scholarly journals Chronic cannulation in the small intestine of feral pigeons (Columba livia) to assess bioavailability

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
JG Chediack ◽  
FD Cid ◽  
SV Fasulo ◽  
E. Caviedes-Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Transport ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Feral Pigeons ◽  
Chronic Cannulation

We improved a method of chronic duodenal cannulation to study intestinal transport of solutes in an in vivo model (pigeon, Columba livia). A hypoallergenic cannula was inserted into the proximal part of the small intestine of pigeons and used for solution administration. Recovery from surgery was extremely rapid and animals started eating and drinking within a day. After surgery, the body mass of cannulated pigeons was stable, and no adverse effects in the weight could be detected. The method is simple, economical and useful to determine intestinal bioavailability of solutes, for nutritional and ecological studies, in intact animals without influence of anesthesia.

scholarly journals Widespread and selective induction of major histocompatibility complex-determined antigens in vivo by gamma interferon.

1985 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 1645-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Skoskiewicz ◽  
R B Colvin ◽  
E E Schneeberger ◽  
P S Russell
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Class I ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex

gamma Interferon (IFN-gamma) caused remarkable increases in class I (H-2Kk) and class II (I-Ak) antigens throughout the body by 6-9 d. Heart, kidney, and adrenals showed increases of 4-8 times their previous levels of class I antigen content, while the pancreas and small intestine increased 13-17-fold. Lesser increases were found in spleen, liver, and lung, which showed higher resting antigenic potency. Increases of class II antigenicity of 6-10-fold were found in heart, kidney, pancreas, lung, liver, adrenal, and small intestine, with lesser increases in thymus and spleen, and none in lymph node. Topographical analysis revealed that IFN-gamma induced class I and II antigens on most tissues in a highly selective fashion. For example, the renal proximal tubules expressed large amounts of both class I and II antigens, whereas the distal tubules and collecting ducts did not. In some epithelial cells class I and II determinants were induced only on the basal aspects of the cell membrane. IFN-gamma caused a remarkable increase in class II-positive dendritic cells in the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroid. Whether these cells were of local or systemic origin is uncertain, but the finding of a simultaneous depletion of dendritic cells from lymph nodes and spleen raises the possibility that they may have been derived, at least in part, from these sites. The dynamic and selective induction of class I and II antigen expression by IFN-gamma is likely to be important in regulation of the immune response in tissues.

Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on tissue protein synthesis in pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kullik ◽  
B. Brosig ◽  
S. Kersten ◽  
H. Valenta ◽  
A.-K. Diesing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Fusarium Toxin ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis

Possible interactions between the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on in vivo protein synthesis were investigated in selected porcine tissues. A total of 36 male castrated pigs (initial weight of 26 kg) were used. 24 pigs were fed a control diet and 12 a Fusarium-contaminated diet (chronic oral deoxynivalenol, 3.1 mg/kg diet) for 37 days. Tissue protein synthesis was measured in pigs fed control diet after intravenous infusion of deoxynivalenol (100 µg/kg live weight/h), lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h) or a combination of both compounds on the day of the measurements, while six pigs from the chronic oral deoxynivalenol group were intravenously treated with lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h). Deoxynivalenol challenge alone failed to alter protein synthesis parameters. Fractional protein synthesis rates were exclusively reduced in liver, spleen and small intestine of lipopolysaccharides-treated pigs. Intravenous deoxynivalenol co-exposure enhanced the impacts of lipopolysaccharides on protein synthesis parameters in the spleen and the small intestine to some extent, while a chronic oral pre-exposure with deoxynivalenol relieved its effects in the spleen. Whether these interactions occur in other tissues and under other study conditions, especially toxin doses and route of entry into the body, needs to be examined further.

scholarly journals Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Profiles of SCH 58261 in Rats Using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometric Method

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Park ◽  
Min-Ho Park ◽  
Jin-Ju Byeon ◽  
Seok-Ho Shin ◽  
Byeong ill Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Stability ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Method ◽  
Sch 58261

