scholarly journals Effect of log length on productivity and cost of Timberjack 450C skidder in the Hyrcanian forest in Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Effective Time ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Average Slope ◽  
Total Productivity

This paper presents research results on the performance of the Timberjack 450C skidder in timber skidding at two working sites of broadleaved trees in mountainous conditions in the Hyrcanian forest. To evaluate the current skidding system in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran and possibility of finding out better techniques and group organization an empirical time study has been conducted. The elements of the skidding work phase were identified and 123 cycles were recorded for short-log and long-log method. The models for effective time consumption, total productivity and unit cost of skidding in short-log and long-log method were calculated. The time consumption and productivity of skidding depend on several variables such as distances and slope, number of logs per cycle and volume. The average load per cycle in short-log and long-log method was 2.77 m<sup>3</sup> and 3.08 m<sup>3</sup>, the average one-way skidding distance was 380 and 497 m, the average slope was 18 and 20% in the short-log and long-log method, respectively. The average travel speeds of unloaded skidder were 5.74 km·h<sup>–1</sup> and the average speeds of loaded skidder were 7.67 and 6.16 km·h<sup>–1</sup> in short-log and long-log method, respectively. The average speeds of pulling the cable were 1.71 km·h<sup>–1</sup>, and of load winching 0.72 km·h<sup>–1</sup> and 0.69 km·h<sup>–1</sup>. The average outputs in short-log and long-log method were 10.86, 11.11 m<sup>3</sup>·effective h<sup>–1</sup>. Results indicated that hourly costs of operation were higher for the short-log method than for the long-log method (12.69 vs.12.40 USD·m<sup>–3</sup>). 

scholarly journals  Evaluation of full tree skidding by HSM-904 skidder in patch cutting of aspen plantation in Northern Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mousavi ◽  
M. Nikooy ◽  
E. NezhadA ◽  
M. Ershadfar
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Effective Time ◽  
Harvesting Method ◽  
Total Productivity ◽  
Phase Models

This paper presents research results of the performance of HSM-904 grapple skidder using a full tree harvesting method in a non-native aspen Populus deltoides plantation in even terrain conditions in Shafaroud, Northern Iran. Patch cutting as a silvicultural method was used in the plantation (2,000 ha). To evaluate the newly introduced machine to a ground skidding system in the aspen plantation and the possibility to increase the production rate, an empirical time study was conducted. The elements of the skidding work phase were identified and 58 cycles were recorded for the study. The models for effective time consumption, total productivity and work phase models are calculated. The average load per cycle was 2.2 m<sup>3</sup>, the average one-way skidding distance was 253 m. The average travel speed of unloaded skidder was 5.53 km·h<sup>-1</sup> and the average speed of loaded skidder was lower than the speed of the unloaded one by 2.94 km·h<sup>-1</sup>. The average output in the study was 7.1 m<sup>3</sup> per effective hour and the unit cost was 13.9 USD·m<sup>-3</sup>.  

scholarly journals Time consumption and productivity analysis of timber trucking using two kinds of trucks in northern Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mousavi ◽  
R. Naghdi
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Dump Truck ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Productivity Analysis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Time Consumption

Increasing productivity and reducing cost in long-distance transportation have become increasingly important in the logistics of forest harvesting operations. This paper presents the research results of the performance of loading with Volvo 4500 BM and timber trucking using two types of common trucks in the Nav watershed in Iran. Both trucks can carry logs shorter than 7.8 m in length. The study used a time study based on empirical data for loads collected from one procurement district in the Nav watershed. The models included the following explanatory factors: driving distance, number of logs, and load volume. The time consumption and productivity of loading and timber trucking depends on several variables such as volume and number of logs per cycle. To evaluate the current transportation system in the Nav watershed, the empirical time study was conducted. Since transportation includes several phases and since many factors affect the work performance, significant variation in the total transportation time was observed. This makes planning and cost accounting more difficult. The models developed in the study are a promising way to support route planning and optimization, and cost and profitability calculation for trucking en­trepreneurs and the forest industry. The average productivity of log transportation was 2.84 and 3.4 m3·effective h–1 for the dump truck and chassis truck, respectively. The average hauling unit cost was 18 and 15 USD·m–3 in the dump truck and chassis truck, respectively.  

scholarly journals Time study and skidding capacity of the wheeled skidder Timberjack 450C in Caspian forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Behjou F ◽  
B. Majnounian ◽  
M. Namiranian ◽  
J. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Predicting Model ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Average Slope ◽  
Difficult Terrain

This study was carried out in a steep and difficult terrain. Trees were logged downhill to the landing by a wheeled skidder Timberjack 450C. Selection cutting was performed on a 66-hectare tract with an average slope of 30%. The elemental time study method was applied to develop the skidding time predicting model. In this study 43 working cycles were included. The skidding cycle time was mainly affected by skidding distance, winching distance and interaction between skidding distance and slope. The gross and net production rate was 20.51 and 22.93 m<sup>3</sup>/h, respectively. The unit cost considering the gross and net production rate was 6.31 and 6.22 USD/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, HARGA, PROMOSI TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN AIR MINUM DALAM KEMASAN (AMDK) MEREK AICOS PRODUKSI PT. BUMI SARIMAS INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fetrizen ◽  
Nazaruddin Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Price Promotion ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Loyal Customers

