scholarly journals Agricultural trichothecene mycotoxin contamination affects the life-history and reduced glutathione content of Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola)

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Borbála Szabó ◽  
Benjamin Bálint ◽  
Miklós Mézes ◽  
Krisztián Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Stress Protein ◽  
Folsomia Candida ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin

There is limited data available concerning the effect of T-2/HT-2 toxin or deoxynivalenol (DON) on invertebrates such as springtails, and no data on their life history and oxidative stress. Control maize and DON or T-2 toxin contaminated maize were fed to Folsomia candida with a toxin content of 16324 mg DON kg–1 or 671 mg T-2 kg–1 maize. Ten to twelve days old animals were investigated in a life-history test and a stress protein test.T-2 toxin did not affect Folsomia candida in any measured parameters. The DON exposed group showed decreased growth and reproduction, and a higher survival rate. DON treatment resulted in lower protein content, while reduced glutathione content was higher than in control. It suggests that DON activated the glutathione-related detoxification pathway, which possibly causes a higher survival rate. The results also suggest that the oral toxicity of DON or T-2 is lower than through physical contact.For that reason, DON and T-2 toxin contaminated maize is not suggested to be used as green manure in the native state. Alternative solutions could be using mycotoxin contaminated maize for biogas production, or after decontamination by bacterial strains, it can be used as organic fertilizer.

scholarly journals Liposomal Ellagic Acid Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Toxicity and Eliminates the Systemic Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Leukopenic Mice

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Masood Alam Khan ◽  
Arif Khan ◽  
Mohd Azam ◽  
Khaled S. Allemailem ◽  
Faris Alrumaihi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Fungal Load

Cryptococcus neoformans infections rose sharply due to rapid increase in the numbers of immunocompromised individuals in recent years. Treatment of Cryptococcosis in immunocompromised persons is largely very challenging and hopeless. Hence, this study aimed to determine the activity of ellagic acid (EA) in the treatment of C. neoformans in cyclophosphamide injected leukopenic mice. A liposomal formulation of ellagic acid (Lip-EA) was prepared and characterized, and its antifungal activity was assessed in comparison to fluconazole (FLZ). The efficacy of the drug treatment was tested by assessing survival rate, fungal burden, and histological analysis in lung tissues. The safety of the drug formulations was tested by investigating hepatic, renal function, and antioxidant levels. The results of the present work demonstrated that Lip-EA, not FLZ, effectively eliminated C. neoformans infection in the leukopenic mice. Mice treated with Lip-EA (40 mg/kg) showed 70% survival rate and highly reduced fungal burden in their lung tissues, whereas the mice treated with FLZ (40 mg/kg) had 20% survival rate and greater fungal load in their lungs. Noteworthy, Lip-EA treatment alleviated cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity and restored hepatic and renal function parameters. Moreover, Lip-EA treatment restored the levels of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione and catalase in the lung tissues. The effect of FLZ or EA or Lip-EA against C. neoformans infection was assessed by the histological analysis of lung tissues. Lip-EA effectively reduced influx of inflammatory cells, thickening of alveolar walls, congestion, and hemorrhage. The findings of the present study suggest that Lip-EA may prove to be a promising therapeutic formulation against C. neoformans in immunocompromised persons.

scholarly journals Challenges and Solutions for Biogas Production from Agriculture Waste in the Aral Sea Basin

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Olimjon Saidmamatov ◽  
Inna Rudenko ◽  
Urs Baier ◽  
Elbek Khodjaniyazov
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Aral Sea Basin ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Biomass Resources

Energy plays an essential role in the modern society and can serve as one of the vital parameters of socio-economic development. Despite developments in technology, over three billion persons living in rural parts of the low- and middle-income countries continue to cover their energy needs for cooking through traditional ways by burning biomass resources. This paper as a case study focuses on the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, possessing a well-developed agricultural production with high livestock numbers and intensive crop production. The manure of the livestock farms is not used efficiently and the energy supply of the farms depends primarily on centrally produced gas and electricity. Some areas are not yet connected to the gas grid. Agriculture causes huge environmental damages in its current form. The benefit of biogas production would therefore be fivefold: (1) local energy source, (2) mitigation of environmental impacts, (3) reducing CH4-emissions, (4) producing organic fertilizer as a side product and (5) additional earnings for farmers.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of the First Virulent Phages, Including a Novel Jumbo Virus, Infecting Ochrobactrum spp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2096
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Decewicz ◽  
Piotr Golec ◽  
Mateusz Szymczak ◽  
Monika Radlinska ◽  
Lukasz Dziewit
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Sewage Sample ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Insightful Analysis

