History and motivational structure of the lexical semantic field "pride" in the Russian language

Author(s):  
Olga A. Kuznetsova ◽  
Author(s):  
Яньчунь Лю

Введение. Исследованы мотивационные отношения и модели номинации в лексико-семантическом поле «Вред» на материале диалектов русского языка. Лексика этого поля связана с выражением отрицательной утилитарной оценки. Анализ мотивационных отношений и моделей номинации в лексике утилитарной оценки показывает особенности осмысления понятия «вред» в сознании носителей традиционной культуры. Цель статьи – выявить структурно-семантические и мотивационные отношения в лексико-семантическом поле «Вред». Материал и методы. Материалом послужили 49 выпусков Словаря русских народных говоров. Обнаружение мотивационных признаков, а также моделей номинации на их основе предполагает компонентный анализ семантики производного слова в сопоставлении с семантикой производящего слова, группировку признаков номинации в модели номинации. Для выяснения функционально-семантических особенностей применяется ареальный метод и – в случае неясной внутренней формы – сравнительно-исторический метод. Результаты и обсуждение. Рассмотрение мотивационно-генетических отношений единиц лексико-семантического поля «Вред» в диалектах русского языка позволило выявить и отследить становление понятийной структуры отрицательной утилитарной оценки в традиционной культуре. Выяснилось, что большинство лексем поля имеет однозначно устанавливаемые мотивационные отношения, кроме единиц ядра и околоядерной части поля, которые утратили прозрачность мотивационных отношений в силу исторической глубины их возникновения. Для реконструкции мотивационных отношений этих лексем привлечены данные этимологических словарей. Анализ семантических связей и мотивационных отношений лексики поля позволил выявить границы поля и выделить восемь моделей номинации. Заключение. Найденные мотивационные отношения и представленные ими мотивационные модели обнаружили, с одной стороны, принципиальное сходство с рассмотренной ранее мотивационной характеристикой на материале литературного языка, а с другой – выявили различия, связанные с историческими изменениями в мотивационных отношениях, обусловленные эволюцией понятия «вред». Introduction. This article is devoted to the study of motivational relationships and nomination models in the lexical-semantic field “Harm” based on the material of the dialects of the Russian language. The vocabulary of this field is associated with the expression of the negative utilitarian evaluation. The analysis of motivational relations and nomination models in the vocabulary of utilitarian evaluation shows the features of understanding the concept of “harm” in the minds of carriers of traditional culture. Aim and objectives. The аim is to identify structural-semantic and motivational relationships in the lexicalsemantic field “Harm”. Material and methods. Dialect material was collected from 49 issues of the Dictionary of Russian dialects. The detection of motivational features, as well as nomination models based on them, suggests a component analysis of the semantics of the derivative word in comparison with the semantics of the generating word, grouping of the signs of nomination in the model of nomination. The areal method and, in the case of an unclear internal form, the comparative historical method, serves to clarify the functional and semantic features. Results and discussion. Consideration of the motivational-genetic relationships of the units of the lexical-semantic field “Harm” in the dialects of the Russian language made it possible to identify and track the formation of the conceptual structure of negative utilitarian evaluation in traditional culture. As a result, it turned out that most field tokens have unambiguously established motivational relations, except for units of the core and the perinuclear part of the field, which have lost the transparency of motivational relations due to the historical depth of their occurrence. To reconstruct the motivational relations of these lexemes, data of etymological dictionaries are used. The analysis of semantic connections and motivational relations of field vocabulary made it possible to identify field boundaries and identify eight nomination models. Conclusion. The found motivational relations and the motivational models presented by them revealed, on the one hand, a fundamental similarity with the previously considered motivational characteristics on the material of the literary language, and on the other hand, they revealed differences associated with historical changes in motivational relations caused by the evolution of the concept of “harm”.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4 (202)) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
Olesya D. Surikova ◽  
◽  

This paper provides a linguistic analysis of abstract nouns belonging to the lexical-semantic field “Gratuitous Assistance to the Needy” and denoting the situation of charitable activities in general — благотворительность, донорство, меценатство, and филантропия. All of them are synonyms; they are defined through each other in dictionary entries and are often used as absolute equivalents. This impedes uncontradictory terminologisation of the language of charity and complicates the justification of the legal framework for this activity. The author aims to distinguish these words by using historical and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, dictionaries of synonyms of the Russian language, and The National Corpus of the Russian Language. This helps to determine the semantic scope, context compatibility, and conditions of the textual functioning of these words. The author concludes that the core position in the structure of the lexical-semantic field “Gratuitous Assistance to the Needy” is occupied by the originally Russian word благотворительность, which has a high usage frequency, denotes any gratuitous assistance, and has polar connotations, both positive and negative. Other terms occupy the periphery — either because of a narrower meaning (меценатство), or due to a limited scope of use (филантропия, донорство). The frequency of lexemes that refer to charitable activities increases during periods of social and economic stability, the establishment of better international relations, and decreases when society is forced to deal with serious problems. The intensive growth in the use of these words has been observed in the Russian media space since the mid-1980s and is still growing, which occurs due to the international actualisation of charitable activities and social responsibility trend.


