Review: emission and absorption of greenhouse gases by soils. Ecological problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-34
Author(s):  
Y.A. Fedorov ◽  
◽  
V.V. Sukhorukov ◽  
R.G. Trubnik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Climate Studies ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors

Abstract: Soils are a source and sink of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Since the volumes of concentration and flux can be large, accurate quantitative estimates are needed to obtain the data on global GHG fluxes required for forecasting global changes and climate studies. This review shows the role of soils as one of the important sources and regulators of the content of CH4, CO2, N2O in the troposphere, and also presents the main methods for monitoring greenhouse gases. The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the emission and absorption of CH4, CO2, N2O by the soil cover has been analyzed. Original diagrams are presented showing the global fluxes of CH4, CO2, N2O by various ecosystems, including the pedosphere. The estimation of methane emission and distribution of its content in the main types of soils of the Rostov region is carried out. The mechanisms of CH4, CO2, N2O generation in soils and their possible influence on the calcium-carbonate balance, which plays an important role in the regulation of biogeochemical processes in the pedosphere, are considered. The performed analysis and generalization of research data on various types of soils makes it possible to shed light not only on their contribution to the global methane emission, but also to approach the understanding of processes and parameters that are important from the point of view of agrochemistry, such as, in fact, carbonate-calcium equilibrium and redox potential in modern soils. An inventory of sources and an assessment of the inter-reservoir gas mass transfer in the pedosphere - atmosphere system allows one to start developing a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that will help curb the rate of global climate change.

Numerical modeling of the natural and anthropogenic factors influence on the past and future changes in polar, mid-latitude and tropical ozone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Smyshlyaev ◽  
Polina Blakitnaya ◽  
Maxim Motsakov ◽  
Vener Galin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors

<p>The INM RAS – RSHU chemistry-climate model of the lower and middle atmosphere is used to compare the role of natural and anthropogenic factors in the observed and expected variability of stratospheric ozone. Numerical experiments have been carried out on several scenarios of separate and combined effects of solar activity, stratospheric aerosol, sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases, and ozone-depleting substances emissions on ozone for the period from 1979 to 2050. Simulations for the past and present periods are compared to the results of ground-based and satellite observations, as well as MERRA and ERA-Interim re-analysis. Estimation of future ozone changes are based on different scenarios of changes in solar activity and emissions of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases, as well as the possibility of large volcanic aerosol emissions at different periods of time.</p>

scholarly journals Resources of River Runoff of Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2242-2250
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors

The role of river runoff resources is very important for Kazakhstan – the country located deep within the continent, with an arid climate, and experiencing water shortage. With such a geographical location, the hydrological regime of rivers is characterized by the considerable spatiotemporal variability, thereby complicating the water resousrces management. The issue of evaluating water resources is particularly relevant not only from a scientific point of view. In recent years, it has gained socio-economic and political nature due to the increasing role of anthropogenic factors (including geopolitical ones), as well as increasingly more noticeable changes in the global and regional climate. Based on hydrometric information using modern methodology, the water resources of eight water-resources basins (WRBs) on the territory of Kazakhstan have been estimated in the context of water-resources regions.

scholarly journals Quasi real-time electromagnetic and greenhouse gases monitoring station at Seymour - Marambio Island, Antarctica

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Solano ◽  
Carlos Alberto Vargas ◽  
Adriana Maria Gulisano
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Electromagnetic Signals ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

