scholarly journals An Overview of Syntactic Tense & Aspect: From both Grammatical & Lexical Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Kamal Kahzal
Keyword(s):  
Word Choice ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
The Way

Language can be complicated even within one language, such as in English. Rules of grammar, construction, and syntax are used to express ideas clearly so that others understand the intention behind them. However, these rules can lead to challenges in ensuring that ideas are effectively communicated and interpreted, particularly because word choice in the context of grammar and syntax rules can impact the way an expression is interpreted. This can be illustrated through an examination of the perfective aspect of syntax. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of aspect and tense from both the grammatical and lexical perspectives.

POLA DAN PEMBENTUKAN PERSAJAKAN SYAIR "SURAT KAPAL"

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Yulita Fitriana
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
The Way ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The poem “Surat Kapal” that exists  in  the  society   of    Indragiri Hulu, Riau has various pattern of poetry. In this research, the issue raised is how about the pattern and the way to  construct  the poetry of “Surat Kapal”. The aim of this research is to identify the pattern and the way how to construct the poem. Theory used is the structuralism theory that see a literary work as a structure. This research is descriptive qualitative. The data used is the secondary data that taken from books and poems that written by readers in “Surat Kapal”. Through  this  research,  it  is  known  that  the  formation  of  this  poem  is  carried  out  by    1) word  choice  (diction)  and  the  word  choice  that  has  similar  end  phoneme,  2)  syllables repetition  or  the  same words,  3)  the  conversion  of  sentence  structure,  4)  code  mixing  in another language (Indonesian language and regional language), 5) the removal of  letters, and 6) the addition -nya (-nye) and -k.Abstrak Syair “"Surat Kapal"” yang hidup di dalam masyarakat Indragiri Hulu, Riau,  memiliki persajakan  yang  polanya  bermacam-macam.  Di  dalam  penelitian  ini,  masalah  yang diangkat  adalah  berbagai  pola  dan  cara  pembentukan  persajakan syair "“Surat Kapal"” tersebut. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola dan cara pembentukan persajakan syair "“Surat Kapal"” itu. Teori  yang  dipergunakan  adalah  teori  strukturalisme yang  melihat  sebuah  karya  sebagai  sebuah  struktur.  Penelitian  ini  bersifat  kualitatif-deskriptif. Data yang dipergunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu data yang didapatkan dari buku dan catatan yang ditulis oleh penyair “Surat Kapal”. Melalui penelitian ini diketahui bahwa  pembentukan  persajakan  dilakukan  dengan  cara  1)  pemilihan  kata  (diksi)  dan pemilihan kata yang berfonem akhir mirip, 2) pengulangan suku kata atau kata yang sama, 3)  pengubahan    struktur  kalimat,  4)  campur    kode  ke  bahasa  lain  (bahasa  Indonesia  atau bahasa daerah), 5) penghilangan huruf, dan 6) penambahan –nya (-nye) dan –k.

Smashing new results on aspectual framing

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teenie Matlock ◽  
David Sparks ◽  
Justin L. Matthews ◽  
Jeremy Hunter ◽  
Stephanie Huette
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Imperfective Aspect ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
Linguistic Aspect ◽  
The Way

How do people describe events they have witnessed? What role does linguistic aspect play in this process? To provide answers to these questions, we conducted an experiment on aspectual framing. In our task, people were asked to view videotaped vehicular accidents and to describe what happened (perfective framing) or what was happening (imperfective framing). Our analyses of speech and gesture in retellings show that the form of aspect used in the question differentially influenced the way people conceptualized and described actions. Questions framed with imperfective aspect resulted in more motion verbs (e.g. driving), more reckless language (e.g. speeding), and more iconic gestures (e.g. path gesture away from the body to show travel direction) than did questions framed with perfective aspect. Our research contributes novel insights on aspect and the construal of events, and on the semantic potency of aspect in leading questions. The findings are consistent with core assumptions in cognitive linguistics, including the proposal that linguistic meaning, including grammatical meaning, is dynamic and grounded in perceptual and cognitive experience.

scholarly journals Us Presidents’ Political Discourse Analysis: George W. Bush and Barack Obama. A Pragmatics Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
Abbas Hussein Tarish
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
The Political ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Discourse Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

AbstractAn examination of the political discourse of presidents establishes an understanding of the factors that influence word choice and communication. Most notably, the context provided by presidents in their political discourse conveys the meaning intended by the speeches, which then influences the way the public reacts to what they have to say. Through knowledge of these factors, linguists can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between language and the perceptions of American presidents by both Americans and non-Americans. The purpose of this paper is to examine the political discourse of two American presidents – George W. Bush and Barack Obama – in order to identify the overall message intended by their speeches and the factors that influence their discourse.

