scholarly journals Miscanthus × Giganteus var. KAMIS as a New Feedstock for Cellulose Nitrates

2020 ◽  
pp. 565-577
Author(s):  
Anna A. Korchagina ◽  
Yulia А. Gismatulina ◽  
Vera V. Budaeva ◽  
Vladimir N. Zolotukhin ◽  
Nikolay V. Bychin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Cellulose Nitrate ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Esters ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Cellulose Nitrates ◽  
Scanning Electron

Due to the limited volumes of conventional sources of cellulose (cotton and wood), research centered on producing the most competitive science-driven products – cellulose nitrates – from new, domestic, easily renewable feedstocks is extremely relevant. The review of scientific literature corroborates the lack of data on the feasibility to obtain cellulose nitrates from Miscanthus, except for the authors’ publications. Here we suggest a tree-like industrial crop, Miscanthus var. KAMIS, growing with an yield of up to 20 t/ha a year on industrial plantations in Kaliningradskaya, Kaluzhskaya and Yaroslavskaya Oblasts and in Primorskiy Krai. A pulp sample derived from Miscanthus var. KAMIS by the nitric-acid process exhibits a high α-cellulose content of 96 % and degree of polymerization of 1350. Under optimum synthesis conditions previously identified for unconventional feedstocks, a cellulose nitrate sample was synthesized by treating the pulp with commercially available mixed acid and had the following functional characteristics: 11.26 % nitrogen content, 52 mPа∙s viscosity, and – 95 % solubility on alcohol-ester mixture. Morphological features of pulp and cellulose nitrate samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups in pulp samples (3411, 2913, 1637, 1429, 1369, 1317, 1161, 700-500 cm-1) and cellulose nitrate samples (2553, 1642, 1276, 830, 746, 680 cm-1), which allow those samples to be identified as cellulose and nitrate cellulose esters, respectively. It was found by scanning electron microscopy that the cellulose nitrate sample matches industrial Colloxylines by the onset temperature of decomposition (199 °С) and specific head of decomposition (8,43 kJ/g). The practical importance of this study is that we experimentally justify the feasibility to utilize the new, unconventional, domestic, easily renewable feedstock, Miscanthus var. KAMIS, as a precursor of high-quality cellulose nitrates

scholarly journals K-paracelsian (KAlSi3O8·H2O) and identification of a simple building scheme of dense double-crankshaft zeolite topologies

IUCrJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian-R. Boruntea ◽  
Peter N. R. Vennestrøm ◽  
Lars F. Lundegaard
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Zeolite Synthesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Scanning Electron

During screening of the phase space using KOH and 1-methyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroxide (1-methyl-DABCO) under hydrothermal zeolite synthesis conditions, K-paracelsian was synthesized. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and ex situ powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a material that is compositionally closely related to the mineral microcline and structurally closely related to the mineral paracelsian, both of which are feldspars. In contrast to the feldspars, K-paracelsian contains intrazeolitic water corresponding to one molecule per cage. In the case of K-paracelsian it might be useful to consider it a link between feldspars and zeolites. It was also shown that K-paracelsian can be described as the simplest endmember of a family of dense double-crankshaft zeolite topologies. By applying the identified building principle, a number of known zeolite topologies can be constructed. Furthermore, it facilitates the construction of a range of hypothetical small-pore structures that are crystallo-chemically healthy, but which have not yet been realized experimentally.

Quantitative Fiber Mixture Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.-J. Wortmann ◽  
G. Wortmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Statistical Limit ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Reproducible Method ◽  
Analysis Errors ◽  
Scanning Electron

Labeling textile blends requires identification and quantification of their fibrous components. Blends of specialty animal fibers with sheep's wool are of special, practical importance; for these the light microscope is the traditional tool of analysis. To investigate the actual applicability of light microscopy for analyzing such blends as an alternative to the scanning electron microscope (SEM), we analyzed in detail the results of round trials conducted in the seventies. The results confirm that light microscopy, in general, is neither an objective nor a reproducible method for analyzing wool/specialty fiber blends. Though there was substantial progress with subsequent round trials, the data suggest that there is a fundamental statistical limit to the pass/fail rate, i.e., the ratio of correct versus incorrect analyses in a round trial that can be achieved by light microscopy. Even allowing for generous error limits, this effect leaves an intolerable element of chance for the correctness of analysis. Such performance is in pronounced contrast to that of the SEM method, where round trials have shown that laboratories that perform well reach analysis errors for specialty fiber/wool blends that are within or close to the natural error limits of microscopic analyses.

