scholarly journals Game browse and its impact on selected grain crops

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cerkal ◽  
K. Vejražka ◽  
J. Kamler ◽  
J. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction

This work presents the results of a survey that studied simulated plant browsing by herbivores. In 2004–2006, winter wheat, spring barley, and maize field trials were founded in order to monitor the impact of different levels of defoliation (leaf area reduction) on the yield and grain quality. The defoliation was carried out by means of mechanical removal of plant parts in the early growth stages. Selected qualitative parameters were determined in the harvested grain of wheat and barley. Statistically significant influence of leaf area reduction (LAR) on grain yield (decrease by 4–14%) was found only in maize in 2004. No statistically significant influence of the leaf area reduction on thousand grain weight (TGW) was found in any of the studied crops. The leaf area reduction in barley did not affect grain characteristics; however, it had a statistically significant influence on the quality of wheat grain. Moreover, wheat reduction statistically significantly increased the falling number (by 29–39 s) and decreased SDS test values (by 8–9 ml).

Relationship between sugar maple budburst phenology and pear thrips damage

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Kolb ◽  
D. A. J. Teulon
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Damage Symptoms ◽  
Budburst Phenology

The relationship between budburst phenology and damage by the pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens (Uzel) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)) to sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) foliage was investigated in two studies. In the first study, seedlings in cages were exposed to adult thrips at different stages of budburst. Compared with uninfested control seedlings, introduction of five adult thrips per bud reduced total leaf area and average leaf size, and caused chlorosis, tattering, and cupping of leaves. Leaf area reduction and damage symptoms were greater for seedlings exposed to thrips when leaf margins were first visible at the tip of the bud compared with earlier and later stages of budburst. In the second study, budburst date and number of thrips oviposition sites on leaves (an index of thrips activity) were measured in a common-garden test of maple saplings from open-pollinated families. Thrips activity was greater on early-breaking than late-breaking buds. Date of opening for these early-breaking buds coincided closely with peak capture of flying thrips. Both budburst date and number of oviposition sites on leaves differed among families. Sugar maple genotypes with late budburst escaped heavy thrips damage. The results indicate that timing of vegetative budburst in sugar maple can influence the degree of thrips damage.

scholarly journals The Response of Maize Lines to Foliar Fertilizing

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Milan Brankov ◽  
Milena Simić ◽  
Željko Dolijanović ◽  
Miloš Rajković ◽  
Violeta Mandić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two foliar fertilizers applied on five maize (Zea mays L.) lines. Fertilizers were applied at different growth stages of maize, during three consecutive years (2010–2012) at the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, Serbia. Maize growth parameters such as fresh matter, height, leaf area and grain yield were recorded. Foliar fertilizer with amino acids (FAA) was more advantageous to maize plants compared to fertilizer containing phosphorus (FP) as a main component. Applied FAA has shown positive effects by increasing fresh matter, leaf area index, and plant height in all three years. In 2012, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, grain yield and harvest index were very low, compared to the previous two years, although, positive effects on morphological traits were observed 21 days after treatments (DAT), as well as in the anthesis stage. The best results of 30% of grain yield and harvest index increase were recorded in line L1 in 2010 and 2011. The same line had an increase of more than 40% of fresh matter and leaf area on average for all three years. The positive effects that have been noticed in this research could recommend foliar fertilizing with fertilizer containing N in a form of an amino acids complex.

scholarly journals The influence of fertilization and tillage method on the formation root system capacity and grain production of spring barley

2011 ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Andrej Kupecsek ◽  
Juliana Monárová
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lcr Meter ◽  
Tillage Method

