scholarly journals You read best what you read most: An eye tracking study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uroš Nedeljković ◽  
Kata Jovančić ◽  
Nace Pušnik
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Screen Reading ◽  
Reading Technology ◽  
Universal Structure

At the threshold of the digital era, Zuzana Licko was of the opinion that familiar letterforms owe legibility to centuries-long exposure and that all new, prototypically unmatching forms would be equally legible if used as frequently. This paper examined the legibility in the context of familiarity – is it affected by the time of exposure to a particular typeface or a typeface’s universal structure. We ran repeated measures tests with exposure period in-between. The experiment was conducted using for this purpose designed typefaces as stimuli, and the eye-tracking on-screen reading technology. The results confirmed that one’s familiarity with a typeface influences one’s reading speed. The universal letter structure, recognised by Frutiger as the prototype skeleton, is the constant that a priori provides legibility. On the other hand, the period of exposure to uncommon letterforms also has a positive impact on legibility. Therefore, considering that the period of familiarity with the humanist letterforms has been continuous since their establishment, the maxim from the dawn of the digital era can be regarded as valid.

Visitor Satisfaction of the Palace Museum Website in China: An Empirical and Integrated Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-437
Author(s):  
Qiong Dang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Visitor Satisfaction ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Museum Websites ◽  
Perceived Usability

In 2001, the website of the Palace Museum was opened to the public, marking that museum’s first step into the digital era in China. Numerous studies and much research has concentrated on how to employ this new technology in order to digitize the museum and its collection. However, little attention has been paid to research regarding visitor satisfaction’s regarding museum websites in China. This research aims to fill the gap. Consequently, this conceptual model has been proposed, and the Palace Museum website was as the research objective. Empirical methodology has been applied and the online survey was created to gather data, which results in a total of 557 questionnaires being analyzed though the SPSS 20.0. The findings demonstrate that system quality, perceived usefulness, perceived usability, and the museum’s image have a positive impact on visitor satisfaction regarding their continuance intention. Furthermore, managerial implications are proposed for museum practitioners.

Physiological Assessment of Bagpipers: A Preliminary Study of Cardiopulmonary Parameters

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
Deborah Barr ◽  
Lee Van Dusen ◽  
Steve Ess ◽  
Julie Plezbert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Impedance Cardiograph ◽  
Cardiac Adaptation ◽  
Automatic Blood Pressure ◽  
Predicted Values

This study examined pulmonary function of pipers and cardiac adaptation to the playing of the Great Highland bagpipe. Pipers (n = 13) of varying ages (31-65 years) and playing experiences (2-20+ years) were evaluated for vital capacity (VC), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and forced vital capacity (FVC) using a RIKO AS-600 spirometer. Subjects were monitored by impedance cardiograph for heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) at rest and during 5 minutes of playing. An automatic blood pressure (BP) monitor collected BP values over the same time period. Eleven weeks after initial cardiac data collection, the BP and cardiac measurements were repeated using the same protocols. Mean values for HR, SV, and CO were calculated for rest and each minute (1-5) of playing. A 2 (data session) by 6 (rest, min 1–5) repeated-measures ANOVA was performed. Analysis revealed a significant overall time effect (p < 0.001) on HR. A-priori contrast comparing all playing times with rest showed significant differences at all time points. Analysis of SV and CO failed to find significance. Heart rate values calculated for percent of maximum ranged from 68% to 89% of maximum overall while playing (session 1) and from 55% to 81% of maximum (session 2). Predicted percent of maximum values for VC and MVV found 77% of players above their maximum predicted values.

scholarly journals Eye Tracking Technology in Detecting the Switch Cost in the Intra-sentential Code-Switching Contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Liqin Wu ◽  
Cuihua Xi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Reading Efficiency ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Switch cost and cost site have been controversial issues in the code-switching studies. This research conducted an eye tracking experiment on eight bilingual subjects to measure their switch cost and cost site in comprehending the intra-sentential code-switching (Chinese and English) and the unilingual (pure Chinese) stimuli. The English words and their Chinese translations or equivalents were assumed as the key words in either a unilingual or an intra-sentential code-switching paragraph. These key words were located as areas of interest (AOI) with the same height and consisted of three word-frequency levels. After the experiment, the subjects were required to do a comprehension test to ensure their real understanding of the English words. Their performances in two different reading contexts were compared by adopting a paired sample t-test. Their eye movement data were validated by using 2 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA. It was revealed that: 1) the subjects’ scores in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts were higher than those in the unilingual ones, i.e. reading efficiency increased in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts; 2) word frequency had little effect on word recognition speed in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts, i.e., the least frequently used words did not necessarily take the subjects’ more time or vice versa; 3) even if a switch cost occurred(on rare occasions), it was not necessarily at the switching site, and low frequency words in alternating languages did impair performance even when the switch occurred at a sentence boundary.

