scholarly journals Microhabitats Utilization by Solitary Parasitoids and Predatory Insects as Indicators of Oil Palm Agroecosystem’s Capacity to Support Insect Species Diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2153-2166
Author(s):  
Ahmad Bukhary A.K. ◽  
Ruslan M.Y. ◽  
Noor Hisham H. ◽  
Muzamil M. ◽  
Abu Hassan A. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Abundance Patterns ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Abundance Fluctuations

Microhabitats capacity to support insect species diversity and persistence were evaluated implementing solitary parasitoids and predatory insects according to different phases of herbicide and chemical fertilizer applications. Two species of the genus Xanthopimpla (Ichneumonidae) and one species of the genus Pompilus (Pompilidae) showed relationships on vegetation-type microhabitats, notably natural weeds, leguminous cover crops, and the beneficial plant Turnera subulata, while two species of the genus Evania (Evaniidae) showed relationships with chipped oil palm trunks. One species from the genus Odontomachus (Formicidae) as an exclusive predatory ant was related to both chipped oil palm trunks and the beneficial plant T. subulata. Xanthopimpla parasitoids exhibited abundance fluctuations difference around natural weeds during herbicide application phases between three- and six-years old oil palm stands, with decreased and increased abundance patterns of the former and the latter, respectively. 18 years old oil palm stand showed increased abundance patterns only along with the different phases of chemical fertilizer applications. The importance of natural weeds diversity, restrictions of leguminous cover crops, frequency of herbicide applications, and the arrangements between beneficial plants and wood-based microhabitats that benefited insect parasitoids and predators were discussed.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi dan Seleksi Beberapa Isolat Azotobacter sp. untuk Meningkatkan Perkecambahan Benih dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Widiastuti ◽  
NFN Siswanto ◽  
NFN Suharyanto
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Pueraria Phaseoloides ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cashew Nut

<p>Characterization and Selection of Azotobacter sp. in Enhancing Seed Germination and Growth of Plant. Nitrogen (N) is a macro nutrient needed by the plant. Chemical synthesis of N fertilizer need high energy input. On the other hand, Azotobacter sp. has been known as a free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. This bacteria is also known as growth factor producing bacteria such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and extracellular polysaccharide. The ability of Azotobacter sp. in fixing N and producing IAA was affected by strain type of the bacteria as well as the origin of the isolate. It had been characterized 44 isolates of Azotobacter sp. isolated from selected dry habitat such as oil palm in Sekayu (South Sumatera), coffee and cashew nut tree in NTT, corn crops in Banjar (South of Kalimantan), and rubber tree in Bogor (West Java). Isolation was conducted using Ashby media. Based on their ability in producing IAA, promoting germination of the seed and growth of leguminous cover crops Pueraria phaseoloides. The result showed that isolate of 116(2), from Sikka, Flores, (NTT), produced highest IAA i.e 2.815 &amp;#956;M within the third day and 4.02 uM in the sixth day incubation time. Strain D1/8B (isolated from oil palm plantation in South Sumatera) and S5 (isolated from corn in South Kalimantan) could increase 2-3 times number of germinating seed of P. phaseoloides for the third days. Azotobacter sp. isolate of D1/2, 107, and 113 in combination with 50% recomended doses of chemical fertilizer could enhance the growth of plant (fresh and dry biomassa total) of sorghum higher compared to 100% chemical fertilizer doses (control). Isolate of D1/2 originated from South of Sumatera improved germination of seed, and enhanced the growth of sorghum, while isolate of 113 from Sikka, Flores, NTT had the ability to increase the growth of sorghum during one month in glass house experiment.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Nitrogen (N) merupakan unsur makro yang diperlukan oleh tanaman. Bakteri Azotobacter sp. diketahui dapat memfiksasi N secara nonsimbiotik dan menghasilkan hormon tumbuh seperti IAA dan polisakarida ekstraseluler. Kemampuan penambatan N dan produksi IAA dipengaruhi oleh galur bakteri dan asal isolat. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengkarakterisasi 44 isolat Azotobacter sp. yang diisolasi dari beberapa habitat lahan kering, yaitu perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sekayu (Sumsel), perkebunan kopi dan jambu mete di Nusa Tenggara Timur, areal tanaman jagung di Banjar (Kalsel), dan kebun karet di Bogor (Jabar). Isolasi bakteri Azotobacter sp. dilakukan menggunakan medium Ashby. Isolat yang diperoleh diuji kemampuannya menghasilkan IAA dan pengaruhnya terhadap perkecambahan benih serta pertumbuhan kacang penutup tanah (Pueraria phaseoloides). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa isolat 116 (2) menghasilkan IAA tertinggi, yaitu 2,815 &amp;#956;M pada hari ke-3 dan 4,02 &amp;#956;M pada hari ke-6. Isolat tersebut berasal dari Sikka, Flores, NTT. Isolat D1/8B (asal perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumsel) dan S5 (asal areal tanaman jagung di Kalimantan) dapat meningkatkan 2-3 kali jumlah benih P. phaseoloides yang berkecambah pada hari ke-3. Isolat D1/2, 107, dan 113 dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman sorgum (total biomasa basah dan kering) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pupuk NPK 100%. Isolat D1/2 asal Sumsel meningkatkan perkecambahan benih dan pertumbuhan sorgum relatif tinggi, sedang isolat 113 asal Sikka, Flores, NTT, mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman sorgum.</p><p> </p>

