scholarly journals Orocowewin Notcimik Itatcihowin: The Atikamekw Nehirowisiw Code of Practice and the Issues Involved in Its Writing

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Benoit Éthier ◽  
Christian Coocoo ◽  
Gérald Ottawa
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Contemporary Context ◽  
Plant Harvesting ◽  
Forest Activities

The Atikamekw Nehirowisiw Nation has for several years been developing a code of practice (orocowewin notcimik itatcihowin) to regulate hunting, fishing and plant harvesting activities in Nitaskinan, its ancestral territory. The Atikamekw Nehirowisiw code of practice is a collective project that sets out to put its territorial regulations in writing. The project's objective is threefold: to ensure the transmission of territorial knowledge and of rules relating to forest activities; to adapt these rules, passed on by ancestors, to the contemporary context; and to have them recognised by non-natives and the governments of other nations, including the governments of Canada and Quebec. This article presents some of the issues related to the process of writing and coding orocowewin notcimik itatcihowin, the Atikamekw Nehirowisiw code of practice; in particular, the importance of the oral tradition as a means of transmitting knowledge is emphasised. In our language, we say "atisokana ki atisokan" – we are infused and transformed by the narratives transmitted orally. This mode of transmission is politically, philosophically and emotionally significant. It is a unique way for us to let the heart speak, through direct contact, without interference.

‘Fossil Tradition’ in Stone Implements

Antiquity ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 9 (33) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vayson de Pradenne
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Written Word

When one speaks of tradition, that is to say, of the transmission of human knowledge from one generation to another, one implies that there are two methods by which that transmission is effected—the spoken and the written word; thus one draws a distinction between oral and written tradition.Nowadays written tradition alone is of importance; but one recognizes that it has gradually replaced that oral tradition which alone existed, as one supposes, in prehistoric times. We wish here to call attention to yet another mode of transmission which certainly played a part, perhaps even an important part, in the Stone Ages, and disregard of which might in certain instances seriously confuse the study of prehistoric archaeology.

scholarly journals An ethnobotanical survey of spontaneous plants used in traditional medicine in the region of Aures, Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Baziz ◽  
Rim Tinhinene Maougal ◽  
Abdelkader Amroune
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Digestive Disorders ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

This study carried out in the Aures region (Algeria) between September 2018 and March 2019, allowed us to identify spontaneous plants used in the region and gather all the information concerning the therapeutic practices of the local population. Based on a series of ethnobotanical surveys, we have identified 112 medicinal species belonging to 49 families, of which Asteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae and Cupressaceae are the most represented. The leaves were the most used plant parts (28.86%), and the decoction (37.68%) represents the most frequently used mode of preparation. In addition, the remedies were prepared essentially from single species (81.15%) and were used mainly in the treatment of digestive disorders (23.99%). The study has also shown that women, married people, the elderly and illiterates people had the better knowledge of the use of medicinal plants. These results indicate that local population has a fairly deep empirical and traditional knowledge of phytotherapy. However, this knowledge is endangered mainly because of the mode of transmission which is based on oral tradition and an urgent transcription is needed to avoid the loss of this heritage.

scholarly journals Human Vero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 infection linked to birds

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. EJIDOKUN ◽  
A. WALSH ◽  
J. BARNETT ◽  
Y. HOPE ◽  
S. ELLIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Control Team ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC O157) infections are a threat to public health. VTEC O157 has been isolated from gulls but evidence of transmission to humans from birds has not been reported. We recount an incident of VTEC O157 infection affecting two sibling children who had no direct contact with farm animals. An outbreak control team was convened to investigate the source of infection, its likely mode of transmission, and to advise on control measures. Human and veterinary samples were examined and the human isolates were found to be identical to an isolate from a sample of bird (rook) faeces. Cattle, rabbit and environmental samples were negative. This report provides evidence that birds may act as intermediaries for human infection with VTEC O157.

scholarly journals Perspektif Antropologi Kesehatan: Pengobatan Tradisional Cacar Air Pada Anak Di Minanga Kabupaten Tana Toraja

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Resky Purnamasari Nasaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Depth Interviews