scholarly journals Sintesis karboksimetil selulosa dari sisa baglog jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose from ex-baglog of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus))

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firda DIMAWARNITA ◽  
TRI - PANJI
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) contain high organic materials that can be used as medium for growing white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus).Cellulose content in the OPEFB is high (33%), enabling it to be converted to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). This study determined the characteristics of the CMC produced from the waste of growth media of oyster mushrooms (baglog). The composition of the baglog consists of 70.3% OPEFB; 23.4% sawdust; 4.5% bran; 1.3% CaCO3; and 0.4% TSP. The CMC was prepared from the ex-baglog of the mushrooms including delignification, alkalization, carboxylation, and characterization of the product using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Difraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis (SEM). The results showed that the raw material after treatment contained 80.20% a cellulose, 12.32% hemicellulose, and no lignin was found. FTIR-based functional group analysis of the CMC and the commercial CMC was found to be present at 1091,37 cm-1and 1016,84 cm-1for the C-O bond. SEM analysis of the sample with no chemical bleaching for further delignification showed that small impurities were still present. The CMC treated with 10% sodium hydroxide exhibited 0.64 degree of substitution, 43 cP viscosity, and 73.40% purity. Based on these results, ex-baglog of white oyster mushroom can be extracted into CMC.[Keywords:OPEFB, CMC, delignification,  Pleurotus ostreatus, XRD, SEM]. Abstrak Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) mengandung bahan organik tinggi yang bisa dijadikan sebagai media pertumbuhan jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus). Kandungan selulosa dalam TKKS (33%) yang mungkin dikonversi menjadi karboksimetil selulosa (CMC). Penelitian ini bertujuan mencirikan CMC yang dihasilkan dari limbah media pertumbuhan jamur tiram (baglog). Komposisi baglog sebagai media pertumbuhan jamur tersebut terdiri atas TKKS 70,3%; serbuk gergaji 23,4%; dedak 4,5%; CaCO31,3%; dan TSP 0,4%. Penyiapan CMC dari ex-baglog jamur meliputi delignifikasi, alkalisasi, karboksilasi, dan karakterisasi produk CMC dengan analisis Fourier Transform Infrared Spetroscopy(FTIR), X-Ray Difraction(XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ex-baglog setelah perlakuan mengandung ɑ-selulosa sebanyak 80,20%, hemiselulosa 12,32%, lignin 0%, dan sisanya merupakan impurities(b/b). Gugus fungsi CMC dari TKKS dan CMC komersial memperlihatkan serapan inframerah pada 1091 cm-1dan 1017 cm-1untuk ikatan C-O. Analisis dengan mikroskop elektron menunjukkan bahwa tanpa delignifikasi lebih lanjut, masih ditemukan kotoran. Karakteristik CMC yang diolah dengan natrium hidroksida 10% memiliki derajat substitusi 0,64, viskositas 43 cP, dan kemurnian 73,40%. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sisa baglog perumbuhan jamur tiram dapat diekstraksi menjadi CMC.  [Kata kunci:TKKS,  CMC,  delignifikasi,  Pleurotus ostreatus, XRD, SEM].

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULOSE AND CELLULOSE NITRATE NANOFILMSSE

FLORESTA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Mayara Elita Carneiro ◽  
Marina Stygar Lopes ◽  
Anna Luisa Franco Baumel de Andrade ◽  
Silvana Nisgoski ◽  
Graciela Inês Bolzon de Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Cellulose Nitrate ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Absorption Property ◽  
Kraft Pulps ◽  
Scanning Electron

The objective of this work was the characterization of cellulose and cellulose nitrate nanofilms from the mixture of Kraft pulps of  Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. bleached. The production of nanocellulose was made by mechanical processing. To obtain the cellulose nitrate, the nitration was carried out in part of the produced nanocellulose. The characterizations were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy, medium infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength and absorption assay.  The results demonstrate that there was influence of  nitration in the characteristics of the films produced. The nanofilms of cellulose nitrate appear more interesting for the absorption property, indicating the use of this process for uses that require this characteristic.