Potensi Covercrop Kebun Sawit Sebagai Sumber Pakan Hijauan Ternak Ruminansia Pada Musim Kemarau di Pelalawan, Riau

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan A. Gopar ◽  
S. Martono ◽  
Muhamad N. Rofiq ◽  
Windu N.
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Destructive Sampling ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Line Intercept

The objective of this experiment was to obtain forage/ cover crops productivity and carrying capacity for ruminant animals in Pelalawan Regency, Riau in the dry season. Data were collected from civil palm oil plantations at the aged 7, 10 and 14 years in the end of dry season with a destructive sampling method. Sampling used line intercept method which every hectare were picked 10 points by using a pair of 1 m2 sized quadrant. The result showed that the number of vegetations/ cover crops in oil palm plantations aged 7, 10 and 14 years was 42 types.The proportion of forage which consist grass, legume and ferns was diverse at each age of oil palm plantations. Forage production under oil palm plantations aged 7, 10 and 14 years were 2,571 kg/ha, 1479.76 kg/ha and 1417.22 kg/ha as fed and amounted to 811.41 kg/ ha, 471, 15 kg/ ha and 456.91 kg/ ha in the dry matter production. Average carrying capacities of oil palm plantations aged 7, 10 and 14 years was 0.36 Animal units (AU)/ha/year, 0.21 AU/ha/year and 0.20 AU/ ha/year.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi jumlah covercrop dan kapasitas tampungnya di kebun sawit sebagai sumber pakan hijauan ruminansia pada musim kemarau di kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau. Pengambilan data dilakukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit yang berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun milik rakyat pada akhir musim kemarau. Pengambilan sampel dengan destructive sampling method menggunakan metode garis berpetak memakai kuadran berukuran 1m2 dengan jumlah sampel tiap area sebanyak 10 titik. Berdasar hasil pengukuran diperoleh hasil jumlah vegetasi/ covercrop yang ada di kebun sawit berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun sebanyak 42 jenis yang bervariasi tiap umur tanaman sawit. Proporsi hijauan yang ada meliputi jenis rumput, legume dan paku-pakuan bervariasi pada tiap umur kebun sawit. Produksi hijauan yang ada di bawah kebun sawit berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun berturut-turut 2.571 kg/ha, 1.479,76 kg/ha dan 1.417,22 kg/ha dalam bentuk segar serta sebesar 811,41 kg/ha, 471,15 kg/ha dan 456,91 kg/ha dalam bahan kering. Kapasitas tampung dari kebun sawit berumur 7, 10 dan 14 tahun adalah 0,36 satuan ternak (ST)/ha, 0,21 ST/ha dan 0,20 ST/ha.Keywords: cover crops, oil palm plantation, forage, ruminant, dry season, Pelalawan

scholarly journals Species diversity of pteridophytes in oil palm plantations at Segamat, Johor

2021 ◽  
Vol 756 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
N Saharizan ◽  
M F A Karim ◽  
N H Madzri ◽  
N A Fikri ◽  
N S Adnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Oil Palm

The state of soil microbiotes during sunflower growing with an herbicide of imidazolinone group

Helia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Kostyuchenko ◽  
Viktor Lyakh ◽  
Anatoliy Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
General Trend ◽  
The State ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Abstract The effects of various concentrations of herbicide Euro-Lightning Plus on the state of microbiota in the root zone of sunflower have been studied. Soil of plant rhizosphere and interrow soil after treatment with the herbicide at the doses of 1.2 and 2.5 l/ha were taken for the analysis at the end of sunflower growing season. Rhizosphere soil without herbicide application was used as a control. The herbicide was applied at the stage of 2–4 true leaves. The total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere of control plants was 12.82 million CFU/g of soil while in the rhizosphere and in the interrow soil after herbicide treatment with a dose of 2.5 l/ha it decreased by 1.4–1.5 times. A general trend of decline in number of the basic ecological and trophic groups of bacterial microorganisms with the increase in a dose of herbicide was established. Microbiological coefficients that reflect the functional activity of the microflora indicate changes in its biological activity under the influence of the herbicide Euro-Lightning Plus, which leads to deterioration in the agroecological state of the studied soils. It was also found that herbicide application resulted in a rearrangement of micromycete complexes in the root zone of sunflower which led to a two-fold reduction, compared to the control, of mycobiota species diversity and the formation of a specific species composition of mycocenoses. A greater genus and species diversity of fungi of the microflora in the rhizosphere of control plants, in comparison with the herbicide-treated soil, was revealed. A reduction in species diversity of the genus Penicillium from six species in the control to 1–2 species in the rhizosphere of experimental sunflower plants as well as the absence of rare saprophytic fungi species from the genera Acremonium, Verticillium, Trichoderma and Paecilomyces were noted.

