Metalinguistic evaluators and pragmatic strategies in selected hate-inducing speeches in Nigeria

Hate-inducing language, which has become a recurrent decimal in Nigerian socio-political discourse, is not unconnected to the deep-seated boundaries existing amongst different ethnic groups in Nigeria. Linguistic studies on hate language in Nigeria have largely utilised pragmatic and critical discourse analytical tools in identifying the illocutions and ideologies involved but hardly paid attention to the metalinguistic forms deployed in hate speeches. Therefore, the present study, aside adding to the research line of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)—which has unduly focused on language typology, explores the metalinguistic evaluators that index hate speech in Nigeria, and relate them to specific pragmatic strategies through which hate speech producers’ intentions are communicated. To achieve this, three full manuscripts of hate speech made by three groups (i.e. Arewa Youth Consultative Forum, Youths of Oduduwa Republic, and Biafra Nation Youth League) from three (northern, western, and eastern, respectively) regions of Nigeria are purposively sampled from Google directories and Radio Biafra archives, subjected to descriptive and quantitative analysis, with insights from the NSM theory and aspects of pragmatic acts. Two categories of metalinguistic evaluators were identified, positive (GOOD) and negative (BAD) evaluators; and these are associated with three pragmatic strategies; namely, blunt condemnation, unshielded exposition, and appeal to emotion. While the condemning and exposing strategies largely utilise negative evaluators in initiating hate on target groups, the emotion-drawing strategy largely employs positive evaluators in boosting the image of the hate-speech producing group in the eyes of the audience. With these findings, the study takes existing scholarship on violence-inducing language a step forward, especially in providing a pragmatic explanation to the proliferation of hate crimes in Nigeria. It also offers a holistic linguistic database and critical meta-language for the teaching of hate-related language and crime, especially in second-language situations.

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The motivation to express prejudice

10.31234/osf.io/rfpkf ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick S. Forscher ◽

William Taylor Laimaka Cox ◽

Nicholas Graetz ◽

Patricia G. Devine

Keyword(s):

Gay Men ◽

Black People ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Intergroup Contact ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Target Groups ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Political Candidates ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

Intergroup Behavior

Contemporary prejudice research focuses primarily on people who are motivated to respond without prejudice and the ways in which unintentional bias can cause these people to act inconsistent with this motivation. However, some real-world phenomena (e.g., hate speech, hate crimes) and experimental findings (e.g., Plant & Devine, 2001; 2009) suggest that some expressions of prejudice are intentional. These phenomena and findings are difficult to explain solely from the motivations to respond without prejudice. We argue that some people are motivated to express prejudice, and we develop the motivation to express prejudice (MP) scale to measure this motivation. In seven studies involving more than 6,000 participants, we demonstrate that, across scale versions targeted at Black people and gay men, the MP scale has good reliability and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. In normative climates that prohibit prejudice, the internal and external motivations to express prejudice are functionally non-independent, but they become more independent when normative climates permit more prejudice toward a target group. People high in the motivation to express prejudice are relatively likely to resist pressure to support programs promoting intergroup contact and vote for political candidates who support oppressive policies. The motivation to express prejudice predicted these outcomes even when controlling for attitudes and the motivations to respond without prejudice. This work encourages contemporary prejudice researchers to broaden the range of samples, target groups, and phenomena that they study, and more generally to consider the intentional aspects of negative intergroup behavior.

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Dyskursywny obraz uchodźcy – studium przypadku samorządowej kampanii wyborczej w Polsce

Adeptus ◽

10.11649/a.2058 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ada Tymińska

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Election Campaign ◽

Case Study Method ◽

Electoral Campaign ◽

Municipal Election ◽

Analytical Tools

A Discursive Image of the Refugee: A Case Study from the Municipal Election Campaign in PolandThis article presents a discursive image of the refugee which emerges from comments of Polish Facebook users. The author applies a detailed case study method to analyse several comments on an electoral campaign spot published by one of the candidates for the Mayor of Warsaw, Patryk Jaki. Specialised institutions and organisations considered it a case of xenophobic hate speech. Using analytical tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, the article deconstructs two positions emerging in the discussion: pro- and anti-refugee. A close examination of these two standpoints reveals not only differences but also similarities between them. It seems that one feature they share is the perception of refugees’ (lack of) agency. Dyskursywny obraz uchodźcy – studium przypadku samorządowej kampanii wyborczej w PolsceNiniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu dyskursywnego obrazu „uchodźcy”, jaki rysuje się na podstawie analizy komentarzy polskich użytkowników i użytkowniczek Facebooka. W badaniu zastosowano metodę bardzo szczegółowego case study wypowiedzi, jakie pojawiły się w związku ze spotem wyborczym jednego z kandydatów na prezydenta Warszawy, Patryka Jakiego, którego publikacja uznana została przez organizacje zajmujące się tematem za przejaw mowy nienawiści wobec uchodźców i uchodźczyń. Narzędziem analizy była Krytyczna Analiza Dyskursu. Celem artykułu jest w szczególności dekonstrukcja dwóch rysujących się w tej dyskusji stanowisk określonych pomocniczo mianem „pro-” i „antyuchodźczego” – przyjrzenie się temu, na czym polegają różnice pomiędzy nimi, oraz, co bardziej istotne, w jakich aspektach wykazują podobieństwa i zbieżności. Tych drugich doszukać się można między innymi w tym, w jaki sposób kształtuje się w analizowanych ramach dyskursywnych kwestia (braku) sprawczości uchodźców.