scholarly journals Beyond Literalism: Arberry’s Translating (in) Visibility of Imru al Qays’ Mu’allaqa through the Lens of Critical Discourse Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Zohra Benneghrouzi
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
The Way

The translation of Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry into English is assumed by translators themselves to be their Gordian knot given the ensuing lexical, phonological, semantic and cultural variances existing between the two languages. The present paper aims at accentuating the way(s) diverse socio-cultural configurations can impinge on translators’ strategy of literalism. With this objective in mind, the paper probes Arberry’s translation venture in approaching Imru al Qays’ Mu’allaqa by investigating the pivotal roles culture and ideology fulfill in maneuvering the translator’s word choice. The approach adopted while investigating such postulation is a critical discourse analysis perspective steeped in Van Dijk’s (2004) model of probing ideologies to six of al-Mu’allaqa’s most culturally challenging lines of verse. Within the confines of this work, ideology unfolds to be highly salient in shaping the course of Arberry’s rendition of the text through destabilizing his literalism.

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Peculiarity Parameters

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
H. M. Maitzen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Rotator Model ◽  
Peculiar Behaviour ◽  
Field Spectrum ◽  
Oblique Rotator ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
The Way

Ap stars are peculiar in many aspects. During this century astronomers have been trying to collect data about these and have found a confusing variety of peculiar behaviour even from star to star that Struve stated in 1942 that at least we know that these phenomena are not supernatural. A real push to start deeper theoretical work on Ap stars was given by an additional observational evidence, namely the discovery of magnetic fields on these stars by Babcock (1947). This originated the concept that magnetic fields are the cause for spectroscopic and photometric peculiarities. Great leaps for the astronomical mankind were the Oblique Rotator model by Stibbs (1950) and Deutsch (1954), which by the way provided mathematical tools for the later handling pulsar geometries, anti the discovery of phase coincidence of the extrema of magnetic field, spectrum and photometric variations (e.g. Jarzebowski, 1960).

The mensuration of interfaces

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
W.M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Lattice Resolution ◽  
Analogue To Digital ◽  
The Way

I do not have access to the abstracts of the first meeting of EMSA but at this, the 50th Anniversary meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, I have an excuse to consider the historical origins of the approaches we take to the use of electron microscopy for the characterisation of materials. I have myself been actively involved in the use of TEM for the characterisation of heterogeneities for little more than half of that period. My own view is that it was between the 3rd International Meeting at London, and the 1956 Stockholm meeting, the first of the European series , that the foundations of the approaches we now take to the characterisation of a material using the TEM were laid down. (This was 10 years before I took dynamical theory to be etched in stone.) It was at the 1956 meeting that Menter showed lattice resolution images of sodium faujasite and Hirsch, Home and Whelan showed images of dislocations in the XlVth session on “metallography and other industrial applications”. I have always incidentally been delighted by the way the latter authors misinterpreted astonishingly clear thickness fringes in a beaten (”) foil of Al as being contrast due to “large strains”, an error which they corrected with admirable rapidity as the theory developed. At the London meeting the research described covered a broad range of approaches, including many that are only now being rediscovered as worth further effort: however such is the power of “the image” to persuade that the above two papers set trends which influence, perhaps too strongly, the approaches we take now. Menter was clear that the way the planes in his image tended to be curved was associated with the imaging conditions rather than with lattice strains, and yet it now seems to be common practice to assume that the dots in an “atomic resolution image” can faithfully represent the variations in atomic spacing at a localised defect. Even when the more reasonable approach is taken of matching the image details with a computed simulation for an assumed model, the non-uniqueness of the interpreted fit seems to be rather rarely appreciated. Hirsch et al., on the other hand, made a point of using their images to get numerical data on characteristics of the specimen they examined, such as its dislocation density, which would not be expected to be influenced by uncertainties in the contrast. Nonetheless the trends were set with microscope manufacturers producing higher and higher resolution microscopes, while the blind faith of the users in the image produced as being a near directly interpretable representation of reality seems to have increased rather than been generally questioned. But if we want to test structural models we need numbers and it is the analogue to digital conversion of the information in the image which is required.

Process \'prǎ|,ses\n: The Action of Moving Forward Progressively from One Point to Another on the Way to Completion

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Pruning
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Communicative Behaviors ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Remedial Programs ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Way

A rationale for the application of a stage process model for the language-disordered child is presented. The major behaviors of the communicative system (pragmatic-semantic-syntactic-phonological) are summarized and organized in stages from pre-linguistic to the adult level. The article provides clinicians with guidelines, based on complexity, for the content and sequencing of communicative behaviors to be used in planning remedial programs.

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