Carbon Nanostructures Reduced From Graphite Oxide as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

Carbon nanostructures are promising electrode materials for energy storage devices because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Modification of the surface improves the electrochemical properties of those materials because of the changes in morphology, diffusion properties, and inclusion of additional contributions to redox processes. Oxygen-containing functional groups and nitrogen doped into the carbon matrix significantly contribute to the electrochemical behavior of reduced graphite oxide (RGO). In this work, RGO was synthesized during hydrothermal treatment of graphite oxide with a hydrazine sulfate aqueous solution. Different amounts of hydrazine sulfate were used to synthesize RGO with different nitrogen contents in the structure, and the same synthesis conditions made it possible to obtain a material with a similar composition of oxygen-containing functional groups. The materials with different nitrogen concentrations and similar amounts of oxygen were compared as electrode materials for a supercapacitor and as a negative electrode material for a Li-ion battery. It was shown that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups has the greatest influence on the behavior and efficiency of supercapacitor electrode materials, while nitrogen atoms embedded in the graphene lattice play the largest role in lithium intercalation.

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Nanohollow Carbon for Rechargeable Batteries: Ongoing Progresses and Challenges

Nano-Micro Letters ◽

10.1007/s40820-020-00521-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiangmin Jiang ◽

Guangdi Nie ◽

Ping Nie ◽

Zhiwei Li ◽

Zhenghui Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Performance ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Active Sites ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Mechanical Stability ◽

High Surface ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Rate Capability ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Rechargeable Batteries

AbstractAmong the various morphologies of carbon-based materials, hollow carbon nanostructures are of particular interest for energy storage. They have been widely investigated as electrode materials in different types of rechargeable batteries, owing to their high surface areas in association with the high surface-to-volume ratios, controllable pores and pore size distribution, high electrical conductivity, and excellent chemical and mechanical stability, which are beneficial for providing active sites, accelerating electrons/ions transfer, interacting with electrolytes, and giving rise to high specific capacity, rate capability, cycling ability, and overall electrochemical performance. In this overview, we look into the ongoing progresses that are being made with the nanohollow carbon materials, including nanospheres, nanopolyhedrons, and nanofibers, in relation to their applications in the main types of rechargeable batteries. The design and synthesis strategies for them and their electrochemical performance in rechargeable batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and lithium–sulfur batteries are comprehensively reviewed and discussed, together with the challenges being faced and perspectives for them.

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Green and scalable synthesis of 3D porous carbons microstructures as electrode materials for high rate capability supercapacitors

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c8ra08534j ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (71) ◽

pp. 40950-40961 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Bello ◽

J. Dangbegnon ◽

D. Y. Momodu ◽

F. O. Ochai-Ejeh ◽

K. O. Oyedotun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Porous Carbon ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Rate Capability ◽

High Rate ◽

Natural Phenomena ◽

Porous Carbons ◽

High Rate Capability ◽

Scalable Synthesis

Porous carbon nanostructures have long been studied because of their importance in many natural phenomena and their use in numerous applications.

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Composite materials based on cerium oxide nanoparticles and graphene

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances ◽

10.1107/s2053273314094868 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (a1) ◽

pp. C513-C513

Author(s):

Marina Zaporozhets ◽

Anastasya Soloveva ◽

Anastasya Shalyapina ◽

Elena Buslaeva ◽

Vladimir Nikolaichik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Spherical Shape ◽