5-Amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c) pyrimidine (SCH 58261) is one of the new chemical entities that has been developed as an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. Although SCH 58261 has been reported to be beneficial, there is little information about SCH 58261 from a drug metabolism or pharmacokinetics perspective. This study describes the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of SCH 58261 in order to understand its behaviors in vivo. Rats were used as the in vivo model species. First, an LC–MS/MS method was developed for the determination of SCH 58261 in rat plasma. A GastroPlus™ simulation, in vitro microsomal metabolic stability, and bile duct-cannulated studies were also performed to understand its pharmacokinetic profile. The parameter sensitivity analysis of GastroPlus™ was used to examine the factors that influence exposure when the drug is orally administered. The factors are as follows: permeability, systemic clearance, renal clearance, and liver first-pass effect. In vitro microsomal metabolic stability indicates how much the drug is metabolized. The extrapolated hepatic clearance value of SCH 58261 was 39.97 mL/min/kg, indicating that the drug is greatly affected by hepatic metabolism. In vitro microsomal metabolite identification studies revealed that metabolites produce oxidized and ketone-formed metabolites via metabolic enzymes in the liver. The bile duct-cannulated rat study, after oral administration of SCH 58261, showed that a significant amount of the drug was excreted in feces. These results imply that the drug is not absorbed well in the body after oral administration. Taken together, SCH 58261 showed quite a low bioavailability when administered orally and this was likely due to significantly limited absorption, as well as high metabolism in vivo.

scholarly journals Effects of Semi-Starvation on the Total Body Composition and Absorptive Function of the Small Intestine of the Young Adult Female Rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
VJ Williams ◽  
W Senior ◽  
JilI Sippel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Variable Weight

Sixteen female rats aged about 80 days and with a mean body weight of 175 g were fed 40 % of their ad libitum intake of a laboratory chow. They were killed and analysed for water, protein, lipid and ash after 9, 21� 5, 30� 2 and 38�8 % of body weight had been lost. Compared to a control group of four animals, the 38�8 % group lost 13 g or 34 % of their protein. The animals in the 21 . 5, 30� 2 and 38 . 8 % groups lost 7� 5 g or 87 % of their lipid leaving only 1 �1 g of lipid. The percentage protein in the body was little affected by body weight loss but lipid decreased from 5 to 1 %. In another experiment with 26 rats of 205 g mean body weight and aged about 115 days, absorption rates by the small intestine were measured in vivo after variable weight losses between 0 and 39 %. o( + )-Glucose uptake was increased by about 70 % in those animals which had lost only 5 % of body weight and this increased uptake was retained in those rats which had lost up to 39 % of body weight. The absorption of L-leucine was not affected by the decline in body weight compared to the controls but relative to body weight, the ability of the intestine to absorb increased. In the same animals, the wet and dry weights of the small intestine declined slightly faster than body weight and the length of the small intestine tended to decrease slightly with increasing loss of body weight.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cosmetic Properties of Natural Ingredients in the Trás-os-Montes area: a PhD Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gonçalves ◽  
Isabel Gaivão
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
The European Union

The term cosmetics refers to a product applied to the body for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing or improving appearance and enhancing attractive features. The natural cosmetics market has grown since the consumer took consciousness of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A great number of cosmetics have noxious and chemically-potent substances and have an ecological impact on the environment. A study performed by the Danish Council THINK Chemicalsfound that in total 65 chemicals of concern were found in 39 products. This means consumers are exposed to these chemicals, perhaps in a daily basis. They also found that three products contained illegal ingredients in the European Union. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important. This requires a strong investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health. The PhD project will focus on four natural ingredients common in the Trás-os-Montes area: almond (Prunus dulcis), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), olive (Olea europaea) and grapes (Vitis vinifera). The general purpose of this PhD project is to evaluate the cosmetic properties of the natural ingredients towards the DNA integrity promotion. Additionally, it is intended to evaluate genoprotection, longevity and prolificacy of the natural ingredients in Drosophila melanogaster. The short life cycle, the distinct developmental stages, the availability of various tools and reagents, known genome sequence and the physiological similarity of Drosophila with humans make them an excellent in vivo model organism to rapidly test toxicity in whole organism and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity. The natural product with the best result will be used to evaluate genoprotection in human lymphocytes. These are used as a surrogate tissue, as they are easily obtained, in large numbers, do not require cell culture, are diploids and are almost all in the same phase of the cell cycle. This project is in an initial phase and lacks results, which will be available along this year.

scholarly journals In Vivo Model of Small Intestine

2017 ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime M. Mahe ◽  
Nicole E. Brown ◽  
Holly M. Poling ◽  
Michael A. Helmrath
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
In Vivo Model

scholarly journals Dolichols and proliferating systems.

