scholarly journals ROLE OF EXTRACTIVE AND INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (34) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
A.G. Shestakovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Voice

The article considers the institutions that influence the development of an innovative society, in which the main profit is generated by the creation and development of new technologies and inventions. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the institutions that determine the formation and development of social capital in the country. Based on comparison, analysis, and analytical modeling, the paper identifies the problem of the existence of institutions in Russia that determine the passive attitude of citizens to the existing order of things and are unable to influence public authorities in order to improve the welfare of society. Based on the author's concept of economists D. Acemoglu, George. A. Robinson, which indicates a high degree of influence in the process of development of institutions in society (inclusive or extractive), the hypothesis was proposed that in Russia with large reserves of energy resources, mostly are extractive political and economic institutions, which entails a low level of self-organization of society. The hypothesis is confirmed by data from a study by the world Bank and the Levada center. In Russia, the Voice and Accountability index, which reflects the degree to which the population is provided with political rights and civil liberties, is 18,96 in a rating from 0 to 100, for comparison in the United States – 83,89. Data from the Yearbook "Public opinion" for 2019, confirm that in Russia, informal attitudes inherent in a society with extractive institutions prevail. The majority of society does not participate in self-government, 71 % of the population is not ready to take part in the work of public and political organizations in order to achieve changes for the better, 40 % of citizens believe that they are completely unable to influence the current phenomena and processes in the country. Having considered the points of view of economists whose work is devoted to the transformation of institutions, proposals were formulated to change the current situation, the essence of which is to diversify the economy.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in the 1990s: From Bedside to Bench and Back

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344
Author(s):  
Frances B Jamieson ◽  
Pamela Chedore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Critical Part

Since the mid-1980s, the rate of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed in Canada ceased to follow a downward trend, and has instead stabilized at approximately 7 cases/100,000 population. In the United States, a similar trend emerged, such that in the early 1990s there was an increase in new cases of TB. Outbreaks of drug-resistant TB also occurred with devastating clinical impact. These observations prompted laboratories to re-examine their role in halting the spread of TB. Laboratories play a critical part in the diagnosis of TB; procedures must be optimized to provide rapid and accurate results. This review discusses the role of the mycobacteriology laboratory in the diagnosis of TB, and how new technologies available today have enhanced the ability of the laboratory to provide timely, efficient and accurate results.

The Voice of Paranoia: Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song

Prospects ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 459-473
Author(s):  
Patrick O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Robbery ◽  
Firing Squad ◽  
Public Execution ◽  
American Civil Liberties Union ◽  
The Voice

The facts are these: some time on the early morning of July 20, 1976, Gary Gilmore, barely three months after his release from a twelveyear sentence for armed robbery served in the federal penitentiary at Marion, Illinois, drove into a gas station in Provo, Utah, robbed Max Jensen, the station attendant, and demanded that he lie facedown on the ground. Gilmore then fired twice into Jensen's head at point-blank range with an automatic pistol; Jensen died immediately. In the evening, fourteen or fifteen hours after the first murder, Gilmore drove into a motel situated next door to the house of his relatives, Vern and Ida Damico, who had given Gilmore refuge and found him a job upon his release from prison. Gilmore demanded money from Benny Bushnell, the owner of the motel, asked him to lie face-down on the floor, and then pumped one bullet into his head; Gilmore had intended to shoot him twice, but his gun jammed, and it was several hours before Bushnell would die of his wounds. One day later, Gilmore was arrested for the murder of Benny Bushnell. He was tried and found guilty of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death: his choice of death was by firing squad. Though his mother and the American Civil Liberties Union attempted to block the execution, Gilmore demanded that the state of Utah carry out the sentence. On January 17, 1977, he was shot to death by a team of four handpicked riflemen, in the first public execution to have taken place in the United States in over a decade.

US Republicans will block Supreme Court appointment

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Divided Government ◽  
Federal Regulation ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
To Come

Significance A new justice has the potential to change the tenor of the Supreme Court's rulings significantly for many years to come, on issues including the scope of federal regulation, campaign finance and the federal government's powers. Scalia was a vocal political and judicial conservative, and the upcoming political fight to appoint his successor will reflect the broader conservative-progressive debate about civil liberties, the scope of the Constitution and the role of government in society. Impacts The Obama administration is likely to see many of its administrative actions upheld, at least until his term ends next January. An open Supreme Court seat may boost turnout by conservative Republican voters worried about a moderate or liberal appointment. Appointment politics and numerous federal vacancies are likely to persist as a feature of divided government in the United States.

scholarly journals Review of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Third Baskin Readings. Law and State of the Information Era: New Challenges and Prospects” (St. Petersburg, April 28, 2021)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. Razuvaev ◽  
◽  
Irina K. Shmarko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Characteristic ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Practical Conference

In the review of the conference “The Third Baskin Readings. Law and State of the Information Era: New Challenges and Prospects” presents a summary of the main theses of the speakers on the problems of digitalization, the concept and protection of human rights and freedoms in a digital society, the role of artificial intelligence, transformation of law as such and other issues. The speakers generally concluded that there was no special change in the legal system for the needs of digitalization, concluded that law as a social phenomenon has a high degree of adaptability to changing conditions, and the use of new technologies should not affect the content of legal regulation as a whole. However, during the discussion, it is proposed to consider new signs of law, for example, “seriousness of law” in relation to the theory of the game. The participants come to the conclusion that the world is multipolar and at the same time there can be various structures of law and state, characteristic of different stages of socio-economic development of societies.

scholarly journals “THE FALL OF THE SECOND WALL”: THE NORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES AND THE ROLE OF POPE FRANCIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-215
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Baisotti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
Cuban American ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The pastoral trips of Pope Francis to Cuba and to the United States were not only religious. The political activity that he organized to consolidate the relationship between the two recently reconciled countries was remarkable. Through visits, meetings and masses the Pope expressed his position and concerns about various arguments, beyond the recomposed Cuban-American relationship. During the trip he addressed subjects including the environment, poverty, family, union, freedom, all of which were themes that the Pontiff had clearly stated in his encyclical Laudato Si ‘(2015) and his Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (2013). With this trip, Pope Francis ended up consolidating his status as a global politician as well as a pastor with a high degree of acceptance not only among Catholics.

Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario L. Chacón ◽  
Jeffrey L. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
United States Army ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Black Politicians ◽  
Triple Difference ◽  
The Military

AbstractHow important is the enforcement of political rights in new democracies? The authors use the enfranchisement of the emancipated slaves following the American Civil War to study this question. Critical to their strategy, black suffrage was externally enforced by the United States Army in ten Southern states during Reconstruction. The authors employ a triple-difference model to estimate the joint effect of enfranchisement and its enforcement on taxation. They find that counties with greater black-population shares that were occupied by the military levied higher taxes compared to similar nonoccupied counties. These counties later experienced a comparatively greater decline in taxation after the troops were withdrawn. The authors also demonstrate that in occupied counties, black politicians were more likely to be elected and political murders by white supremacist groups occurred less frequently. The findings provide evidence on the key role of federal troops in limiting elite capture by force during this period.

American Electronic Constitution

2009 ◽  
pp. 54-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fortunato Musella
Keyword(s):  
Public Management ◽  
New Public Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
New Public ◽  
The Difference

The chapter is dedicated at analyzing the strategic use of new technologies in the United States. An evident synergy has been noted between the digital policy projects and the neo-liberal ideology wave that has traced origin in the fiscal crisis of the State in the 1970s. About four decades have transformed some political directions in true imperatives: public sector downsizing, cost-cutting in public agencies, decision-making privatization, and the principle of efficiency as a measure of collective action. If new public management has been imposed as a dominant paradigm for administrative restructuring, ICTs programs sustain reform objectives by putting emphasis on the sure advantages of technological applications. In addition to this, administrative reforms seem to be in continuity with some American historical tradition, in reasserting a central role of private actor in public activities and realizing a significant “fusion of political and economic power”. Digital era seems to have added a new chapter to the American corporate liberalism history, with the difference – and the aggravating circumstance – that private organizations have now more powerful instruments to control and regulate society. New technological instruments seem to be used essentially to produce a neo-liberal interpretation of government activities.

The Unity of Freedom

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Kieron O’Hara
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Over Time

The final chapter summarizes the ideas of Four Internets. The Internet needs to remain connected, while its governance should allow different ideologies to flourish simultaneously, without imposing their view on the rest. Governance should pursue common interests while respecting cultural diversity. The prominent role of the United States remains an issue, although it has historically been a good steward of the infrastructure, and probably better than any alternative, including the multilateral structures promoted by nations like China and Russia. Governance is currently multistakeholder and ad hoc, but informal, emergent arrangements are probably better and more flexible than something neater and designed. Innovation and network effects need to be fostered, but policymakers will, on occasion, have to intervene against (perceived) negative externalities. New Internets will emerge over time; a COVID-19 Internet is imagined and described, for example. New technologies, such as quantum computing, will create new stresses, requiring a constant focus on resilience.

Sino-European Relations in Greater Eurasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
O. Vorkunova ◽  
A. Khotivrishvili ◽  
A. Tsvyk ◽  
M. Shpakovskaya
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
Innovation Space ◽  
Transit Routes

The article considers the phenomenon of European-Chinese cooperation in the context of the transformation of Eurasia as an international region. Particular attention is paid to the development of China’s relations with the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the Western Balkans; the features of China’s interaction with the countries of Southern Europe are revealed. The paper provides an analysis of factors influencing the correlation and struggle between new trends in the process of the innovation space formation in Eurasia. The role of Europe and China in the development of new transit routes across and around Eurasia is being studied. Its features include a combination of land and sea routes. Europe and China are synergistic within financial, industrial, and e-commerce complementarities. The article investigates the role of Chinese trade and investment in Europe with a particular focus on intensity of the latter toward the industrial heart of Europe: Germany and the Visegrad 4 countries. It highlights the German–Central-Eastern European Manufacturing Core as one of the most competitive industrial bases of Sino-European cooperation. Deepening Sino-European ties across Eurasia, leveraged by new technologies, give the continent integrity in global geo-economic terms. The paper assesses the current evolution of EU – China relations, which expanded greatly in geographic terms and diversity. The article seeks to explain that the interaction between China and Europe has social, economic, and even political dimensions, with potentially long-term implications for the structure of world affairs. Europe and China are the largest entities in Eurasia and in the international system, apart from the United States. The authors conclude that Sino-European reunification is contributing to a new phase in the transformation of Eurasia and to its rising significance in global political and economic governance.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Persistence of Earnings: The Role of Early and College Education

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1354-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Restuccia ◽  
Carlos Urrutia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Early Education ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Intergenerational Correlation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Innate Ability

Recent empirical evidence from the United States indicates a high degree of persistence in earnings across generations. Designing effective public policies to increase social mobility requires identifying and measuring the major sources of persistence and inequality in earnings. We provide a quantitative model of intergenerational human capital transmission that focuses on three sources: innate ability, early education, and college education. We find that approximately one-half of the intergenerational correlation in earnings is accounted for by parental investment in education, in particular early education. We show that these results have important implications for education policy.

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