Coherent Scattering ◽

Fluorite Structure ◽

Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

Two Phases ◽

Average Size ◽

In The Beginning

Deposition of nanoparticles (NPs) onto graphene (G) surface is actively studied now in connection with the prospects of such composites for use in power supply and other areas. In order to increase the energy density of electrochemical capacitors the development of electrode materials consisting of carbon nanostructures and metal oxides such as CeO2, SnO2 and some others is paid attention. Carbon materials typically exhibit excellent stability and reversibility, but their capacity is limited by microstructure. Therefore, if the integration of these two types of materials is realized high capacitance stability can be attained. Synthesis of the composites was carried out in several stages. In the beginning, dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the Hummers's technique. Then, GO surface was precipitated with CeO2 NPs synthesized in aqueous solutions of Ce(NO3)3 and ammonia. Thereafter, the GO/CeO2 system was reduced to the G/CeO2 one in supercritical isopropanol. The obtained composites were characterized by a complex of structural and spectral methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and optical absorption spectroscopy. TEM has revealed that CeO2 NPs in the G/CeO2 composite form associates of a nearly spherical shape. Associates demonstrate a broad size distribution, their average size on G surface is 220 nm. High resolution TEM studies have shown that associates consist of CeO2 NPs of smaller size with an average size of ≍ 12 nm. XRD has shown the presence of two phases: ceria CeO2 with a cubic fluorite structure and graphene. The average size of CeO2 NPs estimated from the region of coherent scattering is ≍11 nm, which agrees well with the TEM data. According to UV-visible spectroscopy, absorption spectra of G/CeO2 dispersion contain an absorption band only in the wavelength range of 280-360 nm typical for CeO2. This work was supported by the grant of the President of the Russian Federation (MK-7155.2013.3).

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Full-cell quinone/hydroquinone supercapacitors based on partially reduced graphite oxide and lignin/PEDOT electrodes

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/c7ta00527j ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (15) ◽

pp. 7137-7143 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Adriana M. Navarro-Suárez ◽

Nerea Casado ◽

Javier Carretero-González ◽

David Mecerreyes ◽

Teófilo Rojo

Keyword(s):

Graphite Oxide ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Full Cell ◽

Reduced Graphite Oxide

Go quinone! Lignin/PEDOT and prGrO, two electrode materials based on quinone/hydroquinone moieties, are synthesized and assembled to develop full-cell supercapacitors.

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Nitrated Graphene Oxide Derived from Graphite Oxide: A Promising Energetic Two-Dimensional Material

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11010058 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Fayang Guan ◽

Hui Ren ◽

Lan Yu ◽

Qingzhong Cui ◽

Wanjun Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Graphite Oxide ◽

Energetic Materials ◽

Density Functional ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Energetic Material ◽

Structure Characterization ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Two Dimensional

In order to synthesize a novel two-dimensional energetic material, nitrated graphene oxide (NGO) was prepared by the nitrification of graphite oxide to make a functional modification. Based on the morphological characterization, the NGO has a greater degree of curl and more wrinkles on the surface. The structure characterization and density functional theory calculation prove that epoxy and hydroxyl groups on the edge of graphite oxide have reacted with nitronium cation (NO2+) to produce nitro and nitrate groups. Hydrophobicity of NGO implied higher stability in storage than graphene oxide. Synchronous simultaneous analysis was used to explore the decomposition mechanism of NGO preliminarily. The decomposition enthalpy of NGO is 662.0 J·g−1 and the activation energy is 166.5 kJ·mol−1. The thermal stability is similar to that of general nitrate energetic materials. The hygroscopicity, thermal stability and flammability of NGO prove that it is a novel two-dimensional material with potential applications as energetic additives in the catalyst, electrode materials and energetic devices.

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A Review: Electrode and Packaging Materials for Neurophysiology Recording Implants

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2020.622923 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Weiyang Yang ◽

Yan Gong ◽

Wen Li

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Neural Recording ◽

The Body ◽

Future Research ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Benchmark Analysis ◽

Materials Used ◽

Living Tissues

To date, a wide variety of neural tissue implants have been developed for neurophysiology recording from living tissues. An ideal neural implant should minimize the damage to the tissue and perform reliably and accurately for long periods of time. Therefore, the materials utilized to fabricate the neural recording implants become a critical factor. The materials of these devices could be classified into two broad categories: electrode materials as well as packaging and substrate materials. In this review, inorganic (metals and semiconductors), organic (conducting polymers), and carbon-based (graphene and carbon nanostructures) electrode materials are reviewed individually in terms of various neural recording devices that are reported in recent years. Properties of these materials, including electrical properties, mechanical properties, stability, biodegradability/bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and optical properties, and their critical importance to neural recording quality and device capabilities, are discussed. For the packaging and substrate materials, different material properties are desired for the chronic implantation of devices in the complex environment of the body, such as biocompatibility and moisture and gas hermeticity. This review summarizes common solid and soft packaging materials used in a variety of neural interface electrode designs, as well as their packaging performances. Besides, several biopolymers typically applied over the electrode package to reinforce the mechanical rigidity of devices during insertion, or to reduce the immune response and inflammation at the device-tissue interfaces are highlighted. Finally, a benchmark analysis of the discussed materials and an outlook of the future research trends are concluded.