2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Sergei A. Karpukhin

This article describes the connection between perfect verb forms and the typical lexical meanings of generating imperfectives using the example of a prefix model in the Russian language. The research is based on a fundamentally new approach, i.e. the means of “fixing” action in the objective time. The relevance of combining the action and the situational background to the lexical-semantic groups of verbs is established. In the course of the research, the materials of the Bolshoi Akademichescky Slovar (Big Academic Dictionary) were used.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-B) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Usmanova Liliya Abrarovna ◽  
Minakhmetova Aliya Ildarovna ◽  
Arkin Rosy Artuchi

This article is devoted to the linguoculturological competence development among schoolchildren in the process of teaching the Russian language. The object of scientific consideration was the lexeme "rainbow", which refers to the most ancient layer of words and has a deep national and cultural specificity. In accordance with the set tasks of our work, we used descriptive-analytical, stylistic, component, distributive methods of data analysis, the method of the semantic field. An integrated approach to the study of the lexeme "rainbow" implies a multifaceted analysis, including the analysis of dictionary definitions, collection of etymological information, consideration of word-formation relations, study of the paremiological status of a word, its discursive features, identification of traditional and individual author's meanings and, thus, reflection in the form of creative work of students, reflecting the information received about this lexeme... An upbringing approach in Russian language lessons helps students discover aesthetic ways of understanding the world, without which it is impossible to describe the Russian language picture of the world.    


2021 ◽  
pp. 314-329
Author(s):  
Irina V. Shaposhnikova ◽  

The study of the universals of the Russian language personality on the model of the associative-verbal network (AVN) proceeds from ontological and epistemological aspects. Ontologically the AVN “inherits” a number of functional properties from the human cognitome hypernetwork. Along with the dissipation of grammar and stochastic formation of the vectors of associative dominants, they can be attributed to universals in the narrow sense of the word (ultimately due to the evolutionary biological specifics of the species). On the one hand, the dissipated character of grammar in the AVN and stochasticity of the emergence of meaningful vectors impose epistemological restrictions on the methods used to study the AVN phenomena. On the other hand, the gradual accumulation of the new Russian corpora of verbal associations opens a window of research perspectives for studying culturally imposed universals of the Russian language personality in current diachrony with reference to ethno-social and regional variability. The formalization of associative-verbal processes is associated with methods of explicating grammar (dissipated in AVN) and its role in the emergent meaning-formation. The author’s techniques of working with the AVN of the Russian language personality on the latest experimental materials (the database SIBAS and its subcorpora) are aimed at explicating the associative profiles of lexico-grammatical phenomena and their relevance for the analysis of the universals in a broad sense of the term, the associative dominants creating a unified but dynamic with their fluctuations semantic field of the personality’s verbal culture.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (103) ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
JELENA LEPOJEVIC

This paper considers, from the point of view of modern theory of language in contact, words loaned from the Russian language or through the Russian language that are still in active use in the modern Serbian language. The aim of this paper is to determine the corpus of these elements in the dictionaries of the modern Serbian literary language, as well as to conduct a morphological and lexical-semantic analysis of the collected material. Many of these words are not perceived as borrowings by speakers of the Serbian language, but it is a fact that these elements came to the Serbian language from Russian. The author studies the words with the label rus. , identified by the analysis of Serbian language dictionaries. Words of Russian origin that are on the periphery of the lexical fund of the Serbian language, such as archaisms and historicisms, have not been taken into consideration.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-522
Author(s):  
E. Grudeva

Article is based on the materials of a comprehensive study of the concepts summer and autumn from the point of view of their perception by representatives of Russian and English linguistic cultures. This paper shows the features of the paradigmatic relations of Russian and English concept summer. The study was built on the identification of synonymous (quasi-synonymous), antonymic, (hypo) hyperonymic, or genus-species relationships, as well as the incompatibility relations of this concept. Study is based on the materials of the explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian and English languages; illustrative material was taken from the National corpus of the Russian language and the British National Corpus. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the paradigmatic explication of the content of the concept summer most clearly actualizes only one of the four previously identified cognitive features of the concept, namely the sign ‘time of year, season’.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4 (202)) ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Kuchko ◽  
◽  

This article studies Russian verbs which name the action of gratuitous material assistance to those in need, i.e. благотворить, благотворительствовать, благодетельствовать, меценатствовать, жертвовать, спонсировать, and their few derivatives. The author focuses on the history of their origin and use in the Russian language, the development of their meanings, semantic features, and functioning in the text. The analysis of these characteristics of the life of the word in the language allows the author to identify and formulate some norms of the use of these verbs in modern charity discourse for those who speak and write about charity. The study is based on historical and modern lexicographic sources, such as explanatory dictionaries of the Old Slavic Language, Old Russian Language, Russian language of different time periods, as well as examples of word usage, retrieved from The National Corpus of the Russian Language. In spite of the fact that the verbs studied realise the predicate of a situation of charity and designate the subject’s action of providing a poor or deprived object with material support, they considerably differ in terms of time of their appearance in the language, periods of usage, and semantic capacity. The analysis demonstrates that there is no verb that could claim the status of a nuclear verbal lexeme of the semantic field of charity: the word with the widest neutral semantics благотворить has almost fallen out of use, the verbs благодетельствовать and меценатствовать have a narrower application, while жертвовать imposes semantic restrictions on the choice of words for the positions of the object and the instrument of charity, and in the case of the verb спонсировать a specific context of “market” charity is important, in which the subject receives a certain benefit from their contribution.


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