STUDY REGARDING THE APHIDOFAGOUS FAUNA STRUCTURE IN THE PEACH ORCHARDS FROM CONSTANTA COUNTY IN 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Andrei Chiriloaie-Palade ◽  
Mădălina Radulea ◽  
Gheorghe Lămureanu ◽  
Ștefan Ion Mocanu ◽  
Maria Iamandei
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Management System ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Predatory Insect ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Aphid Populations

"The cosmopolitan aphid species Myzus persicae is a key pest of peach orchards in south and southeastern Romania. The phenomenon of resistance induced by the intensive use of insecticides is a matter of concern for farmers and protectionists, making necessary integrated measure for the control of this pest. Conservation of natural enemy’s populations is an essential component of any management system proposed for pest aphids. The aim of the study was to determine the structure of predatory insects associated with Myzus persicae populations in peach orchards. The research was carried out in three orchards from two localities from Constanta County, in peach plantations with Springcrest variety aged 7, 11 and 12 years. As a result of this study, there were determined a total of 15 predatory insect species belonging to eight systematic families: Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Syrphydae, Cecidomyiidae, Panorpidae, Nabidae and Forficulidae, which naturally contribute to the reduction of the green peach aphid populations. "

scholarly journals Effects of composted oil palm bunch wastes and chemical fertilizer on growth of oil palm seedling under water stress condition

Agro-Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
S Ovie ◽  
GU Nnaji ◽  
PO Oviasogie ◽  
PE Osayande ◽  
P Irhemu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Palm Bunch

scholarly journals Pupuk organo-kimia untuk pemupukan bibit kelapa sawit Organo-chemical fertilizer for oil palm seedling fertilization

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laksmita Prima SANTI ◽  
Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Consistent Support

SummaryThe availability of high quality and quantity of oil palm seedling needs consistent support of fertilization programs for economic production.  Organo-chemical fertilizer with rock phosphate and urea added was initiated to increased economic value of agriculture and estate crops residues. The prototype of organo-chemical fertilizer has 10% organic C, 11% N, 8% P, 1% K and 4% humic acid respectively. Based on greenhouse experiments, organo-chemical fertilizer treated to oil palm seedlings tends to provide a better vegetative growth of the seedlings.  Dry weights of leave, stem, and root of the seedlings applied with 100 g organo-chemical  fertilizer plus 10 g KCl to each seedling were significantly different compared to the standard dosage conventional fertilizer. This organo-chemical fertilizer could be applied as conventional fertilizer substitute.Ringkasan        Ketersediaan bibit kelapa sawit ber-kualitas dengan kuantitas yang terus meningkat memerlukan dukungan program pemupukan yang konsisten untuk mencapai tingkat produksi yang ekonomis.  Pembuatan pupuk organo-kimia dengan penambahan  batuan fosfat dan N ditujukan untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomi limbah pertanian dan perkebunan.  Prototipe pupuk organo-kimia ini mengandung 10% C-organik, 11% N, 8% P, 1% K dan 4% asam humik.  Pemberian 100 g pupuk organo-kimia yang ditambah 10 g KCl per bibit menghasilkan berat kering daun, batang, dan akar yang lebih baik dan berbeda nyata apabila dibandingkan dengan peng-gunaan pupuk konvensional dosis standar.  Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, prototipe pupuk organo-kimia ini dapat digunakan sebagai substitusi pupuk konvensional untuk pemupuk-an bibit kelapa sawit.    

scholarly journals Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Herlinda ◽  
Ghanni Prabawati ◽  
Yulia Pujiastuti ◽  
Susilawati Susilawati ◽  
Tili Karenina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Synthetic Insecticide ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Freshwater Swamp ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
Predatory Arthropods