Synthesis of Mono-Sized Silica Nanoparticles by Combustion Technique

2008 ◽  
Vol 47-50 ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Zhu ◽  
Xiao Ping Zou ◽  
Jin Cheng ◽  
Mao Fa Wang ◽  
Yi Su
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Combustion Technique ◽  
Microscopy Images ◽  
Scanning Electron

A simple combustion technique is presented for the preparation of mono-sized silica nanoparticles by employing tetraethyl orthosilicates as precursor. The as-grown white powders were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the size of silica nanoparticles were relative to the unique synthesis conditions. According to the observation and analysis of the scanning electron microscopy images, the possible growth mechanism of silica nanoparticles in this process is proposed.

scholarly journals Gas sensing response of metal oxide layers based on Cox Oy with lithium ions

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Stenkin ◽  
◽  
D. V. Sokolov ◽  
K. E. Ivlev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Cobalt Oxides ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Gas Response ◽  
Oxide Composites ◽  
Scanning Electron

The gas response of layers based on lithium-doped cobalt oxides with different Li2 O/Cox Oy ratios is investigated. The synthesis conditions of oxide composites and the structural analysis of the obtained layers by scanning electron microscopy are presented. It is found that composites with the ratio of the initial components 1:1 have selectivity to formaldehyde, and with the ratio 3:2 — to nitrogen dioxide

Nanostructured Morphology of Spinel LiMn2O4 Oxide under Microwave Heating

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 452-458
Author(s):  
Di Huo
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Morphology And Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

The surface morphology and structure of the cubic stoichiometric spinel LiMn2O4powder prepared by microwave heating were examined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmittance electron microcopy. It is shown that the surface morphology of LiMn2O4particle changed with increasing preparing temperature, while the crystal structure kept unchanged. Novel nanostructured morphologies including nanorods and nanowhiskers were formed under appropriate synthesis conditions. The growth mechanism of the nanostructured morphology of spinel LiMn2O4was discussed in accordance with period bonding chains (PBCs) theory.

Synthesis of Nanotubular Titanate from Titanium Using Hydrothermal Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 317-318 ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kubo ◽  
W. Kato ◽  
Yuki Yamasaki ◽  
Atsushi Nakahira
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the synthesis of nanotubular titanate was attempted though heat-treatment in an oil bath (non-hydrothermal treatment), heat-treatment with stirring in an oil bath (non-hydrothermal treatment), or hydrothermal treatment for metal Ti in NaOH aqueous solution systems. Obtained products were characterized by various methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD results suggested that products obtained by both hydrothermal treatment and heat-treatment in an oil bath with and without stirring could be identified as H2Ti4O9H2O. From TEM observations, however, various morphologies for products obtained by these treatments were confirmed. Therefore, it was considered that morphologies of these products strongly depended on synthesis conditions.

Controlled Growth of SnO2 Micro/Nanocrystals with Different Morphologies via a Solution Method

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tie Kun Jia ◽  
Wei Min Wang ◽  
Zheng Yi Fu ◽  
Fei Huang ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Sno2 Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Sno2 Nanocrystals ◽  
Scanning Electron

SnO2 nanocrystals with various morphologies were synthesized via a hydrothermal method assisting by the surfactant CTAB. The morphologies of the products were significantly dependent on the synthesis conditions. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).The results showed products SnO2 nanoparticles and spheres like structure assembled with nanocones were obtained by varying the dosage of CTAB and the concentration of NaOH. The forming process of SnO2 sphere like structure was discussed and the proposed mechanism was put forward in this work.

Pathogenesis of Human Hair Defects

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
P.S. Porter ◽  
T. Aoyagi ◽  
R. Matta
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Using standard techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), over 1000 human hair defects have been studied. In several of the defects, the pathogenesis of the abnormality has been clarified using these techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to present several distinct morphologic abnormalities of hair and to discuss their pathogenesis as elucidated through techniques of scanning electron microscopy.

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