scholarly journals Variety of Non-Coding RNAs in Eukaryotic Genomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-298
Author(s):  
Nafisa Nazipova
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Functional Rnas ◽  
Eukaryotic Genomes ◽  
Pervasive Transcription ◽  
Physiological Complexity

The genomes of large multicellular eukaryotes mainly consist of DNA that encodes not proteins, but RNAs. The unexpected discovery of approximately the same number of protein genes in Homo sapiens and Caenorhabditis elegans led to the understanding that it is not the number of proteins that determines the complexity of the development and functioning of an organism. The phenomenon of pervasive transcription of genomes is finding more and more confirmation. Data are emerging on new types of RNA that work in different cell compartments, are expressed at different stages of development, in different tissues and perform various functions. Their main purpose is fine regulation of the main cellular processes. The presence of a rich arsenal of regulators that can interact with each other and work on the principle of interchangeability determines the physiological complexity of the organism and its ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. An overview of the currently known functional RNAs expressed in eukaryotic genomes is presented here. There is no doubt that in the near future, using high-tech transcriptome technologies, many new RNAs will be identified and characterized. But it is likely that many of the expressed transcripts do not have a function, but are an evolutionary reserve of organisms.

scholarly journals Strategic Challenges of Human Resources Allocation in Industry 4.0

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Majid Ziaei Nafchi ◽  
Hana Mohelská
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness ◽  
Near Future

The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0, hereinafter I 4.0) has led to an entirely fresh approach to production, helping to enhance the key industrial processes and therefore increase the growth of labor productivity and competitiveness. Simultaneously, I 4.0 compels changes in the organization of work and influences the lives of employees. The paper intends to construct a model for predicting the allocation of human resources in the sectors of the national economy of the Czech Republic in connection with I 4.0. The model used in this research visualizes the shift of labor in the economic sectors of the Czech Republic from the year 2013 to the following years in the near future. The main contribution of this article is to show the growth of employment in the high-tech services sector, which will have an ascending trend.

scholarly journals The Implementation of Supply-side Structural Reform: Next Chapter for High-Tech Development Zones

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 02036
Author(s):  
Tian Di
Keyword(s):  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Structural Reform ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
High Tech Industry ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Near Future

Promoting supply-side structural reform is the key to China’s economic transformation and upgrading. As disruptive innovation is affecting different sectors and areas of society, numerous high-tech development zones should fully release their vitality and realize unprecedented development while contributing to this reform. This study attempted to further analyze the Research and Development (R&D) efficiency of high-tech zones in the past mode, and shed light on a more advanced and effective development pattern in the near future. This paper used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, which is a linear programming method to measure the efficiency between multiple decision-making units, and categorized three decisive factors to reach solid conclusions [1]. Our statistical results indicated that the low R&D efficiency is ubiquity among high-tech industries, and there is not yet a strong platform for advanced R&D activities. Lastly, this paper suggested strategies to maintain the sustainable development of the high-tech industry under the supply-side reform.

scholarly journals G-Quadruplexes in the Archaea Domain

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
Václav Brázda ◽  
Yu Luo ◽  
Martin Bartas ◽  
Patrik Kaura ◽  
Otilia Porubiaková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Distribution ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Archaeal Species ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
Potential Part ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Eukaryotic Genomes

The importance of unusual DNA structures in the regulation of basic cellular processes is an emerging field of research. Amongst local non-B DNA structures, G-quadruplexes (G4s) have gained in popularity during the last decade, and their presence and functional relevance at the DNA and RNA level has been demonstrated in a number of viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic genomes, including humans. Here, we performed the first systematic search of G4-forming sequences in all archaeal genomes available in the NCBI database. In this article, we investigate the presence and locations of G-quadruplex forming sequences using the G4Hunter algorithm. G-quadruplex-prone sequences were identified in all archaeal species, with highly significant differences in frequency, from 0.037 to 15.31 potential quadruplex sequences per kb. While G4 forming sequences were extremely abundant in Hadesarchaea archeon (strikingly, more than 50% of the Hadesarchaea archaeon isolate WYZ-LMO6 genome is a potential part of a G4-motif), they were very rare in the Parvarchaeota phylum. The presence of G-quadruplex forming sequences does not follow a random distribution with an over-representation in non-coding RNA, suggesting possible roles for ncRNA regulation. These data illustrate the unique and non-random localization of G-quadruplexes in Archaea.

Human Perfection and Contemporary Enhancement Technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-40
Author(s):  
Jesús Parra-Sáez
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Biomedical Technologies ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Enhancement Technologies

Human perfection has been one of the main objectives of the human species since the appearance of Homo sapiens, but contemporary biomedical technologies represent a promise to achieve it in the near future. In view of the new possibilities offered by new technologies, a scientific-philosophical theoretical debate has emerged between those who are in favor of its use on humanity for non-therapeutic purposes (posthumanists) and those who reject it (bioconservatives). In this chapter, the so-called “enhancement technologies,” the problems derived from their use with the aim of radically altering human abilities, and some of the most recent practical cases that have transcended the theoretical debate about their legitimacy are analyzed.

scholarly journals TandemTools: mapping long reads and assessing/improving assembly quality in extra-long tandem repeats

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i75-i83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Mikheenko ◽  
Andrey V Bzikadze ◽  
Alexey Gurevich ◽  
Karen H Miga ◽  
Pavel A Pevzner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Supplementary Data ◽  
Assembly Quality ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Long Reads ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Eukaryotic Genomes

