An Examination of Sport Motivation, Motivational Climate, and Athlete Burnout within the Developmental Model of Sport Participation

Young adults’ retrospective recall of high school sport motivations, motivational climate, and burnout were compared based on whether they fit the “specializer” or “sampler” track within the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP, Côté & Fraser-Thomas, 2007). College students (N = 156) fitting these two DMSP tracks completed their recall of sport motivations (Sport Motivation Scale-II), motivational climate (Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports) and athlete burnout (Athlete Burnout Questionnaire). Separate one-way MANOVAs comparing samplers (n = 113) and specializers (n = 43) on these variables were not significant (p > .05). Multiple regression analyses showed amotivation and intrinsic regulation were significant positive and negative predictors (respectively) of burnout dimensions. Performance climate was predictive of exhaustion and sport devaluation, while mastery climate negatively predicted reduced sense of accomplishment. Although Self-Determination Theory was further supported in examining burnout, lack of differences across DMSP track suggests that samplers and specializers in non-elite, amateur youth sport settings do not differ in burnout.

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Parent-initiated motivational climate and selfdetermined motivation in youth sport

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.49.2.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 217-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hakan Kolayiş ◽

Nurullah Çelik

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Linear Combination ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Motivational Climate ◽

The Other ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Sport Motivation Scale ◽

Karate Athletes

There are many determinants of sports motivation such as athletes’ personal characteristics, coaches, peers, parents and the other environmental factors. In this research, the aim was to analyse whether there was a relationship between perceived parent-initiated motivational climate and self-determined motivation of karate athletes. Karate athletes (N=325) participated in the research and completed the adolescent version of the Sport Motivation Scale and Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses showed that the athletes’ self-determined motivation significantly correlated with learning and enjoyment climate, worry-conducive climate and success-without-effort climate perceived both in father and mother. Besides, regression analysis showed that perceived family climate significantly contributed to selfdetermined motivation. Linear combination of father learning and enjoyment climate (β=.21), father successwithout effort climate (β=-.17), and mother success-without-effort climate (β=-.14) significantly contributed to self-determined motivation (F(3,321)=18.88, R2=.15, p<.001). In conclusion, the results indicated that athletes’ perception of parent-initiated motivational climate was important for their self-determined motivation. The findings were evaluated and some implications for parents were proposed.

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Developmental Differences in Burnout Among High School Athletes in the United States: A Gendered Perspective

Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jcsp.2021-0017 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Tsz Lun (Alan) Chu ◽

Bailey Sommerfeld ◽

Tao Zhang

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Sport Participation ◽

The United States ◽

Developmental Differences ◽

Developmental Model ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Future Research ◽

High School Athletes ◽

Athlete Burnout ◽

And Gender

Building on recent research examining athlete burnout trajectories, this study implemented the developmental model of sport participation to compare emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation between age groups (specializing [aged 13–15 years] vs. investment [aged 16–18 years]) and gender (boys vs. girls) among U.S. high school athletes. Participants were 367 high school athletes (M = 15.53; 212 males; 186 specializing) across various individual and team sports who completed a survey assessing their demographic information, sport backgrounds, and burnout perceptions. A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of covariance, controlling for training hours, showed greater emotional and physical exhaustion and sport devaluation in the investment than the specializing group, but no developmental differences in reduced sense of accomplishment. Contrary to our hypothesis, no gender or interaction effects were found. Findings inform interventions and future research that address the role of developmental stages and gender in athlete burnout.

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Preliminary Validation of an Arabic Version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-28)

Asian Social Science ◽

10.5539/ass.v12n7p186 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manal M. Bayyat ◽

Arabi H. Almoghrabi ◽

Khitam M. Ay

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

The Self ◽

Self Determination ◽

Arabic Version ◽

Cronbach Alpha ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Sport Motivation Scale

<p>This study aims to validate the Arabic version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-28). SMS-28 is the English version of the French-Canadian scale l’Echelle de Motivation Dans Les Sport, which is based on the self-determination theory. The scale can reliably and validly measure the different forms of motivation toward sport. It consists of different subscales of intrinsic motivation (IM-to know, IM-to accomplish, IM-to experience), extrinsic motivation (identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation) and amotivation. The Arabic version of the scale was translated using the transcultural translation procedure. The final script of the translated scale was distributed to a sample of participants, which consists of a group of 208 students at the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Jordan. The students were randomly selected and completed the scale voluntarily. Analytical analysis including factor analysis, Cronbach Alpha and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted. Results of the factor analysis reflected the validity of the scale, Cronbach Alpha showed adequate levels of internal consistency, while correlation values between the subscales were acceptable and reflected the motivation continuum suggested by the self-determination theory. Thus, an Arabic version of the sport motivation scale has emerged. Future studies using the Arabic version of the scale are encouraged. </p>

