scholarly journals Economic Instruments for Reducing CO2 Emmissions and their Consequences

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Slabe Erker ◽  
Klemen Koman ◽  
Boris Majcen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Carbon Taxation

This contribution is an economic evaluation of various combinations of economic instruments for reducing CO2 emissions. The evaluation of effects linked to the achievement of Kyoto and post-Kyoto goals was developed by using the GEME3 general equilibrium model as developed within the framework of the 5. and 6. EU OP (project ENG2-CT- 1999-00002). We are calculating the effects of varying environmental policies for Slovenia based on variations in key macroeconomical markers. The most important finding is, that the loss of competitive advantages for Slovenia due to enforced environmental protection measures is not sizeable. The most favorable scenario in macroeconomic terms is the scenario of emissions trading in energy intensive sectors with a gradual transition to auctioning and carbon taxation in other sectors, whereby the tax revenues are returned to reduce the rate of social security contributions.

MODERN PROBLEMS OF FORMING THE DISCOURSE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SECURITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
S. Kononov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of a social security modern discourse formation in the framework of a philosophical discussion of the transformation processes of the formation vector of the state security policy. The task of the article, according to the author, is to present the problem of security in conditions when it ceases to be understood, as a concept associated with the idea of preserving the integrity of a state or nation, and functions as a phenomenon with the broadest possible social parameters. Using the methodology of phenomenological, hermeneutic and comparative analysis, the new areas of security research, common difference of which is social and personal orientation are analyzed. The author pays attention to the features of the methodology of works reflecting the point of view of the modern state, works related to the development of a systematic approach to security, works based on an axiological approach and concludes that, despite the expansion of security interpretations, all these approaches retain a common ideological foundation. presupposing the need to preserve the leading role of the state in the field of social security, including the security of the individual and society and the state. All these approaches are based on the policy of responding to emerging threats to the Russian state and do not reflect the needs of a comprehensive strategic goal-setting covering the sphere of socio-economic development of the social system. This circumstance, according to the author, leads to the formation of a security strategy that exists only in the name of protecting the state and does not imply feedback between the state and the social institutions that the state is going to protect, which leads to the ineffectiveness of modern protection measures and the need to find new ways to justify the need for this protection, a new definition of its content and essence

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of Environmental Interventions: Reflections on Methodological Challenges and Developments

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bojke ◽  
Laetitia Schmitt ◽  
James Lomas ◽  
Gerry Richardson ◽  
Helen Weatherly
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Complex Interventions ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Evaluation of the costs and outcomes associated with environmental policies and interventions is often required to inform public policy and allocate scarce resources. Methods to conduct assessments of cost-effectiveness have been developed in the context of pharmaceuticals, but have more recently been applied in public health, diagnostics, and other more complex interventions. The suitability of existing economic evaluation methodology has been explored in many contexts, however, this is yet to be undertaken for interventions and policies pertaining to the natural environment, such as urban green spaces and strategies to reduce indoor and outdoor air pollution. To make significant inroads into the evaluation of interventions and policies relating to the natural environment requires an understanding of the challenges faced in this context. Many of these challenges may be practical (data-related), however, a number are also methodological, and thus have implications for the appropriate framework for economic evaluation. This paper considers some of the challenges faced when conducting cost-effectiveness analyses in this context and explores what solutions have been proposed thus far. The intention is to help pave the way for consideration of which existing framework is most appropriate for the evaluation of natural environment (NE) interventions, or if a distinct framework is required. Environmental policies and interventions relating to the built environment, for example, housing, are not explicitly included here.

scholarly journals The Effects of Investing Social Security Funds in the Stock Market When Fixed Costs Prevent Some Households from Holding Stocks

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B Abel
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Equity Premium ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Security Funds

With fixed costs of participating in the stock market, consumers with high income will participate in the stock market, but consumers with lower income will not participate. If a fully funded defined-contribution Social Security system tries to exploit the equity premium by selling a dollar of bonds per capita and buying a dollar of equity per capita, consumers who save but do not participate in the stock market will increase their consumption, thereby reducing saving and capital accumulation. Calibration of a general-equilibrium model indicates that this policy could reduce the aggregate capital stock substantially, by about 50 cents per capita. (JEL H55)

The Development and use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: The Case of Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doron Lavee ◽  
Hadas Joseph-Ezra
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
Substantial Change

Recently, Israel has undergone several changes in its environmental policy. This paper reviews the shift in environmental policy, from regulatory-based instruments to more flexible economic instruments in Israel. A substantial change has taken place in this respect over the last few decades in many OECD countries. In recent years, environmental policy in Israel has been going through a similar change, in part due to the recent accession to the OECD. Yet, Israel still lacks the use of certain main economic tools, such as greenhouse gas emissions trading and carbon taxes, which are available in many OECD countries.

scholarly journals IS THE SOCIAL SECURITY CRISIS REALLY AS BAD AS WE THINK?

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantanu Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Incomplete Markets ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Natural Expansion

Because they ignore the household-level and macroeconomic adjustments associated with longevity improvements, the actuarial projections of the Social Security Administration overestimate the Social Security crisis. Using a general-equilibrium model with heterogeneous households and incomplete markets, I show that with these adjustments accounted for, a significantly smaller decline in benefits is needed to balance the Social Security budget. Households respond by delaying retirement and Social Security benefit collection, by working more hours, and by also saving more. In general equilibrium, these effects lead to a natural expansion of Social Security's tax base and generate significant delayed retirement credits, which the actuarial estimates completely overlook.

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