Basically the decision to buy bottled water by consumers is influenced by many factors such as the quality of a product, brand, taste, lifestyle and the range of promotion made by the company. Driven by the needs that exist within a person and the desire that the needs in a person are affected if the consumer shows a sense of fun that ultimately leads to loyalty. Loyal customers are more valuable than customers who are just satisfied. For loyal customers will always use the product of all time and is a source of revenue and Aicos company in this case have been concerned about factors that can affect consumers in buying decisions. In this research, the research describes several variables that influence consumer purchase decision that is product quality, price, promotion. The quality of the product, the price, the promotion is called the independent variable and the purchase decision is called the dependent variable. Through the research results obtained by researchers, the researchers drew the conclusion that the variables free of price and promotion have a significant effect on purchasing decision because the value of sig &lt;0,05. While for the independent variable of product quality has no significant effect with purchase decision because sig value&gt; 0,05. This is because the consumers who have been interviewed stated that the drinking water products in their quality packaging are almost the same.

scholarly journals Productivity and cost of manual felling with a chainsaw in Caspian forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Behjou F ◽  
B. Majnounian ◽  
J. Dvořák ◽  
M. Namiranian ◽  
A. Saeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Regression Function ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Average Slope ◽  
Manual Felling

A field production study was conducted for a manual harvesting system using a chainsaw in a Caspian hardwood forest site. A selective cut was performed on a 42-hectare tract with an average slope of 30 percent. Felling time per tree was most affected by diameter at breast height and by the distance among harvested trees. The gross and net production rate was 20.6 m<sup>3</sup> and 26.1 m<sup>3</sup> per hour/one person, respectively. The unit cost considering the gross and net production rate was 1.05 USD/m<sup>3</sup> and 0.81 USD/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. The significant variables included diameter at breast height (<I>D</I>) and distance among harvested trees (<I>L</I>) for the time expenditure model. This regression function is statistically significant at &alpha; = 0.01.

scholarly journals Four millennia of vegetation and environmental history above the Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Homami Totmaj ◽  
Elias Ramezani ◽  
Kammaledin Alizadeh ◽  
Hermann Behling
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Northern Iran

AbstractPast vegetation, fire, and climate dynamics, as well as human impact, have been reconstructed for the first time in the highlands of the Gilan province in the Alborz mountains (above the Hyrcanian forest) for the last 4,300 cal yrs bp. Multi-proxy analysis, including pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal, and geochemical analysis, has been applied to investigate the environmental changes at 2,280 m a.s.l., above the Hyrcanian forest. Dominant steppe vegetation occurred in the study area throughout the recorded period. The formation of the studied mire deposits, as well as vegetation composition, suggest a change to wetter climatic conditions after 4,300 until 1,700 cal yrs bp. Fires were frequent, which may imply long-lasting anthropogenic activities in the area. Less vegetation cover with a marked decrease of the Moisture Index (MI) suggests drier conditions between 1,700 and 1,000 cal yrs bp. A high proportion of Cichorioideae and Amaranthaceae, as well as the reduction of trees, in particular Fagus and Quercus, at lower elevations, indicate human activities such as intense livestock grazing and deforestation. Soil erosion as the result of less vegetation due to dry conditions and/or human activities can be reconstructed from a marked increase of Glomus spores and high values of K and Ti. Since 1,000 cal yrs bp, the increasing MI, as well as the rise of Poaceae and Cyperaceae together with forest recovery, suggest a change to wetter conditions. The occurrence of still frequent Cichorioideae and Plantago lanceolata along with Sordaria reflect continued intense grazing of livestock by humans.

scholarly journals Food Habits of the Endemic Long Legged Wood Frog, Rana Pseudodalmatina (Amphibia, Ranidae), in Northern Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-368
Author(s):  
M. Najibzadeh ◽  
A. Gharzi ◽  
N. Rastegar-Pouyani ◽  
E. Rastegar-Pouyani ◽  
A. Pesarakloo
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Content ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Prey Items

Abstract Iranian long legged wood frog, Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1971 is a brown frog species endemic to the Hyrcanian forest. The objective of the present study is to collect detailed information on the feeding habits of 44 specimens of this species (24 ♂, 20 ♀) by analyzing the stomach contents of individuals from 10 populations inhabiting range. The food habit of R. pseudodalmatina generally varies by the availability of surrounding prey items, and it is a foraging predator, the food of which consists largely of Coleoptera (mainly Carabidae, Dytiscidae and Haliplidae), Diptera (Muscidae) and Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and no difference was found between females and males in the stomach content.

scholarly journals Functional turnover from lowland to montane forests: evidence from the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Jafari ◽  
S Zarre ◽  
SK Alavipanah ◽  
F Ghahremaninejad
Keyword(s):  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Northern Iran
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