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The use of carbon nanotubes to create materials that absorb electromagnetic radiation and electrodes of supercapacitors

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-267-272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 267-272

Author(s):

A. V. Shchegolkov ◽

F. F. Komarov ◽

I. D. Parafimovich ◽

O. O. Milchanin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Free Space ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Materials Science ◽

Acrylic Copolymer ◽

Current Densities ◽

Average Size ◽

20 Nm

Carbon nanotubes are effective nanomodifiers – providing the formation of a variety of thermal and electrophysical properties in composite materials. The functional purpose of composite materials determines the type and concentration of carbon nanostructures. The use of carbon nanostructures in polymer composites intended for electromagnetic shielding and electrode materials of supercapacitors is a promising direction in modern materials science. The method of manufacturing a radio-absorbing composite material included impregnation of a polyurethane foam billet – an aqueous composite suspension consisting of water, an acrylic copolymer, and carbon nanotubes "Taunit-MD". Structural studies of carbon nanotube samples were performed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. To do this, PAM and SAM studies were performed using a HitachiH-800 electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of up to 200 Kev. For research purposes, electrodes with an area of 2 cm2 were made from carbon materials. Active mass was prepared from a carbon material and a binder, polivinildenftorid. Show PEM and SAM micrographs for samples of carbon nanotubes with the commercial name "Taunit-M". In this case, carbon nanotubes are characterized by smaller thicknesses in the range of 10-20 nm with a preferred average size of 12-15 nm. The structure of the tubes is very defective. The thickness of the tubes varies in some areas (not exceeding hundreds of nm) by more than 2 times. Carbon nanotubes have an irregular shape-there are processes, bends. The analysis of the obtained results allows us to conclude that the characteristic of the reflected EMI signal demonstrated by the pyramidal RPM is close in its values to that of the free space. At the same time, in comparison with the free space, there is a slight weakening (3-4) dB of the reflection coefficient. Carbon nanotubes MD has characteristics that exceed the carbon fabric "busofit" in terms of specific mass capacity, but inferior to it in terms of specific surface capacity. In addition, this advantage completely disappears at high current densities, which may be the result of a closed macrostructure and requires further optimization of the electrode manufacturing technology

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sp2–sp3 Hybrid Porous Carbon Materials Applied for Supercapacitors

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14195990 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (19) ◽

pp. 5990

Author(s):

Ji Su Chae ◽

Won-seop Kang ◽

Kwang Chul Roh

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Amorphous Carbon ◽

Porous Carbon ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

High Electron ◽

Porous Carbon Materials ◽

Spherical Carbon ◽

Synthesis Strategy

Carbon materials have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their superior properties. Activated carbon has been used in supercapacitors due to its density and rapid adsorption capability. The sp2–sp3 hybrid porous carbon materials are synthesized using herringbone-type carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbonized spherical phenol resins, with KOH as the activating agent. The morphology of the hybrid porous carbon facilitates the formation of ribbon-like nanosheets from highly activated CNFs wrapped around spherical resin-based activated carbon. The etching and separation of the CNFs produce a thin ribbon-like nanosheet structure; these CNFs simultaneously form new bonds with activated carbon, forming the sp2–sp3 hybrid porous structure. The relatively poor electrical conductivity of amorphous carbon is improved by the 3D conductive network that interconnects the CNF and amorphous carbon without requiring additional conductive material. The composite electrode has high electron conductivity and a large surface area with a specific capacitance of 120 F g−1. Thus, the strategy substantially simplifies the hybrid materials of sp2-hybridized CNFs and sp3-hybridized amorphous spherical carbon and significantly improves the comprehensive electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. The developed synthesis strategy provides important insights into the design and fabrication of carbon nanostructures that can be potentially applied as electrode materials for supercapacitors.

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