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A Conceptual Framework to Map Responses to Hate Crime, Hate Incidents and Hate Speech: The Case of Australia

Social Policy and Society ◽

10.1017/s147474642100052x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Matteo Vergani ◽

Rouven Link

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Hate Crime ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Uneven Distribution ◽

Policy Area ◽

Target Groups ◽

Awareness Raising

Responses to hate crimes, hate incidents and hate speech are characterised by an exceptional fragmentation in terminology and lack of coordination among governmental and non-governmental organisations. This article proposes a new conceptual framework to map the diversity of responses to hate crime, hate incidents and hate speech, with the aim of assessing gaps and needs in this important policy area. Using Australia as a case study, we create and analyse a database of 222 organisations running activities focusing on tackling hate against different target groups. The results highlight an uneven distribution of efforts across different geographical areas, types of activities and target groups. The majority of anti-hate efforts, especially by government organisations, focus on awareness raising and education rather than victim support and data collection. Racial and religious hate are the main foci of anti-hate efforts, compared to other forms of hate, such as anti-LGBTIQ+ and disablist hate.

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Julkinen kaivoskeskustelu diskursiivisena välienselvittelynä

Alue ja Ympäristö ◽

10.30663/ay.65574 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 79-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Veera Kangaspunta

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

Online News ◽

Public Debate ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Online Newspapers ◽

The Public ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

Unique Part

The aim of this article is to approach one specific environmental topic and the public debate around this topic from a user-oriented perspective – through online news comments. The article analyses online news and comments sections from three Finnish online newspapers concerning the mining accident of Talvivaara company in November 2012. Discourse and discursive legitimation strategies are used as analytical tools with the focus of critical discourse analysis. The study aims to solve what kind of discourses the public debate contains and how these discourses are connected to certain legitimation strategies. In addition, the article also continues the conceptual deliberation about the concept of the public as a group of people participating in public discussion. The study shows that Talvivaara news and news comments consist four main strategies, authorization, rationalization, moral evaluations and mythopoiesis, used for legitimation, relegitimation and delegitimation. However, the parties differ in the way they utilize these strategies and different discourses. Consequently, online news commenting appears as a unique part of the public debate about the topic, rather than remaining marginal flaming. The users tend to absorb the role of the public as a part of the public showdown about the shared issue.

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Hate crimes: American and Balkan experience

Temida ◽

10.2298/tem1104021c ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 21-36

Author(s):

Jovan Ciric

Keyword(s):

Sexual Minority ◽

Black People ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Police Force ◽

Young Population ◽

The South ◽

Legal Intervention ◽

The Creation ◽

Legal Sense

In the nineties of the last century it was noticed in the U.S.A. that suddenly the number of crimes with violence in the inter-racial and inter-ethnical conflicts rose. Also the phenomenon of ignition of churches, religious and sacral objects, especially in the south of the U.S.A., objects which were used by black people, was recorded. Directly in relation to that - the term ?hate crimes? then arose in science and became outspread very quickly, primarily in criminology. Several events, and above all the murder of a young homosexual in Wyoming influenced for both the violence and the crimes commited towards the homosexuals and all due to the prejudices towards this sexual minority to be included in this term. Today, this term is used not only in the U.S.A. and not only in a criminological sense, but also in a purely legal sense to denote the crimes which were carried out under the influence of hate towards a correspondent racial, ethnical or sexual minority. This term is linked also to the terminology and thus the problems which are related to the ?hate speech?. The author of this paper writes about how this term arose in the first place and which problems emerge related to hate crimes and primarily in relation to the issues of expansion of democracy and tolerance, and also education, primarily among the police force and the young population. The author also ascertains that only with the law, no great effects in the battle against this phenomenon can be achieved and that before the criminal-legal intervention some other measures have to be approached, like the creation of an atmosphere of tolerance and the education of the citizens about the phenomenon of hate crimes.