The Ochrobactrum genus consists of an extensive repertoire of biotechnologically valuable bacterial strains but also opportunistic pathogens. In our previous study, a novel strain, Ochrobactrum sp. POC9, which enhances biogas production in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was identified and thoroughly characterized. Despite an insightful analysis of that bacterium, its susceptibility to bacteriophages present in WWTPs has not been evaluated. Using raw sewage sample from WWTP and applying the enrichment method, two virulent phages, vB_OspM_OC and vB_OspP_OH, which infect the POC9 strain, were isolated. These are the first virulent phages infecting Ochrobactrum spp. identified so far. Both phages were subjected to thorough functional and genomic analyses, which allowed classification of the vB_OspM_OC virus as a novel jumbo phage, with a genome size of over 227 kb. This phage encodes DNA methyltransferase, which mimics the specificity of cell cycle regulated CcrM methylase, a component of the epigenetic regulatory circuits in Alphaproteobacteria. In this study, an analysis of the overall diversity of Ochrobactrum-specific (pro)phages retrieved from databases and extracted in silico from bacterial genomes was also performed. Complex genome mining allowed us to build similarity networks to compare 281 Ochrobactrum-specific viruses. Analyses of the obtained networks revealed a high diversity of Ochrobactrum phages and their dissimilarity to the viruses infecting other bacteria.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Multiple Strains ofLactobacillus plantarumandPediococcus pentosaceusin Wistar Rats Based on the Ames Test and a 28-Day Feeding Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Chih Tsai ◽  
Sew-Fen Leu ◽  
Quan-Rong Huang ◽  
Lan-Chun Chou ◽  
Chun-Chih Huang
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mutagenic Potential ◽  
Multiple Strains

Three lactic acid bacterial strains,Lactobacillus plantarum, HK006, and HK109, andPediococcus pentosaceusPP31 exhibit probiotic potential as antiallergy agents, both in vitro and in vivo. However, the safety of these new strains requires evaluation when isolated from infant faeces or pickled cabbage. Multiple strains (HK006, HK109, and PP31) were subject to a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a short-term oral toxicity study. The powder product exhibited mutagenic potential inSalmonellaTyphimurium strains TA98 and TA1535 (with or without metabolic activation). In the short-term oral toxicity study, rats received a normal dosage of 390 mg/kg/d (approximately9×109 CFU/kg/d) or a high dosage of 1950 mg/kg/d (approximately4.5×1010 CFU/kg/d) for 28 d. No adverse effects were observed regarding the general condition, behaviour, growth, feed and water consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry indices, organ weights, or histopathologic analysis of the rats. These studies have demonstrated that the consumption of multiple bacterial strains is not associated with any signs of mutagenicity ofS.Typhimurium or toxicity in Wistar rats, even after consuming large quantities of bacteria.

scholarly journals BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AMARANTH BIOMASS

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Vladimír Sitkey ◽  
Ján Gaduš ◽  
Ľubomír Kliský ◽  
Alexander Dudák
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Amaranthus Spp

Abstract Energy variety of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) was grown in large-scale trials in order to verify the capability of its cultivation and use as a renewable energy source in a biogas plant. The possibility of biogas production using anaerobic co-fermentation of manure and amaranth silage was verified in the experimental horizontal fermentor of 5 m3 volume, working at mesophilic conditions of 38-40 °C. The goal of the work was also to identify the optimum conditions for growth, harvesting and preservation of amaranth biomass, to optimize biogas production process, and to test the residual slurry from digestion process as a high quality organic fertilizer. The average yield of green amaranth biomass was 51.66 t.ha-1 with dry matter content of 37%. Based on the reached results it can be concluded that amaranth silage, solely or together with another organic materials of agricultural origin, is a suitable raw material for biogas production.

