scholarly journals Global Value Chain Research: The Role of International Organisations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-285
Author(s):  
Natalia Volgina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Market ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Specialization

Recent years the phenomenon of global value chains (GVCs) has attracted great attention of international organizations. Many of them are involved in the study of GVCs, primarily the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Commission on Trade and Development, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization and others, including regional international organizations, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asia, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, African Development Bank, etc. The purpose of this article is to identify how the role and position of international organizations in the global market for GVC research has changed, both in terms of specific content and in terms of interaction with individual scientists and other international and national institutions. GVC research by international organizations makes an important contribution to the understanding the contradictory features of international fragmentation, the participation of countries, regions, industries and individual firms in it. The publications of international organizations have a common research paradigm: they all recognize the importance of GVCs for national economic development. A similar conceptual framework for the study of GVCs is combined with the research specialization of international organizations, which reflects the main focus of the activity of one or another organization. The availability of research specialization is accompanied by continuity and coordination of research; the conclusions of international organizations do not contradict, but rather complement each other. The most important feature of all publications of international organizations is also their practical orientation, the focus on elaborating recommendations for national policies aimed at maximizing the benefits of participation in GVCs and minimizing the risks of such integration. A key feature of the research of international organizations is their generalizing nature, which allows highlighting the key trends in the development of GVCs and perspective areas for future research. Conducting large-scale research and the development of expert estimates in the field of GVCs became possible due to the availability of significant financial, intellectual and statistical resources of international organizations, including databases (TiVA, EORA, AMNE). The availability of such resources allows not only to conduct generalizing and comparative studies on a large array of macro and micro data, but also to carry out “pioneering” studies, which are a real increment of scientific knowledge in the field of GVC. Obtaining important generalizing or “pioneering” conclusions became possible due to the development of multilateral research cooperation of international organizations with individual researchers, universities, other international institutes and “think tanks”.

scholarly journals Definitive guidelines toward effective mobile devices crowdtesting methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Qamar Naith ◽  
Fabio Ciravegna
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Development Teams ◽  
Application Developers

Purpose This paper aims to gauge developers’ perspectives regarding the participation of the public and anonymous crowd testers worldwide, with a range of varied experiences. It also aims to gather their needs that could reduce their concerns of dealing with the public crowd testers and increase the opportunity of using the crowdtesting platforms. Design/methodology/approach An online exploratory survey was conducted to gather information from the participants, which included 50 mobile application developers from various countries with diverse experiences across Android and iOS mobile platforms. Findings The findings revealed that a significant proportion (90%) of developers is potentially willing to perform testing via the public crowd testers worldwide. This on condition that several fundamental features were available, which enable them to achieve more realistic tests without artificial environments on large numbers of devices. The results also demonstrated that a group of developers does not consider testing as a serious job that they have to pay for, which can affect the gig-economy and global market. Originality/value This paper provides new insights for future research in the study of how acceptable it is to work with public and anonymous crowd workers, with varying levels of experience, to perform tasks in different domains and not only in software testing. In addition, it will assist individual or small development teams who have limited resources or who do not have thousands of testers in their private testing community, to perform large-scale testing of their products.

scholarly journals Assessing large-scale weekly cycles in meteorological variables: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5755-5771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sanchez-Lorenzo ◽  
P. Laux ◽  
H.-J. Hendricks Franssen ◽  
J. Calbó ◽  
S. Vogl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Weekly Cycles

Abstract. Several studies have claimed to have found significant weekly cycles of meteorological variables appearing over large domains, which can hardly be related to urban effects exclusively. Nevertheless, there is still an ongoing scientific debate whether these large-scale weekly cycles exist or not, and some other studies fail to reproduce them with statistical significance. In addition to the lack of the positive proof for the existence of these cycles, their possible physical explanations have been controversially discussed during the last years. In this work we review the main results about this topic published during the recent two decades, including a summary of the existence or non-existence of significant weekly weather cycles across different regions of the world, mainly over the US, Europe and Asia. In addition, some shortcomings of common statistical methods for analyzing weekly cycles are listed. Finally, a brief summary of supposed causes of the weekly cycles, focusing on the aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions and their impact on meteorological variables as a result of the weekly cycles of anthropogenic activities, and possible directions for future research, is presented.

scholarly journals Harbour Seals: Population Structure, Status, and Threats in a Rapidly Changing Environment

Oceans ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Marie-Anne Blanchet ◽  
Cécile Vincent ◽  
Jamie N. Womble ◽  
Sheanna M. Steingass ◽  
Geneviève Desportes
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Harbour Seals ◽  
Pinniped Species

The harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) is the world’s most widely distributed pinniped species ranging from temperate to Arctic regions (30–78.5° N in the Atlantic, 28–61.2° N in the Pacific), but no detailed overview of the species status exists. The aims of this review are to (i) provide current information on the genetic structure, population status, and threats; (ii) review potential consequences of a changing climate; and (iii) identify knowledge gaps to guide future research and monitoring. Although the species is globally abundant, wide differences exist across the species’ broad range. As climate warms, populations at the edges of the species’ distributional range are likely to be more affected. The primary climate-related drivers include: (i) changes in weather patterns, which can affect thermoregulation; (ii) decrease in availability of haul-out substrates; (iii) large-scale changes in prey availability and inter-specific competition; (iv) shifts in the range of pathogens; (v) increase in temperature favouring the biotransformation of contaminants; and (vi) increased exposure to pollutant from increased freshwater run-off. Multiple anthropogenic stressors may collectively impact some populations. Coordinated monitoring efforts across and within regions is needed. This would allow for a spatially explicit management approach including population-specific responses to known stressors.

The PCT Termbase of the World Intellectual Property Organization

Terminology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-200
Author(s):  
Cristina Valentini ◽  
Geoffrey Westgate ◽  
Philippe Rouquet
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Specific Subject ◽  
Patent Cooperation Treaty ◽  
Text Type ◽  
The World

Many key terminology databases are managed by national and international organizations. However, the methodology behind the development of such databases has rarely been discussed. This paper presents the terminology database of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the scientific and technical patent terminology database in ten languages available for browse online in WIPO Pearl. The article discusses in detail the design and structure of the PCT Termbase with reference to ISO standards. Divergences are explained in light of specific aspects of the workflow and the text type under consideration — patents. Thus, traditional problematic areas of terminography are addressed from a practical perspective, e.g. identifying concepts and terms; attributing a concept to a specific subject field in a multidisciplinary database; multilingual equivalence; quality control in terminology management; building domain ontologies from/in terminology databases. A comprehensive understanding of the PCT Termbase is thereby provided.

scholarly journals Similarity modeling with ideal solution for comparative analysis of projects in the context of the additional brics proposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-671
Author(s):  
Rosangela De Lima Gonçalves Saisse ◽  
Gilson Brito Alves Lima
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Global Market ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Topsis Technique ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
The Ideal

Goal: Based on the project called "Additional BRICS", this study aims to present an analysis on the topics Human Capital and Innovation, discussed at the X BRICS Summit, involving four countries – Argentina, Indonesia, Jamaica and Turkey – invited to participate in the Project which is intended for cooperation between emerging countries. Design/ Methodology / Approach: In this context, from the modeling of the indicators provided by the Global Human Capital and Innovation Reports, published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), during the period from 2015 to 2017 an analysis of the performance of the invited countries was carried out with the methodological support of the TOPSIS (Technique for Ordering Performance by Similarity to the Ideal Solution). Results: The analysis of the results by the method, among the dimensions considered, highlighted Turkey in the Human Capital and Innovation issues, considering the global market. Practical implications: This study provides parameters for decision-making by executives and legislators in planning actions to fill gaps in these areas within these countries.

Financing Terrorism

2019 ◽  
pp. 477-493
Author(s):  
Harold Trinkunas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorism Financing ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Developed World ◽  
State Responses

This chapter reviews the fundamentals of terrorism financing and identifies what has been learned from the successes and failures of state responses to this phenomenon. The globalization of the world economy during the late twentieth century created new opportunities for terrorist organizations to move resources acquired from wealthy individuals, popular support, state sponsors, or participation in illicit economies across international borders and use these funds to support terrorist attacks. State responses following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, DC, created a new international counterterrorism financing regime that led to the relative “hardening” of the developed world against terrorist financing. This altered terrorist incentives and contributed to shifting large-scale financial operations towards lower risk jurisdictions in the rest of the world. The chapter concludes by identifying key theoretical and policy issues that remain to be addressed by future research into terrorism financing.