1994 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Trentalance
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Total Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Dolichyl Phosphate ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Developing Rat

The results obtained on dolichol metabolism, in two in vivo model systems, the developing rat liver and the regenerating rat liver, which provide different timing and interplay of proliferation and differentiation processes, have been reported. The regenerating liver presents a marked increase of both synthesis and content of dolichol, a decreased cholesterol/dolichol ratio, unchanged synthesis and content of dolichyl phosphate, or dolichol-kinase and dolichyl phosphate-phosphatase activities; no significantly modified distribution of dolichol homologs, with respect to the control. Total content of dolichols is growing during perinatal development. At fetal stages only short chain dolichols are detectable, while the content of dolichyl phosphate is very low and the activity of dolichyl phosphate-phosphatase is high. The study of the role of liver in dolichol supply to the body in the partially hepatectomized rat shows an increased content of dolichol in the blood; blood dolichol is essentially provided by the release from liver and dolichol traffic in the blood is mediated by multiple carriers.

scholarly journals Lactose-Gated Mesoporous Silica Particles for Intestinal Controlled Delivery of Essential Oil Components: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Elisa Poyatos-Racionero ◽  
Isabel González-Álvarez ◽  
Paola Sánchez-Moreno ◽  
Leopoldo Sitia ◽  
Francesca Gatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Prolonged Stay ◽  
Oil Components

Mesoporous silica microparticles functionalized with lactose for the specific release of essential oil components (EOCs) in the small intestine are presented. In vitro and in vivo intestinal models were applied to validate the microparticles (M41-EOC-L), in which the presence of lactase acts as the triggering stimulus for the controlled release of EOCs. Among the different microdevices prepared (containing thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde), the one loaded with cinnamaldehyde showed the most significant Caco-2 cell viability reduction. On the other hand, interaction of the particles with enterocyte-like monolayers showed a reduction of EOCs permeability when protected into the designed microdevices. Then, a microdevice loaded with cinnamaldehyde was applied in the in vivo model of Wistar rat. The results showed a reduction in cinnamaldehyde plasma levels and an increase in its concentration in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The absence of payload release in the stomach, the progressive release throughout the intestine and the prolonged stay of the payload in the GIT-lumen increased the bioavailability of the encapsulated compound at the site of the desired action. These innovative results, based on the specific intestinal controlled delivery, suggest that the M41-payload-L could be a potential hybrid microdevice for the protection and administration of bioactive molecules in the small intestine and colon.

scholarly journals Erratum to: In Vivo Model of Small Intestine

2017 ◽  
pp. E1-E1
Author(s):  
Maxime M. Mahe ◽  
Nicole E. Brown ◽  
Holly M. Poling ◽  
Michael A. Helmrath
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
In Vivo Model

GIT Physicochemical Modeling - A Critical Review

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
'Michelle' Ji Yeon Yoo ◽  
Xiao Dong Chen
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Many attempts to model the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were made since the beginning of the last decade. The main purpose was either to simulate an in vivo testing of drugs on animals or to investigate the viability of the probiotic intake. Two well-known physio-chemical models regarding the viability of the probiotics have been produced. In 1993, Molly et al. developed a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME). Six reactors simulating the conditions of human stomach, duodenum/jejunum, ileum, caecum/ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon were artificially developed. In 1995, Minekus et al. created a TNO gastro-intestinal model (TIM) with four computer-controlled chambers simulating the conditions of stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The simulated parameters included the body temperature, pH, salivary, gastric and intestinal mixing with peristaltic movements, secretions and absorption of water and small molecules. Despite the use of pharmacological, physiological and biochemical knowledge of the human and animal GIT and associated secretions, conflicting results such as the extremely low viability of probiotics were obtained. The failure of the above two models indicates the necessity of devising a suitable in vitro model that would be capable of simulating the digestion process as an exact replica of the actual in vivo model. In this paper, the key aspects of the above have been summarized and discussed.

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