scholarly journals Developing an integrated model for quelling illegal mining in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbekezeli Comfort Mkhize
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Significant Contributor ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Different Levels

Despite being recognised as a significant contributor in the South African economy, the mining industry is riddled with illegal mining activities. Though it remains difficult to precisely measure the extent of the activities in financial terms, it is estimated that more than R72 Billion have been lost. Lack of research on illegal mining partly compounds the problem. In view of this knowledge-gap, this article argues that whilst there is a multiplicity of stakeholders who deal directly with unlawful activities, poor integration of capacities at different levels remain discernible. The article assesses available literature and employs two theoretical perspectives as lenses through which to view the underlying reasons and the measures that can be put in place to quell illegal mining. The article concludes that an integrated model needs to be put in place in order to quell illegal mining in South Africa. The article recommends that the resources need to be pulled together and collaborative efforts need to be enhanced at all levels.

Reframing Xenophobia in South Africa as Colour-Blind: The Limits of the Afro Phobia Thesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-444
Author(s):  
Amanuel Isak Tewolde
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Black African ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Online Newspaper ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Realistic Conflict Theory

Many scholars and South African politicians characterize the widespread anti-foreigner sentiment and violence in South Africa as dislike against migrants and refugees of African origin which they named ‘Afro-phobia’. Drawing on online newspaper reports and academic sources, this paper rejects the Afro-phobia thesis and argues that other non-African migrants such as Asians (Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Chinese) are also on the receiving end of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. I contend that any ‘outsider’ (White, Asian or Black African) who lives and trades in South African townships and informal settlements is scapegoated and attacked. I term this phenomenon ‘colour-blind xenophobia’. By proposing this analytical framework and integrating two theoretical perspectives — proximity-based ‘Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)’ and Neocosmos’ exclusivist citizenship model — I contend that xenophobia in South Africa targets those who are in close proximity to disadvantaged Black South Africans and who are deemed outsiders (e.g., Asian, African even White residents and traders) and reject arguments that describe xenophobia in South Africa as targeting Black African refugees and migrants.

Empire and High Finance: South Africa and the International Gold Standard 1890–1914

1982 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Jacques Van-Helten
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
International Liquidity ◽  
Monetary Relations ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
Gold Producer ◽  
The Impact

Within twelve years of the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 the Transvaal was producing over one quarter of the world's annual output of gold. The Transvaal's emergence as a major gold producer took place at a time when global monetary relations were dominated by the operations of the gold standard. This article illustrates the impact of the Witwatersrand discoveries on the working of the international gold standard to 1914 and suggests that newly mined gold from South Africa eased international liquidity problems by facilitating an expansion of the gold base and money supplies without the dangers of inflation. Transvaal gold was shipped to London and sold in the City's bullion market. The establishment by South African mining companies of a complex London network of brokerage, insurance, refining and marketing facilities of gold is considered in detail. It is demonstrated that, when faced with a fixed price of gold and rising working costs on the Rand, the mining industry actively sought to minimize the marketing costs of gold in London to offset general cost inflation and to increase revenue. Finally, at the turn of the century, the Bank of England still occupied a hegemonic position in the international financial system, although, as this article shows, this hegemony was subject to periodic financial crises such as the collapse of Barings in 1890. The Bank‘s problems were thought to stem from a severe shortage of gold reserves. Recently, it has been argued that by the late 1890s British politicians and financiers encouraged the overthrow of the Kruger regime in the Transvaal in order to gain physical control over the Rand mines and thereby ease the Bank's shortages of gold. However, there are problems with this formulation and the article concludes with an alternative consideration of the complex relationship between the supplies of newly mined Transvaal gold, the international gold standard and the Bank of England's financial crises.