Toraja people, especially in Minanga, still strongly believe in traditional medicine which he believes is an alternative to cure diseases that cannot be treated with medical treatment alone. One of the diseases that often attacks children in Minanga, Bungtu Tangti sub-district, is chickenpox or puru. Chickenpox is a disease caused by a virus that attacks antibodies, especially for children. This disease is highly contagious, pandemic and seasonal. The mode of transmission is in the form of direct contact with patients through nasal droplets, or fluid in vesicles so that it can easily attack children whose immune power is still not strong. So that parents have the knowledge that he reconstructs into an action to prevent their children from getting chickenpox as early as possible and even if they have been affected, they can quickly treat it by utilizing the natural products around them. Through this research, the author intends to examine the knowledge of traditional medicine in the perspective of Health Anthropology. This study uses qualitative methods, observation and in-depth interviews through holistic understanding. The results of this study show that from the perspective of Health anthropology, it is found how people in Minanga have an understanding of traditional local medicine related to human behavior that has cultural knowledge related to disease, and how to treat disease and how to treat it to protect family health against chickenpox infection.   Masyarakat Toraja khususnya di Minanga masih sangat percaya dengan pengobatan tradisional yang diyakininya sebagai alternatif penyembuhan penyakit yang tidak bisa disembuhkan dengan pengobatan medis saja. Salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang anak-anak di Minanga, Kecamatan Bungtu Tanti, adalah cacar air atau puru. Cacar air adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang menyerang antibodi, terutama untuk anak-anak. Penyakit ini sangat menular, pandemik dan musiman. Cara penularannya berupa kontak langsung dengan penderita melalui droplet hidung, atau cairan dalam vesikel sehingga mudah menyerang anak-anak yang daya tahan tubuhnya masih belum kuat. Agar para orang tua memiliki pengetahuan yang ia rekontruksi menjadi sebuah tindakan untuk mencegah anaknya terkena cacar air sedini mungkin dan bahkan jika sudah terkena dapat segera mengobatinya dengan memanfaatkan bahan alam yang ada disekitarnya. Melalui penelitian ini, penulis bermaksud untuk mengkaji pengetahuan pengobatan tradisional dalam perspektif Antropologi Kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, observasi dan wawancara mendalam melalui pemahaman holistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari perspektif Antropologi Kesehatan, ditemukan bagaimana masyarakat Minanga memiliki pemahaman tentang pengobatan tradisional lokal terkait dengan perilaku manusia yang memiliki pengetahuan budaya terkait penyakit, serta cara pengobatan penyakit dan cara pengobatannya. untuk melindungi kesehatan keluarga dari infeksi cacar air.

scholarly journals Living with COVID-19: The Nemesis, the Hubris, and the Elpis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhra Vinod
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Transmission Period ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Transmission Factors

The immuno-thrombo-inflammatory disease: COVID-19 is an acute immuno-thrombogenic inflammatory viral disease manifested by dysfunctions related to multiple organs involved in its pathogenesis. Its incidence and prevalence of is related to environmental viability of the virus, various transmission factors associated with the agent and the host, possible modes of transmission, period of infectiousness, and composition and susceptibility of the population. Whereas respiratory route is dominant mode of transmission, transmission through direct contact or fomite transmission do occur.

scholarly journals Transmission and protection against re-infection in the ferret model with the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 reference isolate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devanshi R. Patel ◽  
Cassandra J. Field ◽  
Kayla M. Septer ◽  
Derek G. Sim ◽  
Matthew J. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Wash ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

SARS-CoV-2 has initiated a global pandemic and several vaccines have now received emergency use authorization. Using the reference strain SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020, we evaluated modes of transmission and the ability of prior infection or vaccine-induced immunity to protect against infection in ferrets. Ferrets were semi-permissive to infection with the USA-WA1/2020 isolate. When transmission was assessed via the detection of vRNA at multiple timepoints, direct contact transmission was efficient to 3/3 and 3/4 contact animals in two respective studies, while respiratory droplet transmission was poor to only 1/4 contact animals. To determine if previously infected ferrets were protected against re-infection, ferrets were re-challenged 28 or 56 days post-infection. Following viral challenge, no infectious virus was recovered in nasal wash samples. In addition, levels of vRNA in the nasal wash were several orders of magnitude lower than during primary infection, and vRNA was rapidly cleared. To determine if intramuscular vaccination protected ferrets, ferrets were vaccinated using a prime-boost strategy with the S-protein receptor-binding domain formulated with an oil-in-water adjuvant. Upon viral challenge, none of the mock or vaccinated animals were protected against infection, and there were no significant differences in vRNA or infectious virus titers in the nasal wash. Combined these studies demonstrate that in ferrets direct contact is the predominant mode of transmission of the USA-WA1/2020 isolate and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is maintained for at least 56 days. Our studies also indicate protection of the upper respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 will require vaccine strategies that mimic natural infection or induce site-specific immunity. Importance: The SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain is a CDC reference strain used by multiple research laboratories. Here, we show the predominant mode of transmission of this isolate in ferrets is by direct contact. We further demonstrate ferrets are protected against re-infection for at least 56 days even when levels of neutralizing antibodies are low or undetectable. Last, we show that when ferrets were vaccinated by the intramuscular route to induce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, ferrets remain susceptible to infection of the upper respiratory tract. Collectively, these studies suggest protection of the upper respiratory tract will require vaccine approaches that mimic natural infection.