scholarly journals Exploring the Tourism-Poverty Alleviation Nexus in the Brics Groupof Nations

Ekonomika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Rufaro Garidzirai ◽  
Tafadzwa Matiza
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Tourism Arrivals

The tourism-poverty alleviation nexus is becoming an increasingly significant subject of academic inquiry within the tourism economics discourse. Using time series data from the World Bank (1995–2017) in a P-ARDL model, the present study explores the relationship between tourism (receipts from exports, the travel subsector, hospitality and accommodation subsector) and poverty alleviation (final household consumption) with tourism arrivals as the control variable within the context of the BRICS group. The results suggest that receipts from the travel subsector and exports met the a priori expectation – positively influencing poverty alleviation within BRICS nations in the long run. Contrastingly, receipts from the hospitality and accommodation subsector did not meet the a priori expectation of a positive sign, with the results indicating statistical insignificance in the long run. However, receipts from the hospitality and accommodation were found to only influence poverty alleviation in the short run. Relatedly, the results suggest that increases in consumption associated with growth in tourism arrivals did not influence poverty in the BRICS. The results point to the heterogeneity of the influence of tourism on poverty alleviation, whereby certain dimensions of tourism contribute to poverty alleviation in the long run and others do so in the short run. Based on these findings it is recommended that BRICS countries harness their tourism potential and promote intra-BRICS tourism to maximise the positive impact of travel and tourism export receipts on household consumption, which catalyses poverty alleviation.

scholarly journals No One Is Leaving This Time: Social Media Fashion Brand Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 12957
Author(s):  
Albert Chukwunonso Diachi ◽  
Ayşe Tansu ◽  
Oseyenbhin Sunday Osemeahon
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Consumer Engagement ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Brand Communities ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Fashion Brand ◽  
The Relationship

In an attempt to enrich existing literature on online fashion brand communities in the digital era, this research aimed at exploring the relationship between peer influence and self-disclosure on sustaining consumer engagement in generating loyalty to social media fashion brand communities (SMFBCs). The survey included a sample of 365 members who follow local Nigerian SMFBCs and was analyzed using SmartPLS v3.2.9. Findings from the study show that peer influence and self-disclosure have a positive impact on sustaining consumer engagement in social media fashion brand communities. Furthermore, the findings show that self-disclosure mediated the relationship between peer influence and sustaining consumer engagement. Finally, consumer engagement fosters loyalty to social media brand communities.

scholarly journals Measuring the Impacts of Using the Process Approach to Teach Second-Year English Major Students Essay Writing

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p32
Author(s):  
Moussa Tankari ◽  
Ayodele Adebayo Allagbé ◽  
Abdou Maiguéro
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Essay Writing ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Writing Class ◽  
Before And After ◽  
English Major ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Second Year

This paper aimed at measuring the impacts of using the process approach to teach second-year English major students at the English Department of Université de Zinder (henceforth, UZ) essay writing. Drawing on the pre-test-post-test repeated measures design, this study examined the written essays produced by the EFL students before and after the writing class. These pre and post tests were scored based on a criterial fair copy, and the scores were compared by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to check whether there were any statistically significant differences between the mean scores. The findings revealed that the process approach had a positive impact on the participants’ essay writing skills. Also, employing Classroom Observation, the article attempted to qualitatively measure student engagement in the writing class. The findings further exuded that the EFL students observed were cognitively involved in the learning activities conducted in the class. Based on the foregoing findings, this study recommends that the process approach to (the teaching of) writing be adopted and used to teach writing in EFL classes across/in Niger.

scholarly journals Using Eye-Tracking Measures to Predict Reading Comprehension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Caroline Meziere ◽  
Lili Yu ◽  
Erik Reichle ◽  
Titus von der Malsburg ◽  
Genevieve McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Comprehension Tests ◽  
Reading Comprehension Tests

