine the relationship between VKORC1, risk of dementia, and the interplay with warfarin use. Results: Parental history of dementia, APOE variant, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia all had strong associations with vascular dementia (p < 4.6×10–6). The T-allele in rs9923231 was linked to a lower warfarin dose (βperT - allele = –0.29, p < 2×10–16) and risk of vascular dementia (OR = 1.17, p = 0.010), but not other dementia sub-types. However, the risk of vascular dementia was not affected by warfarin use in carriers of the T-allele. Conclusion: Our study reports for the first time an association between rs9923231 and vascular dementia, but further research is warranted to explore potential mechanisms and specify the relationship between rs9923231 and features of vascular dementia.

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