scholarly journals Transmission and protection against re-infection in the ferret model with the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 reference isolate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devanshi R. Patel ◽  
Cassandra J. Field ◽  
Kayla M. Septer ◽  
Derek G. Sim ◽  
Matthew J. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Wash ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 has initiated a global pandemic and vaccines are being rapidly developed. Using the reference strain SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020, we evaluated modes of transmission and the ability of prior infection or vaccine-induced immunity to protect against infection in ferrets. Ferrets were semi-permissive to infection with the USA-WA1/2020 isolate. When transmission was assessed via the detection of vRNA at multiple timepoints, direct contact transmission was efficient to 3/3 and 3/4 contact animals in two respective studies, while respiratory transmission was poor to only 1/4 contact animals. To assess the durability of immunity, ferrets were re-challenged 28 or 56 days post-primary infection. Following viral challenge, no infectious virus was recovered in nasal wash samples. In addition, levels of vRNA in the nasal wash were several orders of magnitude lower than during primary infection, and vRNA was rapidly cleared. To determine if intramuscular vaccination protected ferrets against infection, ferrets were vaccinated using a prime-boost strategy with the S-protein receptor-binding domain formulated with an oil-in-water adjuvant. Upon viral challenge, none of the mock or vaccinated animals were protected against infection, and there were no significant differences in vRNA or infectious virus titers in the nasal wash. Combined these studies demonstrate that in ferrets direct contact is the predominant mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 isolate and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is maintained for at least 56 days. Our studies also indicate protection of the upper respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 will require vaccine strategies that mimic natural infection or induce site-specific immunity.ImportanceThe SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain is a CDC reference strain used by multiple research laboratories. Here, we show the predominant mode of transmission of this isolate in ferrets is by direct contact. We further demonstrate ferrets are protected against re-infection for at least 56 days even when levels of neutralizing antibodies are low or undetectable. Last, we show that when ferrets were vaccinated by the intramuscular route to induce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, ferrets remain susceptible to infection of the upper respiratory tract. Collectively, these studies suggest protection of the upper respiratory tract will require vaccine approaches that mimic natural infection.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Public Transport in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11415
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Caggiano ◽  
Francesca Apollonio ◽  
Francesco Triggiano ◽  
Giusy Diella ◽  
Pasquale Stefanizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Bus Stop ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Although direct contact is considered the main mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, environmental factors play an important role. In this study, we evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on bus and train surfaces. From the buses, we took samples from the following areas: handrails used to enter or exit the bus, stop request buttons and handles next to the seats. From the trains, the sampled surfaces were handrails used to enter or exit the train, door open/close buttons, handles next to the seats, tables and toilet handles. SARS-CoV-2 was detected on 10.7% of the tested surfaces overall, 19.3% of bus surfaces and 2% of train surfaces (p < 0.0001). On the buses, the most contaminated surfaces were the handles near the seats (12.8%), followed by door open/close buttons (12.5%) and handrails (10.5%). Of the five analyzed transport companies, bus companies were the most contaminated, in particular, companies C (40%) and B (23.3%). A greater number of positive samples were found among those taken at 10:00 a.m. and 10:55 a.m. (45% and 40%, respectively). The presence of the virus on many bus surfaces highlights how the sanitation systems on public transport currently in use are not sufficient to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Saturn's E, G and F rings: modulated by the plasma sheet

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
E. Grün ◽  
G.E. Morfill ◽  
T.V. Johnson ◽  
G.H. Schwehm
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Spatial Diffusion ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Orbit Perturbation ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
F Ring

ABSTRACTSaturn's broad E ring, the narrow G ring and the structured and apparently time variable F ring(s), contain many micron and sub-micron sized particles, which make up the “visible” component. These rings (or ring systems) are in direct contact with magnetospheric plasma. Fluctuations in the plasma density and/or mean energy, due to magnetospheric and solar wind processes, may induce stochastic charge variations on the dust particles, which in turn lead to an orbit perturbation and spatial diffusion. It is suggested that the extent of the E ring and the braided, kinky structure of certain portions of the F rings as well as possible time variations are a result of plasma induced electromagnetic perturbations and drag forces. The G ring, in this scenario, requires some form of shepherding and should be akin to the F ring in structure. Sputtering of micron-sized dust particles in the E ring by magnetospheric ions yields lifetimes of 102to 104years. This effect as well as the plasma induced transport processes require an active source for the E ring, probably Enceladus.

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