Research on reading comprehension assessments suggests that they measure overlapping but not identical cognitive skills. In this paper, we examined the potential of eye-tracking as a tool for assessing reading comprehension. We administered three widely-used reading comprehension tests with varying task demands to 79 typical adult readers while monitoring their eye movements. In the York Assessment for Reading Comprehension (YARC), participants were given passages of text to read silently, followed by comprehension questions. In the Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT-5), participants were given passages of text to read aloud, followed by comprehension questions. In the sentence comprehension subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-4), participants were given sentences with a missing word to read silently, and had to provide the missing word (i.e., a cloze task). Results from linear models predicting comprehension scores from eye-tracking measures yielded different patterns of results between the three tests. Models with eye-tracking measures always explained significantly more variance compared to baseline models with only reading speed, with R-squared 4 times higher for the YARC, 3 times for the GORT, and 1.3 times for the WRAT. Importantly, despite some similarities between the tests, no common good predictor of comprehension could be identified across the tests. Overall, the results suggest that reading comprehension tests do not measure the same cognitive skills to the same extent, and that participants adapted their reading strategies to the tests’ varying task demands. Finally, this study suggests that eye-tracking may provide a useful alternative for measuring reading comprehension.

No evidence of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: Implications on cognition and brain atrophy

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Damasceno ◽  
Benito Pereira Damasceno ◽  
Fernando Cendes
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
T2 Lesions ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Volume Decrease

Background: The concept of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) has emerged as an important outcome measure for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it is not known if maintaining NEDA has a positive impact on cognition or brain atrophy. Objective: To evaluate NEDA status after two years, addressing its implications on cognition and brain atrophy. Methods: Forty-two relapsing–remitting MS patients and 30 controls underwent MRI (3T) and cognitive evaluation (BRB-N). Forty patients performed additional evaluations, after 12 and 24 months. NEDA was defined as the absence of clinical (relapses/disability progression) and MRI activity (new T2/gadolinium-enhancing lesions). Repeated measures and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the contribution of NEDA criteria to GM atrophy. Results: After two years, 30.8% of the cohort had NEDA. From these, 58.3% still had worsening in ⩾2 cognitive domains. Patients with MRI activity had more cortical thinning and slightly more thalamus volume decrease. Absence of new/enlarging T2 lesions was the only predictor of cortical thinning, subcortical GM and thalamic atrophy rates. Conclusions: NEDA status was achieved in a small proportion of our cohort, and did not preclude cognitive deterioration. Absence of MRI activity and especially of new/enlarging T2 lesions was associated with less cortical and subcortical GM atrophy.

scholarly journals Analisis Pengaruh Layanan Digital Perbankan Syariah terhadap Literasi Keuangan Syariah Generasi Milenial

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Rozaq Muhammad Yasin ◽  
Nurzahroh Lailyah ◽  
Mochamad Edris
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Internet Banking ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Positive Effect

Good financial literacy, especially in the digital era now is important to be understood by millennials. The digitization of Islamic which is able to provide more efficient, safer, faster financial products and the risk of losing money is less well understood by this generation. Islamic digital banking services like mobile banking and internet banking, which describe the virtual process to support all services, are expected to be able to significantly increase the level of Islamic banking literacy and have a positive impact on business growth in general. This study used a quantitative descriptive research design. The sampling method used purposive sampling method. Data was obtained by using questionnaire which was distributed to 100 millennial respondents who used m-banking or i-banking in Kudus. The answers to the questionnaire were measured using a rating scale, then data was analysed by multiple linear regression. The results showed that m-banking and i-banking had a significant and positive effect to the literacy of millennials about Islamic banks in Kudus. It was proven by a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05). The R-square value is 0.775, which means the contribution of the influence provided by m-banking and i-banking services to millennials Islamic financial literacy in Kudus is 77.5%, while the remaining 22.5% is influenced by other variables.

Eye-Tracking Assistive Technology for Hands-Free Computer Navigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1275-1279
Author(s):  
Amelia McCurley ◽  
Dan Nathan-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Computer Navigation ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Tracking Systems ◽  
Future Design ◽  
The World

Eye-tracking technologies for computer navigation assist those with mobility and verbal impairments in interacting with the world around them. Studies found that these technologies have a profound positive impact on the lives of these individuals and those who care for them. This proceeding explores the popular features of eye-tracking systems and the challenges they present. Specifically, this proceeding evaluates camera configurations, camera types, and command selections through the lenses of cost, ease of use, and comfort. Current and future design guidelines based on these criteria are recommended to best aid individuals with these impairments.

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