The Politics of Narcotic Medicines in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thembisa Waetjen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
South African ◽  
African State ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Patent Medicines ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Parallel Streams

Summary Controls over trade and consumption of narcotic medicines emerged as both a concern and emblem of progressive governance around the turn of the twentieth century. This article traces political struggles over drugs regulation in the case of colonial South Africa. It focuses on two parallel streams of law-making by the British occupation regime in the Transvaal, following the Anglo-Boer war. Controversies over the availability of traditional ‘Dutch medicines’ to Boer farmers and prohibitions of certain patent medicines to African consumers were elements of, and contradictions within, the process of building a modern pharmaceutical economy. An influx to the region of new curatives coincided with the growth of vernacular newspapers as well as temperance campaigns. Working to nurture white national cohesion and support a mining industry premised on unskilled black labour, the South African state created race-based drugs controls. These developments proved significant to regulatory statecraft later in the century.

scholarly journals Excess Mortality Due to External Causes in Women in the South African Mining Industry: 2013–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry S. Wilson ◽  
Tahira Kootbodien ◽  
Nisha Naicker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
External Causes

Mining is a recognized high-risk industry with a relatively high occurrence of occupational injuries and disease. In this study, we looked at the differences in mortality between male and female miners in South Africa. Data from Statistics South Africa regarding occupation and cause of death in the combined years 2013–2015 were analyzed. Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated to investigate excess mortality due to external causes of death by sex in miners and in manufacturing laborers. Results: Women miners died at a significantly younger age on average (44 years) than all women (60 years), women manufacturers (53 years), and male miners (55 yrs). There was a significantly increased proportion of deaths due to external causes in women miners (12.4%) compared to all women (4.8%) and women manufacturers (4.6%). Significantly increased PMRs were seen in car occupant accidents (467, 95% confidence interval (CI) 151–1447), firearm discharge (464, 95% CI 220–974), and contact with blunt objects (2220 95% CI 833–5915). Conclusion: This descriptive study showed excess deaths in women miners due to external causes. Road accidents, firearm discharge, and contact with blunt objects PMRs were significantly increased. Further research is required to confirm the underlying reasons for external causes of death and to develop recommendations to protect women miners.

scholarly journals Benhaus - a landmark decision, one less hoop for contract miners but a clarion call for an overhaul of the South African mining regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thambi
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
The South ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Right

SYNOPSIS The mining industry has evolved, such that the means of production that were once in the hands of major players or power houses have become equally accessible to smaller entrants, i.e. junior mining companies and contract miners. Contract mining involves contractual relationships between mine owners or mineral right holders and third parties to conduct mining activities on behalf of the right holders. The current mining income tax legislation has been a considerable obstacle to contract miners. Under its terms, they have been viewed as mining on behalf of third-party mineral rights holders. As such, expenditure incurred in relation to contract mining activities was often disallowed by the South African Revenue Service (SARS). However, the recent judgement of the Supreme Court of Appeal, Benhaus Mining (Pty) Ltd v CSARS 2020 (3) SA 325 (SCA) (Benhaus), rightfully or wrongfully, appears to provide clarity regarding the fate of contract miners' involvement in the mining value chain. The taxpayer, a contract miner, was held to be conducting mining operations within the meaning of S15(a) read with si of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (the Income Tax Act). This paper looks at how contract mining has traversed the mining tax landscape, the implications of the Benhaus judgment, and stresses the necessity for clear policy reform to the mining tax regime and equally to legislation framed to give effect to these policies. Keywords: Contract mining, owner mining, tax, DMRE, mining regime reforms.