National Idea: the View of a Geographer

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Viacheslav A. Shuper ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
National Character ◽  
The West ◽  
Psychological Concept ◽  
The People ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

The formulation of the national idea takes place in the context of a sharp escala­tion of the struggle for power as a result of the transition to a multipolar world, a fundamental slowdown in demographic and economic growth, the beginning of the second global disintegration cycle and the end of the five-hundred-year domination of the West. Russia developed Siberia, but was at the same time a product of it. Probably, the national character and the national idea were largely formed by centuries of moving to the Pacific. Without Siberia, the coun­try would now occupy the same modest place other metropolises of former co­lonial empires do. National idea should be inspired by the independence of thoughts and the spirit of the pioneers. The large-scale projects which form large-scale personalities to prevent the spread of ignorance and a learned-out helplessness are necessary for the development of the country. The L.N. Gu­milev’s geographic-psychological concept gains in this context special interest. “The saving of the people” should have not only the demographic but also the energetic dimension. Gumilev’s concept is meant to restore the position of the natural sciences in the formation of the scientific view of the world which sees humanity as a part of nature with special qualities. It is also necessary to re­think the position of V.I. Vernadsky about the organization of the learning people in the context of the mobilization model of the development of society. The es­sence of this model should be the mobilization model of education, which should be considered as the basis of the national idea.

Digital economic development strategy of Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Yujeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to the adopted strategies of digital economic development of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea. The main attention is focused on the fact that the world economy is currently undergoing transformation and the digital economy is developing rapidly in many countries around the world. Russia and the Republic of Korea are developing and implementing strategies for digital economic development in their countries. In order to ensure a competitive position in the global market, the Russian government adopted the program "Digital economy" in 2017, and the Republic of Korea, with the arrival of the new government in 2017, developed and implements the strategy "I-Korea 4.0". The article analyzes the strategy of development of the digital economy of Russia and the Republic of Korea, highlights the main basic directions, goals, digital technologies in innovation policy, and considers the prospects for digital economic cooperation. The study examined various aspects of regulatory policy related to the future development of the digital economy in both countries and a comparative analysis of the adopted economic development strategies of Russia and the Republic of Korea is carried out. The analysis revealed common features and distinctive features of the implementation of strategies that ensure the accelerated development of the digital economy of the two countries. Both countries are currently focused on developing digital infrastructure. Since Russia has a need for technological renewal and use of innovative technologies, it has plans to implement large-scale projects, and the Republic of Korea has a global advantage in the fi eld of ICT, it is expected that both countries will be able to implement promising areas of mutually benefi cial cooperation in various areas of the economy.

The Privileges and Immunities of the World Intellectual Property Organization

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-394
Author(s):  
Edward Kwakwa ◽  
Marie-Lea Rols
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
The World

In light of their particular role and position, international organizations have long benefited from specific privileges and immunities. Most notably, it is usually understood that these organizations enjoy jurisdictional immunity and that their premises are inviolable, while some privileges and immunities have been extended to their staff. Those privileges and immunities, however, are not absolute and can be curtailed, or waived, under certain circumstances. As a result, not only may the practice regarding privileges and immunities vary from one organization or jurisdiction to another, but the precise scope of said privileges and immunities could be challenged. The World Intellectual Property Organization (‘wipo’) benefits from a comprehensive protection in that respect, based either on the 1947 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies or bilateral agreements, complemented by relevant domestic provisions. Nonetheless, the Organization rarely had to exercise them so far. In fact, it seems that wipo’s policy and related practice with regards to potential claims or claimants, rather than an intricate web of privileges and immunities provisions, has kept the Organization out of the courts.

scholarly journals Deep analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic: A complex interaction of scientific, political, economic and psychological facts and fakes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Hellweg ◽  
Orietta Cano ◽  
Christian Hellweg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
The World

Fear of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread around the world. National borders are closed, the economy is shut down, and self-quarantining of millions of people have become the “new normal.” Early warnings regarding the readiness of large-scale RT-PCR testing in Europe, the existence of contradicting and ambiguous epidemiological data, and the striking similarities to the H1N1-pandemic scandal in 2009 could not prevent this global response to COVID-19. Vague definitions of “fatal COVID-19 cases”, unreliable RT-PCR tests as well as political, financial, and scientific special interests and often times biased news coverage by the mass media are also important factors. In this manuscript we demonstrate that COVID-19 is at most only equally as dangerous or even less dangerous than the seasonal flu of 2017/2018 or that of 2019/2020 in the US. Considering the degree of negligence of the World Health Organization (WHO) and many countries during the swine flu pandemic in 2009 as well as during past and ongoing public health programs in Europe and Africa in the management of quality-control procedures in the approval of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and other pharmacological agents, skepticism has taken an unusually distant back seat to panic. We encourage the use of critical thinking and rational evaluation of information in reaching informed decisions with respect to the upcoming vaccines and future pharmacological treatments for COVID-19. We propose the use of “Cystus052” as a potential preventive agent, convalescent plasma infusions (CPI) as the most promising treatment currently available for severe COVID-19 cases, and the inhibition of the “Papain-Like-Protease” (PLP) as rational approach for future research projects to the treatment of COVID-19.

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