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Sport Participation Motivation of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities

Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences ◽

10.33607/bjshs.v3i70.490 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (70) ◽

Author(s):

Jūratė Požėrienė ◽

Rūta Adomaitienė ◽

Vida Ostasevičienė ◽

Diana Rėklaitienė ◽

Inga Kragnienė

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Extrinsic Motivation ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Special Olympics ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Participation Motivation ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Sport Motivation Scale ◽

Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Special Olympics have grown and became the largest worldwide provider of sport opportunities for individuals with intellectual disabilities. In addition, Special Olympics sport programs participation is associated with improved physical fitness and motor skills as well as increased self-esteem, self-confidence, social competence and positive self-perceptions. But there is still limited research regarding sport participation motivation in Special Olympics, so the aim of the study was to identify why individuals with intellectual disabilities have joined and continue to participate in Special Olympics program. This study evaluated sport participation motivation of 102 (60 males and 42 females) SO athletes aged 12 to 16 years (mean age 14.12, SD = 1.47). The sampling design was purposive in that participants had to meet criteria of mental retardation, to come from the same Kaunas region, and to participate in sport for 1—2 hours twice a week for a minimum 6 months. To measure sport motivation were used the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) (Pelletier et al., 1995). The Lithuanian validation of this modified sport motivation scale (SMS) for persons with mild mental retardation was done by Sajute (2002). The results showed that Special Olympics sport participants expressed significantly greater identified regulation level (extrinsic motivation) than intrinsic motivation, and the mean score of external regulation (extrinsic motivation) was higher compared to intrinsic motivation. Results showed the most motivating factors for participants was winning ribbons and medals, fun, being pretty skilled and spend time with friends. While sport participation motives of athletes with intellectual disabilities varied, they were not so different between genders. No significant differences were found between genders. Our study supported the use of self-determination theory for the evaluation of motivation for participation in Special Olympics sport programs.Keywords: intellectual disabilities, sport participation, extrinsic and external motivation.

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Intrinsic Motivation Predicting Performance Satisfaction in Athletes: Further Psychometric Evaluations of the Sport Motivation Scale-6

Polish Psychological Bulletin ◽

10.1515/ppb-2015-0037 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 309-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jan Blecharz ◽

Karolina Horodyska ◽

Karolina Zarychta ◽

Aleksandra Adamiec ◽

Aleksandra Luszczynska

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

National Level ◽

Motivational Climate ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Multiple Mediation ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Performance Satisfaction ◽

Sport Motivation Scale

Abstract The study investigated psychometric properties of the Sport Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6), assessing intrinsic regulation, four extrinsic regulation constructs, and amotivation among athletes competing at a regional and national level. In particular, we tested the factorial structure of SMS-6, its short-term stability, and the associations of SMS-6 constructs with self-efficacy, self-esteem, motivational climate, and satisfaction with sport performance. Participants were 197 athletes (57.4% women), representing team (54.7%) and individual disciplines. The measurement was repeated at the three-week follow-up (n = 107). Results yielded support for the six first-order factor structure (three second-order factors). More autonomous forms of motivation were related to higher levels of self-efficacy, performance satisfaction, and taskoriented motivational climate in sport organizations. Sequential multiple mediation analysis showed that the association between general self-efficacy and performance satisfaction at a follow-up was mediated by introjected regulation and personal-barrier self-efficacy.

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Preliminary validation of a brazilian version of the sport motivation scale

Universitas Psychologica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.pvbv ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 557-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mauricio Bara Filho ◽

Débora Andrade ◽

Renato Miranda ◽

Juan L. Núñez ◽

José Martín-Albó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporal Stability ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Self Determination ◽

English Version ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Brazilian Version ◽

Preliminary Validation ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Sport Motivation Scale

The Sport Motivation Scale was firstly developed in French and later translated into English and validated by Pelletier et al. (1995). It is based on the principles of self-determination theory. The present study translated the English version into Portuguese to access and validate it with Brazilian athletes using a sample of 419 athletes (127 women and 292 men) from ten sports. The Brazilian version of the scale showed satisfactory levels of internal consistency and temporal stability over a four-week period. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis partially supported the seven-factor structure. Finally, gender differences were found in all subscales. Taken together, these findings support the use of the Brazilian version of the scale for the assessment of motivation in sport.