Diffuse pollution associated with the mining sectors in South Africa: a first-order assessment

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Coetser ◽  
R.G.M. Heath ◽  
N. Ndombe
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Diffuse Source ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Receiving Water

Internationally it has become recognised that diffuse source water pollution from mining activities severely affects the degradation of water quality especially with regards to acidification and metal loading. South Africa is facing major problems with regard to the management and treatment of contaminated mine water. Very little has been published for South Africa about the quantities and qualities of diffuse source water pollution by the mining industry. Furthermore the available information has not yet been compiled into a consolidated overview that presents the total picture. Some of the problems that limit the use of the available information and would necessitate further processing to normalise the data, derive from the fact that the investigations producing the information were done at different times, to different levels of detail and using different approaches. A further complicating factor is that data for some mining commodities may not be available and may necessitate further investigation. The overview of the quantities and qualities of non-point source effluent production by different sectors needs to be interpreted in terms of the effect the effluent can be expected to have on receiving water quality (both surface and groundwater). It would thus be necessary to categorise waste types according to their effect on water quality and synthesise the data to obtain an estimate of the threat that different sectors and sub-sectors pose to receiving water quality.

Testing three materialism life-course theories in South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Duh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Life Course ◽  
South African ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Peer Communication ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives

Purpose – About 80 per cent of consumers in the world reside in emerging consumer markets (ECM). Thus, consumer behaviour theories and models should be tested for validation in ECM such as South Africa (socio-economically and culturally diverse). The purpose of this paper is to test three (human capital, stress and socialization) life-course theoretical perspectives on materialism among South African young adults. Employing the three life-course theoretical perspectives, it was posited that disruptive family events experienced during adolescence will affect materialism at young adulthood directly and indirectly through family resources received, perceived stress from family disruptions and peer communication about consumption. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 300 South African young adults were surveyed. Structural equation modelling was used to test eight hypotheses developed from the three life-course theoretical perspectives on materialism. Independent-samples t-test was first conducted to assess whether the respondents were materialistic. Findings – The South African young adults were found to be materialistic and this was explained by peer communication about consumption during adolescence (socialization life-course theoretical perspective). Disruptive family events experienced during adolescence significantly affected family resources negatively, and perceived stress positively, but these outcomes had no impact on materialism at young adulthood as the human capital and stress life-course theoretical perspectives suggest. Originality/value – The results reinforce the need to test the validity of western theories in an African context. The test can improve theories and can help advance knowledge about consumer diversity across cultures.

scholarly journals The Significance of Mining Infrastructural Development on South African Economy from 1980-2013: An Econometric Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3(J)) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Ofentse William Marutle ◽  
Olebogeng David Daw
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Johansen Cointegration Test ◽  
Econometric Approach

In this present paper we investigate the relationship between mining infrastructure and economic growth in South Africa from 1980-2013. The importance of this paper is to examine if there is both short and long run significant relationship between mining infrastructure and economic growth in South Africa. The data mining was collected from South African Reserve Bank (SARB) covering the range from 1980-2013 of the paper. Both Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip Perron (PP) where used for stationarity tests. Johansen Cointegration test is employed in this paper; also Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also employed in this paper. In the results we obtained that there is a positive significant relationship between mining infrastructure and economic growth. There is also a causal relationship between mining infrastructure and economic growth, meaning the development of mining infrastructure does promote economic growth. In conclusion the policy makers should improve private infrastructure which will equip human capital to be more useful in contributing towards knowledge and innovation. This means South African government and mining industry should priorities the development of infrastructure as component that will be sufficient towards economic development.

scholarly journals Capital structure determinants in South Africa: A quantile regression approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tendai Gwatidzo ◽  
Miracle Ntuli ◽  
Mthokozisi Mlilo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Quantile Regression ◽  
South African ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Different Levels

Using data on 239 listed South African firms and covering the period 1996-2010, we apply a quantile regression approach to investigate the effect of capital structure determinants on leverage. The paper’s main contribution is to assess the effect of the predictor variables across the distribution of leverage. That is, does the effect of a capital structure determinant vary at different levels of leverage? With the exception of asset tangibility and age, whose effect increased with leverage, our results suggest that the importance of leverage determinants does not vary with leverage. This is an important result, as it suggests that for the case of South Africa, studies that estimate the correlates of leverage at the mean are still valid and appropriate.

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