To evaluate the interaction of year x variety, year x tillage method and year x fertilization on the grain yield and root system capacity (RSC) of spring barley, we ran polyfactorial field trials in agroecological conditions of a warm corn production area in Slovakia, at  Malanta, in 2009 and 2010. The RSC measurements were done using LCR - meter at a frequency of 1 kHz and they took place in four growth stages: at leaf development in the stage of four leaves (RSC1), in full tillering (RSC2), in the stage heading (RSC 3) and at the stage of ripening (RSC4). The values of grain yield, RSC1, RSC2, RSC3, RSC4 reached in 2009 comparison to 2010 were significantly lower. The highest yield in 2009 was reached by variety Marthe (4.49 t.ha-1) and by variety Bojos (7.19 t ha-1) in 2010. The highest values of RSC in observed growth stages were achieved by variety Bojos in 2009, and in 2010 also besides RSC1. Within both years, difference in yields between tillage methods was not observed. The values of RSC in growth stage of 4 leaves and tillering was higher at conventional tillage, butthe values of RSC3 and RSC4 were higher with minimized tillage. The highest grain yield and values of RSC in every growth stage were achieved on the fertilization variant “c“ in 2009 and on the fertilization variant “b“ in 2010. The correlation relationships between grain yield and RSC were significant and positive in every growth stage. The strongest relationship was found among grain yield and RSC (r=0.6047).

scholarly journals Dynamics of dry matter and selenium accumulation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in response to organic and inorganic selenium treatments

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashmin Ebrahimi ◽  
Helinä Hartikainen ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
Roghieh Hajiboland ◽  
Mervi M Seppänen
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Selenium Accumulation ◽  
Inorganic Selenium ◽  
The Impact

The uptake by and subsequent translocation of selenium (Se) within the plant is dependent on its chemical from and soil properties that dictate this trace element’s bioavailability. Plant species differ in their tendency to accumulate Se. Se taken-up by plants is returned to soil in plant residues, but the bioavailability of organic Se in those residues is poorly known. We investigated the impact of inorganic (Na2SeO4), organic (Se-enriched stem and leaf residues) Se applications and also soil microbial respiration on the growth and Se concentrations of various plant organs of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) during its development from the rosette to the seed filling stage. Both inorganic and organic Se slightly improved plant growth and enhanced plant development. Inorganic Se was more bioavailable than the organic forms and resulted in 3-fold to 6-fold higher Se concentrations in the siliques. Inorganic Se in autoclaved soil tended to elevate the Se concentration in all plant parts and at all growth stages. The organic Se raised Se concentrations in plants much less effectively than the inorganic selenate. Therefore, the use of inorganic Se is still recommended for biofortification.

scholarly journals The Effect of Potassium and Sulfur Fertilization on Seed Quality of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Barłóg ◽  
Witold Grzebisz ◽  
Remigiusz Łukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
The Impact

Faba bean seeds are regarded as a highly valuable protein source for human and animal nutrition. High yield and quality of faba bean require adequate mineral nutrition. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of potassium (K) and elemental sulfur (S) on crude protein (CP) and tannin content (TC) in seeds, crude protein yield (CPY), and amino acid (AA) composition. Field trials were carried out during 2010–2013 in the temperate climate of Central Europe. The study assessed the influence of the following factors: variable soil K content and fertilization (K1, K2, K3, and K4) and elemental S application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha−1). Plants were harvested at two growth stages to obtain immature seeds and mature seeds. K and S applications did not have a significant impact on CP and AA composition, including sulfur AA content. The TC decreased in response to increasing content of plant-available K in soil. In respect to CPY, the results indicate a positive response of faba bean to increasing K content in soil. The effect of S fertilization depended on the K treatment. The most beneficial influence of S on CPY was registered on K-poor soil.

scholarly journals Impact of Bulk ZnO, ZnO Nanoparticles and Dissolved Zn on Early Growth Stages of Barley—A Pot Experiment

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1365
Author(s):  
Lucia Nemček ◽  
Martin Šebesta ◽  
Martin Urík ◽  
Marek Bujdoš ◽  
Edmund Dobročka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
The Impact