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Relaciones entre el clima motivacional, las experiencias en educación física y la motivación intrínseca de los alumnos (Relationships among motivational climate, physical education experiences and pupils’ intrinsic motivation)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i26.34387 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 9-14

Author(s):

Melchor Gutiérrez

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Motivational Climate ◽

Goal Theory ◽

Class Climate ◽

Key Words Adolescents ◽

Climate Scale ◽

Perception Of Performance ◽

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar las relaciones entre la percepción del clima motivacional de la clase, las experiencias en educación física y la motivación intrínseca de los alumnos. Una muestra de 2189 alumnos de 13 a 17 años de edad completó las versiones españolas de la Escala de Percepción del Clima Motivacional (PMCS) y el Cuestionario de Motivación Intrínseca (IMI). Además, los alumnos aportaron una valoración de sus experiencias en educación física. Los resultados han mostrado que los factores más relacionados con la motivación intrínseca de los alumnos han sido la percepción del clima de maestría y las experiencias en educación física. Por el contrario, la percepción del clima de ejecución se ha mostrado más relacionada con la tensión-presión de los alumnos. Estos resultados se han discutido en el marco de la teoría de las orientaciones de meta y de la teoría de la autodeterminación y en términos de su contribución a potenciar la motivación de los adolescentes en educación física, de cara al compromiso con la práctica física y la instauración de estilos de vida activos y perdurables a lo largo del tiempo.Palabras clave: Adolescentes, clima de maestría, clima de ejecución, educación física, motivación intrínseca.Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze relationships among perceived motivational class climate, physical education experiences and pupils’ intrinsic motivation in physical education lessons. A sample of 2189 pupils, ages 13 to 17 years, completed the Spanish versions of the Perception of Motivational Climate Scale (PMCS) and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Furthermore, pupils reported an assessment of their experiences in physical education. Results showed that the factors most related with pupils’ intrinsic motivation were the perception of mastery climate and the physical education experiences. On the contrary, the perception of performance climate was related with pupils’ tension-pressure. These results were discussed within the framework of achievement goal theory, the self-determination theory and in terms of their contribution to increase adolescents’ motivation in physical education, in order to engagement in physical practices and longtime healthy lifestyles. Key words: Adolescents, mastery climate, performance climate, physical education, intrinsic motivation

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Are team sport games more motivating than individual exercise for middle-aged women?

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.50.1.5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 34-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Johan M. Wikman ◽

Glen Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Extrinsic Motivation ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Team Sport ◽

Self Determination ◽

Intervention Period ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Sport Motivation Scale

The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of motivation associated with participation in floorball (indoor hockey) and spinning, and how levels of motivation predicted continuation. A sample of 66 middleaged women participated in a 12-week intervention of either floorball or spinning. They filled out the Sport Motivation Scale in week 2 and week 11 of the intervention, and data on their continuation six and 12 months after the intervention was also collected. A repeated measures MANOVA showed that participants in the floorball group had higher levels of intrinsic and self-determined extrinsic motivation for the activity during the intervention period, suggesting that floorball is a more motivating activity. In addition, extrinsic motivation the introjected regulation increased in both groups during the intervention period. Intrinsic motivation, as well as extrinsic motivation introjected regulation, predicted participants’ continuation six and 12 months after the intervention, suggesting that motivation as viewed in a Self-Determination Theory perspective is important for continuation.

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Sport Motivation Scale-II--French Version

PsycTESTS Dataset ◽

10.1037/t75352-000 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Luc G. Pelletier ◽

Meredith Rocchi ◽

Robert J. Vallerand ◽

Edward L. Deci ◽

Richard M Ryan

Keyword(s):

French Version ◽

Sport Motivation ◽

Motivation Scale ◽

Sport Motivation Scale

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Coaches’ impact on youth athletes’ intentions to continue sport participation: The mediational influence of the coach–athlete relationship

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954121991817 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174795412199181

Author(s):

Meredith M Wekesser ◽

Brandonn S Harris ◽

Jody Langdon ◽

Charles H Wilson

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Drop Out ◽

Self Determination ◽

Need Fulfillment ◽

Sports Teams ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Negative Relationships

About 70% of youth athletes drop out of sport by age 13. Self-determination theory has been utilised to investigate athletes’ motivations for behaviours including sport persistence (i.e. continuation) and suggests that the coach can be an influence on such motivations. Basic need fulfillment via interpersonal coaching behaviours, the coach-athlete relationship (CAR), and intentions to continue sport participation have been examined independently and in various combinations and directions, but these variables have not been examined collectively in this manner. The purpose of this study was to determine if CAR quality mediates the relationship between interpersonal coaching behaviours and intentions to continue sport participation. Surveys were administered to 148 athletes ages 11 to 16 from organised sports teams. No significant indirect effects of mediation could be established. However, there was a significant and direct effect of competence-supportive behaviours on intentions ( β = .341, p < .001). Overall, the total effects model was significant ( F(1,146) = 18.762, p < .001, adjusted R2 = .114). Significant positive relationships were shown among supportive coach behaviours and CAR quality in addition to CAR quality and intentions. Negative relationships were demonstrated among thwarting coach behaviours and CAR quality. Results support that coaches’ competence-supportive behaviours can positively impact CAR quality and intentions to continue sport participation in youth athletes.

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