A new permanent geophysical station was installed in the Seymour-Marambio Island, Antarctica, for monitoring electromagnetic, CO2, and CH4 gas signals. Those signals require specialized low noise instruments and the survey shall be carried out in places far away from cultural noise, such as populated human settlements. The most suitable place would be near the Earth's poles, where noise is the lowest possible. To measure these variables, the Geophysical Instrumentation Laboratory (Laboratorio de Instrumentación Geofísica - LIG) of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, in a partnership with the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) under the Argentinean National Antarctic Direction (Dirección Nacional del Antártico - DNA), deployed the COCOAonMEAT project, oriented to design, built and install a low-cost station with time synchronization via GPS and data transmission in almost real-time. Since January 2020, the project monitors continuously (24/7) seven variables: three magnetic components, two electric dipoles, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. Due to operative facilities and its low electromagnetic noise, the place chosen for its installation was the Argentinean Marambio Scientific Base in the Antarctic Peninsula, with the Multidisciplinary Antarctic Laboratory's collaboration (Laboratorio Multidisciplinario Antártico en la Base Marambio - LAMBI). This station provides valuable information on electromagnetic signals and greenhouse gases related to regional tectonic activity and local perturbations associated with global climate change.

scholarly journals Geomorphic Hazard Map for Spatial Planning Purposes

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Taryono
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Thematic Map ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Geomorphologic Hazard

In the planning of spatial lay-out oriented to environmental concept, it requires the information input conneting with the condition of local environment. This condition constitutes the features characteristic of the living space which consist of natural and social environment. One of the natural environment elements, neede to the spatial lay-out planning, is the dynamis geomorphology. The process of the dynami is some times accelerated and increased by natural and anthropogenic factors. The abnormality in both acceleration and the increase will cause a natural disaster, which is based on the landscape approach it is called the geomorphologic hazard. In connection with such event thematic map of geomorphologic hazard describes the disaster susceptibility of an area. The geomorphologic hazard map is an output map whose information is obtainable from thematic map conneting with population, land use, topography, geomorphology, rainfall, hydrological data, and slope classification. Both land use and population maps desccribes the anthropogenic factors. The role of the geomorphologic hazard map, in the planning of spatial lay-out and environmental management, i.e. preventive, represive, rehabilitative, and serves as the basis for interpretation and management of living spere. By putting geomorphologic hazard into map compilation of spatial lay-out (cultural and non cultural area map) a footstep advance is the reached to guarantee human security and their treasures, and human well-being as an integral part of human living prosperity.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Hydrobiological And Hydrochemical Parameters Of Lakes Of Karelia As Influenced By Their Geoecological Characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
N.M. Kalinkina
Keyword(s):  
High Variability ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Hydrochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Phosphorous ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Phosphorous Concentration

On the data on 110 lakes of Karelia the role of natural and anthropogenic factors in the forming of hydrochemical and hydrobiological regimes is discussed. It is shown that the prognoses of hydrobiological parameters on the base of hydrochemical data using regression analyses is not possible due to high variability of data. For the purpose of reconstruction hydrobiological data the complex indexes were worked, then the classification of lakes of Karelia was done. Using the methods of multivariate statistics and the contingency tables the connections between chemical and hydrobiological parameters were investigated. The prognoses tables were calculated to reconstruct the zooplankton and zoobenthos biomass on the base of total phosphorous concentration. The precision of the prognoses varied within 55-86%.

1. What is climate change?

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Maslin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
United Nations Framework Convention ◽  
Profound Influence

‘What is climate change?’ examines the role of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in moderating past global climate; why they have been rising since the industrial revolution; and why they are now considered dangerous pollutants. It considers which countries have produced the most GHGs and how this is changing with rapid global development. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change regularly collates and assesses the most recent key research and evidence for climate change. Its assessments have a profound influence on the negotiators of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As more carbon is emitted into the atmosphere the effects of climate change will increase, which will threaten and challenge human society.

scholarly journals ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ДОЛИНЫ В СРЕДНЕМ ТЕЧЕНИИ Р. РАЗДОЛЬНАЯ (ПРИМОРСКИЙ КРАЙ) ПО ДАННЫМ СПОРОВО-ПЫЛЬЦЕВОГО АНАЛИЗА

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.V. Kornyushenko
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Birch Forests