Biogas in organic agriculture—effects on productivity, energy self-sufficiency and greenhouse gas emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Pugesgaard ◽  
Jørgen E. Olesen ◽  
Uffe Jørgensen ◽  
Tommy Dalgaard
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Energy Surplus ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

AbstractAnaerobic digestion of manure and crops provides the possibility of a combined production of renewable energy and organic fertilizer on organic farms and has been suggested as an option to improve sustainability of organic agriculture. In the present study, the consequences of implementation of anaerobic digestion and biogas production were analyzed on a 1000 ha model farm with combined dairy and cash crop production, representing organic agriculture in Denmark. The effects on crop rotation, nitrogen flows and losses, yield, energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated for four scenarios of biogas production on the farm. Animal manure was digested for biogas production in all scenarios and was supplemented with: (1) 100 ha grass–clover for biogas, (2) 100 ha maize for biogas, (3) 200 ha grass–clover for biogas and reduced number of livestock, and (4) 200 ha grass–clover for biogas, reduced number of livestock and import of biomass from cuttings made in ungrazed meadows. These four scenarios were compared with the current situation in organic agriculture in Denmark and to a situation where slurry from conventional agriculture is no longer imported. Implementation of anaerobic digestion changed the nitrogen flows on the farm by increasing the slurry nitrogen plant availability and introducing new nitrogen sources from legume-based energy crops or meadows. The amount of nitrogen available for application as fertilizer on the farm increased when grass–clover was used for biogas production, but decreased when maize was used. Since part of the area was used for biogas production, the total output of foodstuffs from the farm was decreased. Effects on GHG emissions and net energy production were assessed by use of the whole-farm model FarmGHG. A positive farm energy balance was obtained for all biogas scenarios, showing that biomass production for biogas on 10% of the farm area results in an energy surplus, provided that the heat from the electricity production is utilized. The energy surplus implies a displacement of fossil fuels and thereby reduced CO2 emission from the farm. Emissions of N2O were not affected substantially by biogas production. Total emissions of methane (CH4) were slightly decreased due to a 17–48% decrease in emissions from the manure store. Net GHG emission was reduced by 35–85% compared with the current situation in organic agriculture. It was concluded that production of biogas on organic farms holds the possibility for the farms to achieve a positive energy balance, provide self-sufficiency with organic fertilizer nitrogen, and reduce GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Use of Cellulolytic Marine Bacteria for Enzymatic Pretreatment in Microalgal Biogas Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 4199-4206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Muñoz ◽  
Catalina Hidalgo ◽  
Manuel Zapata ◽  
David Jeison ◽  
Carlos Riquelme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity ◽  
Nannochloropsis Gaditana ◽  
Enzymatic Pretreatment ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTIn this study, we designed and evaluated a microalgal pretreatment method using cellulolytic bacteria that naturally degrades microalgae in their native habitat. Bacterial strains were isolated from each of two mollusk species in a medium containing 1% carboxymethyl cellulose agar. We selected nine bacterial strains that had endoglucanase activity: five strains fromMytilus chilensis, a Chilean mussel, and four strains fromMesodesma donacium, a clam found in the Southern Pacific. These strains were identified phylogenetically as belonging to the generaAeromonas,Pseudomonas,Chryseobacterium, andRaoultella. The cellulase-producing capacities of these strains were characterized, and the degradation of cell walls inBotryococcus brauniiandNannochloropsis gaditanawas tested with “whole-cell” cellulolytic experiments.Aeromonas bivalviumMA2,Raoultella ornithinolyticaMA5, andAeromonas salmonicidaMC25 degradedB. braunii, andR. ornithinolyticaMC3 and MA5 degradedN. gaditana. In addition,N. gaditanawas pretreated withR. ornithinolyticastrains MC3 and MA5 and was then subjected to an anaerobic digestion process, which increased the yield of methane by 140.32% and 158.68%, respectively, over that from nonpretreated microalgae. Therefore, a “whole-cell” cellulolytic pretreatment can increase the performance and efficiency of biogas production.