Zinc is among the most in-demand metals in the world which also means that a considerable amount of this element is released to the environment each year as a result of human activities. A pot experiment was conducted to study the impact of low- and high-dose zinc amendments on plant growth and biomass yield, with Calcic Chernozem as a growing medium and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a model plant. The distribution of zinc in various plant parts was also investigated. Zn (II) was added in powder as bulk ZnO and in solution as ZnO nanoparticles and ZnSO4 in two dosages (3 and 30 mmol kg−1 soil) prior to planting. The plants were harvested after 10 days of growth. The three sets of data were taken under identical experimental conditions. The application of zinc in aqueous solution and in particulate form (having particle sizes in the range of <100 nm to >500 nm) at concentration of 3 and 30 mmol Zn kg−1 to the soil resulted in decreased growth (root length, shoot length) and biomass yield; the only exception was the addition of 30 mmol Zn kg−1 in the form of bulk ZnO, which had a positive effect on the root growth. The dry weight reduction (sprout biomass) was lowest in plants grown in soil treated with dissolved zinc. There were no statistically significant changes in the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, although flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) analysis indicated that plants bioaccumulated the zinc applied. This implies that the transport of zinc into the above-ground plant parts is controlled by the presence of effective mechanical and physiological barriers in roots. Crop performance under zinc stress in relation to biomass production and the growth of roots and shoots is also partly a reflection of the effects of soil properties. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering plant-soil interactions in research of potential toxicity and bioavailability of zinc in the environment.

scholarly journals Occurrence, development and natural enemies of Pemphigus spyrothecae (Homoptera, Pemphigidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 248-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Urban
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Pemphigus Spyrothecae ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction ◽  
Hover Flies

In 2001, galls were analysed of Pemphigus spyrothecae Pass. taken in one- to three-week intervals from Populus nigra and P. nigra var. italica at 4 localities in Brno. Fundatrices matured in the first half of June and during the first half of summer produced about 50 offsprings. Virgines produced about 10 offsprings which grew up in winged sexuparae. The winged individuals started to occur in galls from the beginning of August. In galls with intact development, on average 500 aphids developed. Galls with intact development on P. nigra var. italica reached larger average dimensions and contained at least by 4% more aphids than galls on P. nigra. About 5% of fundatrices died already in the 1st instar and other 3 to 6% in higher instars by the beginning of reproduction. At localities under investigation, 7.5 to 39.0% of galls on P. nigra and 3.9 to 13.7% of galls on P. nigra var. italica were occupied by the fly Leucopis puncticornis Meig. (Chamaemyiidae). About 24.3 to 32.2% of galls on P. nigra and 23.3 to 49.3% of galls on P. nigra var. italica were occupied by the bug Anthocoris minki Dohrn (Anthocoridae). Hover flies Heringia heringi (Zett.) and Pipiza festiva Meig. (Syrphidae) killing aphids in 3.8 to 30.4% of galls on P. nigra and 6.5 to 6.8% of galls on P. nigra var. italica were an important regulator. In August (i.e. at the beginning of the formation of winged sexuparae), the majority of galls opened through primary slit-shaped or oval emergence holes. A part (7.8 to 19.5%) of galls with so far intact development, however, remained closed and all aphids contained in them died. Diseases (particularly mycoses) often participated in the accelerated dying of aphids. The effect of mortality factors on the gall size differentiation was evaluated in details. The galls do not cause any leaf area reduction. In the case of mass outbreak, they decrease decorativeness of poplars in street alleys. In August and September, liquid excrements fall out from the galls (honeydew) polluting the environment in villages and housing estates.

The effect of fire severity and salvage logging traffic on regeneration and early growth of aspen suckers in north-central Alberta

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Fraser ◽  
Simon Landhäusser ◽  
Victor Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
North Central ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction

Density and growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were measured in the first two years following wildfire to determine the effects of: 1) fire severity and 2) salvage logging damage on sucker regeneration. Results indicate that stand leaf area was not affected by fire severity, although the greatest number of suckers was produced following high severity burns. In contrast, plots with the highest level of machine disturbance in the salvage-logging study had 60% fewer suckers compared to the non-trafficked plots. These suckers tended to be smaller and had less leaf area than the non-trafficked plots, resulting in a stand leaf area reduction of up to 75%. This suggests that salvage logging could have a negative impact on the future growth and productivity of regenerating aspen stands. Key words: trembling aspen, regeneration, suckering, leaf area, wildfire, fire severity, salvage logging, machine traffic

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