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Legitimation of Poverty in School Economics Textbooks in South Africa

Education as Change ◽

10.25159/1947-9417/5974 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

Author(s):

Jugathambal Ramdhani ◽

Suriamurthee Maistry

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

South African ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Further Education ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Value Systems ◽

Critical Knowledge ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

Selection Of

In South Africa, the school textbook remains a powerful source of content knowledge to both teachers and learners. Such knowledge is often engaged uncritically by textbook users. As such, the worldviews and value systems in the knowledge selected for consumption remain embedded and are likely to do powerful ideological work. In this article, we present an account of the ideological orientations of knowledge in a corpus of school economics textbooks. We engage the tenets of critical discourse analysis to examine the representations of the construct “poverty” as a taught topic in the Further Education and Training Economics curriculum. Using Thompson’s legitimation as a strategy and form-function analysis as specific analytical tools, we unearth the subtext of curriculum content in a selection of Grade 12 Economics textbooks. The study reveals how power and domination are normalised through a strategy of economic legitimation, thereby offering a “legitimate” rationale for the existence of poverty in the world. The article concludes with implications for curriculum and a humanising pedagogy, and a call for embracing critical knowledge on poverty in the South African curriculum.

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Herbert Marcuse Today: On Ecological Destruction, Neofascism, White Supremacy, Hate Speech, Racist Police Killings, and the Radical Goals of Socialism

Theory Culture & Society ◽

10.1177/02632764211050673 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026327642110506

Author(s):

Charles Reitz

Keyword(s):

White Supremacy ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Social Activism ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

General Interest ◽

Herbert Marcuse ◽

Cultural Critique ◽

Global Alliance ◽

Current Concerns ◽

Strategic Perspective

Herbert Marcuse’s political-philosophical vision, cultural critique, and social activism continue to offer an intelligent strategic perspective on current concerns – especially issues of ecological destruction, neofascist white supremacy, hate speech, hate crimes, and racist police violence. These can be countered through a recognition of the intersectionality of radical needs of diverse constituencies and radical collaboration, giving rise to system negation as a new general interest, and an ecosocialist strategy of revolutionary activism within a global alliance of transformational forces.

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Ethnic Tension of the Bangladeshi Santal

10.4018/978-1-7998-8911-3.ch013 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 208-226

Author(s):

Parimal Roy ◽

Jahid Siraz Chowdhury ◽

Haris Abd Wahab ◽

Rashid Bin Mohd. Saad

Keyword(s):

Social Justice ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Indigenous Community ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Indigenous Research ◽

Research Paradigm ◽

Historical Ontology ◽

Indigenous Groups ◽

Ethnic Tension

This chapter aims to do a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of ethnic tension in Bangladesh and the constitutional provisions on the Santal Indigenous community in establishing social justice. First, why are Indigenous groups instead ethnic groups in Bangladesh, and how many are groups? This chapter then tries to answer who is justifying whose social justice in ethnic tension, and, essentially, what is the guiding philosophy. This chapter picks education policy and the constitutional provision of state inventions policy on ethnic groups in Bangladesh the Santal's space in it. Along with CDA, the argument leans on bio-politics, historical ontology (Foucault), Indigenous research paradigm. The findings show that this community is historically subjugated under ontological guidance and understanding. So, it recommends adopting Santal Indigenous standpoint for establishing a right-based harmonized society.

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A Time-Series Analysis of Contextual-Level Effects on Hate Crime in The Netherlands

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/soaa102 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Jacobs ◽

Joost van Spanje

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Hate Crime ◽

Hate Speech ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Party Leader ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Series Analysis

Abstract Nowadays, registered hate crimes are on the rise in many Western societies. What explains temporal variation in the incidence of hate crimes? Combining insights from the grievance model and the opportunity model, we study the role of three types of contextual factors: security (terrorism), media (news about terrorism and immigration), and political factors (speech by anti-immigration actors, hate speech prosecution, and high-profile anti-immigration victories). We apply time-series analysis to our original dataset of registered hate crimes in the Netherlands, 2015–2017 (N = 7,219). Findings indicate that terrorist attacks, (both print and online) news on refugees, immigration, and terrorism boost nonviolent hate crime. Similarly, news of the hate speech prosecution of Freedom Party leader Geert Wilders increases nonviolent crime as well. Tentative evidence points to a contagion effect of speech by anti-immigration actors. With regard to violent hate crime, only terrorist attacks had an effect. This effect was modest and only found in one of our models. Hence, the grievance and the opportunities model each partially explain nonviolent hate crime, although the security and media context seem most influential. Our findings help to identify the contextual factors contributing to a climate for hate and suggest that perceived threats play a key role.

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