Abstract Motivation Extra-long tandem repeats (ETRs) are widespread in eukaryotic genomes and play an important role in fundamental cellular processes, such as chromosome segregation. Although emerging long-read technologies have enabled ETR assemblies, the accuracy of such assemblies is difficult to evaluate since there are no tools for their quality assessment. Moreover, since the mapping of error-prone reads to ETRs remains an open problem, it is not clear how to polish draft ETR assemblies. Results To address these problems, we developed the TandemTools software that includes the TandemMapper tool for mapping reads to ETRs and the TandemQUAST tool for polishing ETR assemblies and their quality assessment. We demonstrate that TandemTools not only reveals errors in ETR assemblies but also improves the recently generated assemblies of human centromeres. Availability and implementation https://github.com/ablab/TandemTools. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

scholarly journals Impact of Salmonella enterica Type III Secretion System Effectors on the Eukaryotic Host Cell

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Ramos-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Secretion Systems ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Type Iii Secretion Systems ◽  
Near Future

Type III secretion systems are molecular machines used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to inject proteins, known as effectors, directly into eukaryotic host cells. These proteins manipulate host signal transduction pathways and cellular processes to the pathogen’s advantage. Salmonella enterica possesses two virulence-related type III secretion systems that deliver more than forty effectors. This paper reviews our current knowledge about the functions, biochemical activities, host targets, and impact on host cells of these effectors. First, the concerted action of effectors at the cellular level in relevant aspects of the interaction between Salmonella and its hosts is analyzed. Then, particular issues that will drive research in the field in the near future are discussed. Finally, detailed information about each individual effector is provided.

scholarly journals Nuclear RNA Exosome and Pervasive Transcription: Dual Sculptors of Genome Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13401
Author(s):  
Koichi Ogami ◽  
Hiroshi I. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Rna Surveillance ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Small Nuclear Rnas ◽  
Nuclear Rna ◽  
Rna Exosome ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Exosome Complex ◽  
Pervasive Transcription ◽  
Layer Control

The genome is pervasively transcribed across various species, yielding numerous non-coding RNAs. As a counterbalance for pervasive transcription, various organisms have a nuclear RNA exosome complex, whose structure is well conserved between yeast and mammalian cells. The RNA exosome not only regulates the processing of stable RNA species, such as rRNAs, tRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and small nuclear RNAs, but also plays a central role in RNA surveillance by degrading many unstable RNAs and misprocessed pre-mRNAs. In addition, associated cofactors of RNA exosome direct the exosome to distinct classes of RNA substrates, suggesting divergent and/or multi-layer control of RNA quality in the cell. While the RNA exosome is essential for cell viability and influences various cellular processes, mutations and alterations in the RNA exosome components are linked to the collection of rare diseases and various diseases including cancer, respectively. The present review summarizes the relationships between pervasive transcription and RNA exosome, including evolutionary crosstalk, mechanisms of RNA exosome-mediated RNA surveillance, and physiopathological effects of perturbation of RNA exosome.

scholarly journals Human Language as a Natural Artifact of Planetary-Noospheric Mind: Coevolutionary-Macromutational Reinterpretation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (34) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Roman Vasko ◽  
Alla Korolyova ◽  
Tetiana Tolcheyeva ◽  
Yan Kapranov
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Human Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Fusion Theory ◽  
New Hypothesis

The article discusses a new hypothesis of coevolutionary-macromutational origin of human language, through the prism of which this planetary-noospheric phenomenon is proposed to be considered as a natural artifact of holisticsynergetic coevolution of nature, society and culture. The following assumption has been suggested: the proposed hypothetical idea is a resonance of the former two philosophical theories: the fusion theory and the thesis theory, which were regarded by scientists either as natural or artificial (conventional / conditional) nature of human language. At the same time, they did not completely deny the origin of the human language as a result of various types of activities. The represented arguments helped to confirm the views of anthropologists, culturologists and other scholars. The creation of various artifacts (tangible and intangible) took place in all stages of evolution: geogenesis – biogenesis – psychogenesis – anthropogenesis and at a subsequent stage of Homo sapiens. However, language as the most important product of global evolutionism was formed at the stage of anthropogenesis, in particular as a corollary to the molecular mutations of human brain. The term “coevolution” has been transferred to the sphere of linguoanthropogenesis. In conjunction with the hypothesis of macromutation the natural artifact origin of human language is consistently explained under the scenario of biogenesis – sociogenesis – culturogenesis. The essence of the hypothetical result is that a qualitatively new driving force for the continuation of this scenario can be noospherogenesis, which is determined by historical and cultural development of mankind, its activities in all spheres of life and, most importantly, by the planetary high-tech mind.

scholarly journals Protein manipulation using single copies of short peptide tags in cultured cells and in Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Alessandra Vigano ◽  
Clara-Maria Ell ◽  
Manuela M. M. Kustermann ◽  
Gustavo Aguilar ◽  
Shinya Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Peptide Tags ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Protein Binders ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Cellular development and function rely on highly dynamic molecular interactions among proteins distributed in all cell compartments. Analysis of these interactions has been one of the main topics in cellular and developmental research, and has been mostly achieved by the manipulation of proteins of interest (POIs) at the genetic level. Although genetic strategies have significantly contributed to our current understanding, targeting specific interactions of POIs in a time- and space-controlled manner or analysing the role of POIs in dynamic cellular processes, such as cell migration or cell division, would benefit from more-direct approaches. The recent development of specific protein binders, which can be expressed and function intracellularly, along with advancement in synthetic biology, have contributed to the creation of a new toolbox for direct protein manipulations. Here, we have selected a number of short-tag epitopes for which protein binders from different scaffolds have been generated and showed that single copies of these tags allowed efficient POI binding and manipulation in living cells. Using Drosophila, we also find that single short tags can be used for POI manipulation in vivo.

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