Изучен характер изменений растительности в результате климатических осцилляций в среднем течении р. Раздольная и близлежащих водораздельных пространств, начиная с конца среднего голоцена и при неоднократной трансформации ландшафтов при сельскохозяйственном освоении. Развитие растительности проходило в контрастных климатических условиях, наиболее сильно изменялась увлажненность. Детально реконструкции проведены для последних 2 тыс. кал. л. Изучение споровопыльцевых комплексов позволило выделить шесть споровопыльцевых зон, а также определить специфику формирования палиноспектров, которые включают пыльцу и споры растений, произраставших на данной территории, и пыльцу, принесенную воздушными и водными потоками, в том числе древнюю из нижнемеловых и палеогеннеогеновых отложений. Разрезы включают погребенную почву, сформированную в засушливый период во второй половине позднего голоцена. В это время были широко распространены остепненные полынные, разнотравные луга и березовые редколесья. Климатические условия в конце VIIX вв. постепенно стали более теплыми и влажными. Снижение температуры при высоком увлажнении в малый ледниковый период с постоянным обновлением субстрата на пойме во время наводнений привело к увеличению площадей, занятых сообществами березы овальнолистной. В лесной растительности низкогорья увеличилось участие сосны густоцветковой и берез. Споровопыльцевые комплексы включают пыльцу темнохвойных, в том числе кедра корейского, принесенную во время наводнений из верховий бассейна. Слабо изученным вопросом является оценка воздействия человека на природную среду в средневековье и более ранние эпохи. Не всегда есть информация о том, какой природный облик имела растительность до преобразования в ходе хозяйственной деятельности. Район работ был выбран около Старореченского городища, что дало возможность оценить влияние природопользования во времена Бохайского государства на основе анализа споровопыльцевых комплексов. Проанализирована роль антропогенного фактора в развитии растительности во время заселения долины первопоселенцами XIXначала XX века и при развитии современных агрокомплексов.Studies of floodplain section provided materials for reconstructing a relative importance of natural and anthropogenic factors in the vegetation development in the Razdolnaya (Suifun) River basin near the Starorechenskoye site attributed to the Bohai culture. The transformation of vegetation in the middle reaches of the Razdolnaya River and surrounding areas was influenced by climate change, since the end of the middle Holocene, the impact on vegetation has increased under the influence of agricultural activities. Six pollen zones were distinguished. The studied sequences include a paleosol that developed during a prolonged period of drought at the 2nd half of the late Holocene. The period was noted for a wide occurrence of steppe and forb meadows with wormwood, and open birch forests. The climate became gradually warmer and more humid since the late 7th to 10th centuries. A decrease in temperature at a sufficiently high humidity in the Little Ice Age (the 13th 19th centuries) led to an increase in the areas occupied by the Betula ovalifolia communities. The pollen assemblages display an appearance of dark conifers and Korean pine pollen brought by floods from the upper reaches of the river. In Pinus densiflora and birches gained in importance in the forests of mountain. The recent pollen spectra are indicative of the wide development of agricultural landscapes. The anthropogenic influence to the vegetation was connected with Bohai settlers. The role of the anthropogenic factor in the development of vegetation during the settlement of the valley by the first settlers of the XIXearly XX century and the development of modern agrocomplexes is analyzed.

scholarly journals What's possible? A look into the future of grassland farming in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
B.D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Education Research ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Sustainable Resource Management ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Competitive Forces

This paper considers several of the forces that will shape the future of grassland farming in New Zealand over the next 15 years, including: global changes in food consumer needs, international competition in commodity food production, national regulations for sustainable resource management, global biotechnology advances, biosecurity threats and global climate change. Our current state of preparedness for change is considered, including an assessment of how education, research, grasslandbased industry infrastructure and New Zealand businesses should be preparing for these future changes. The role of innovation to create biotechnology and high-value products (such as functional foods and therapeutic proteins) is given particular attention. It is suggested that region-specific clusters of education, research and business are required to develop these future opportunities. Keywords: competitive forces, grassland farming, research and development

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