Abstract. Herlinda S, Prabawati G, Pujiastuti Y, Susilawati, Karenia T, Hasbi, Irsan C. 2020. Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin. Biodiversitas 21: 3755-3768. Herbivore insect population and predatory arthropods in rice field may be effected by the application entomopathogenic fungi or synthetic insecticide. The objective of this research was to analyze individual quantity of herbivore insects and predatory arthropod inhabiting freshwater swamp rice fields treated with bioinsecticides and abamectin (commercial insecticide). This research was conducted in the freshwater swamp rice field located in Village Pelabuhan Dalam, Sub District Pemulutan, District Ogan Ilir, and South Sumatra. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design consisted of four plots of treatment. The research used the bioinsecticides made from entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Cordyceps military), and abamectin. Sampling to collect arthropods inhabiting rice canopy was also conducted using an entomological net in the study locations. This research found 12 families of herbivore insects with 22 species dominated by Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa acuta and 32 species of spider belonged to eight families dominated by Tetragnatha virescens and Oxyopes matiensis. The species diversity of spider was higher in the plots of the bioinsecticide compared to that of the abamectin. Predatory insects found belonged to 14 species belonged to eight families dominated by species of Ophionea nigrofasciata, Verania discolor, and Paedorus fuscipe. The abundance of predatory insects in plots sprayed with the bioinsecticides was higher compared to that of the abamectin plot. The abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropod sprayed with bioinsecticide of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and C. militaris did not decrease, while the population of herbivore insect tended to decrease.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Insect Diversity in Selected Locations within Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1249-1255
Author(s):  
O.A. Aina-Oduntan ◽  
Q.A. Onilude ◽  
J.A. George-Onaho ◽  
A.I. Woghiren ◽  
O.R. Jeminiwa
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Forestry Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria ◽  
Research Institute

With the increase in the rate of tree removal and construction of buildings within the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria premises, there has been concomitant rise in habitat modification. These changes in habitat composition affect the insect population. This study therefore investigated the insect species diversity and abundance within some selected locations within FRIN with the view to determining different insect species available in FRIN premises. Sweep nets were used to trap the insects along a predetermined line transect. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Paleontological Statistics were used for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and species diversity and composition were all assessed. A total number of 1073 individual insects belonging to 6 orders, 27 families and 34 species were recorded across the three locations. Out of this, Order Lepidoptera had the highest relative abundance (53%), followed by Coleoptera (22%), then by Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera and Diptera with 10%, 9%, 4% and 2% relative abundance respectively. The result of ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference in species composition/richness across the locations at probability level of 5%. The insect species diversity, evenness and richness also varied across the locations. This study therefore, brings to the fore the diversity and abundance of insects within FRIN premises and highlighted the need for a more intensive study by the entomology section and for sustainable actions to be taken in conserving beneficial rare species while, managing the abundant pestiferous ones.

scholarly journals Timing of Glyphosate Applications to Wheat Cover Crops to Reduce Onion Stunting Caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1474-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipak Sharma-Poudyal ◽  
Timothy C. Paulitz ◽  
Lindsey J. du Toit
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Onion Bulb ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Dna Concentration ◽  
Green Bridge ◽  
Bulb Crops

Stunting caused by Rhizoctonia spp. is economically important in irrigated onion bulb crops in the semiarid Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington, where cereal winter cover crops commonly are planted the previous fall to prevent wind erosion of soil. The cover crop is killed with herbicide application just before or shortly after onion seeding, so that the dead rows of cereal plants provide a physical barrier tall enough to protect onion seedlings against wind and sand blasting but not tall enough to shade onion seedlings. However, the cover crop also serves as a green bridge for Rhizoctonia spp. on cereal roots to colonize the onion roots, potentially resulting in severe stunting of onion seedlings. To determine the effect of timing of application of the herbicide glyphosate to reduce this green bridge effect and, subsequently, onion stunting, three herbicide application intervals preceding onion planting were evaluated in a grower’s onion field in each of 2012 and 2014 in the Columbia Basin. The wheat cover crop was killed with a glyphosate application 27, 17, and 3 days before onion seeding in 2012 and 19, 10, and 3 days before seeding in 2014. As the interval between herbicide application and onion planting increased from 3 days to 19 and 27 days, the number of patches of stunted onion plants decreased by ≥55%, total area of stunted patches decreased by 54 to 63%, and patch severity index decreased by 59 to 65%. Similarly, the Rhizoctonia solani AG 8 DNA concentration in soil sampled from the dead cover crop rows declined as the interval between glyphosate application and onion seeding increased in the 2012 trial but not in the 2014 trial. R. solani AG 3 and AG 8 DNA concentrations in soil sampled from the cover crop rows were significantly positively correlated with the number of patches of stunted onion plants (r = 0.490 and 0.607 at P = 0.039 and 0.008, respectively), total area of stunted patches (r = 0.496 and 0.659 at P = 0.035 and 0.003, respectively), and patch severity index (r = 0.492 and 0.635 at P = 0.038 and 0.005, respectively) in the 2012 trial; however, these variables were only correlated significantly with R. solani AG 3 DNA concentration in the 2014 trial. Increasing the interval between herbicide application to the cover crop and onion planting provides a practical management tool for stunting in onion bulb crops.

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