scholarly journals Degradation of Petroleum Sludge in Soil by Bacterial-Fungal Co-Culture in Presence of Organic and Inorganic Stimulants

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Babita Kumari ◽  
Manvi Singh ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Srivastava ◽  
S. N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Catabolic Enzymes ◽  
Petroleum Sludge ◽  
Induction Of Enzymes ◽  
Curvularia Verruculosa

A microcosmic study was carried out for degradation of petroleum sludge [4% (w/w) in soil] in presence of constructed microbial consortium of three bacterial strains i.e., Pseudomonas sp. BP10, Acinetobacter sp. PSM11 and Rhodococcus sp. NJ2 and two fungal strains Panicillium oxalicum PS10 and Curvularia verruculosa PS8, isolated from different petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites) supplemented with vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer as biostimulants. After six months of incubation, the maximum degradation of TPH from petroleum sludge was recorded as high as 80% in the presence of combination of inorganic and organic fertilizer and microbial consortium while only 33% degradation was attributed by native organisms and abiotic factors. Enhancement (%) in degradation rate of TPH due to addition of vermicompost, inorganic fertilizer and microbial consortium in separation and combination was recorded as 57%, 13%, 35% and 139%, respectively. Besides the enhancement in specific growth rate of soil microbes due to addition of nutrient, bioaugmentation of this constructed microbial consortium also boost the total bacterial and fungal strains present in petroleum sludge contaminated soil. Catabolic enzymes played an important role in degradation and maximum induction of enzymes likes catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase, catechol 2, 3 dioxygenase, catalase, laccase and dehydrogenase activity were recorded 223.89 μ mol g-1, 323.83 μ mol g-1, 0.714 μ mol H2O2 g-1, 0.623 μ mol g-1 and 3.4 μg g-1 h-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Microbiome dysbiosis regulates the level of energy production under anaerobic condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaminur Rahman ◽  
M. Nazmul Hoque ◽  
Joynob Akter Puspo ◽  
M. Rafiul Islam ◽  
Niloy Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indicator Species ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Methanosarcina Barkeri ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Production Group ◽  
Group Ii

The microbiome of the anaerobic digester (AD) regulates the level of energy production. To assess the microbiome dysbiosis in different stages of anaerobic digestion, we analyzed 16 samples dividing into four groups (Group-I = 2; Group-II = 5; Group-III = 5 and Group-IV = 4) through whole metagenome sequencing (WMS). The physicochemical analysis revealed that highest CH 4 production (74.1%, on Day 35 of digestion) was associated with decreased amount of non-metal (phosphorus and sulfur) and heavy metals (chromium, lead and nickel). The WMS generated 380.04 million reads mapped to ~ 2800 distinct bacterial, archaeal and viral genomes through PathoScope (PS) and MG-RAST (MR) analyses. The PS analysis detected 768, 1421, 1819 and 1774 bacterial strains in Group-I, Group-II, Group-III and Group-IV, respectively which were represented by Firmicutes , Bacteroidetes , Proteobacteria , Actinobacteria , Spirochaetes and Fibrobacteres (> 93.0% of the total abundances). The archaeal fraction of the AD microbiomes was represented by 343 strains, of which 95.90% strains shared across these metagenomes. The indicator species analysis showed that Methanosarcina vacuolate , Dehalococcoides mccartyi , Methanosarcina sp. Kolksee and Methanosarcina barkeri were the highly specific for energy production in Group-III and Group-IV. However, most of the indicator phylotypes displayed reduced abundance in the initial stage of biogas production (Group-I and Group-II) compared to their increased relative abundances in Group-IV (Day 35). The correlation network analysis showed that different strains of Euryarcheota and Firmicutes phyla were associated with highest level (74.1%) of energy production (Group-IV). In addition to taxonomic dysbiosis, top CH 4 producing microbiomes showed increased genomic functional activities related to one carbon and biotin metabolism, oxidative stress, proteolytic pathways, MT1-MMP pericellular network, acetyl-CoA production, motility and chemotaxis. This study reveals distinct changes in composition and diversity of the AD microbiomes including different indicator species, and their genomic features that are highly specific for energy production.

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