Electrolytic production of aluminium. Review. Part 2. Development prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
E. S. Gorlanov ◽  
◽  
R. Kawalla ◽  
A. A. Polyakov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Inert Electrode ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Development Prospects ◽  
Pilot Tests

This paper looks at the evolution and the current status of inert electrodes. It also describes attempts to design new-generation aluminium cells with wettable cathodes and vertical electrodes. Numerous laboratory studies and pilot tests demonstrate that aluminium cells equipped with inert electrodes are environmentally safe and can deliver a breakthrough technology enabling to bring the power consumption down below 10 kWt·h/kg Al and at the same time increase the production even in the limited capacity of the electrolytic bath. There exists a number of projects aimed at commercializing the inert electrode technology. And despite the apparent loss of interest in this technology on the part of researchers and aluminium producers, relevant pilot tests are scheduled for 2024. A number of alternative innovative power saving cryolite-alumina bath techniques are being discussed, which should allow to get close to the theoretical level of power consumption and provide a dramatic boost in the cell capacity. The paper examines potential application of thermoelectric generators to reduce heat losses, the use of minimum anode-to-cathode distance and vertical nonwettable electrodes, and a transition to 3D electrodeposition of aluminium with cathode polarization.

DECONTAMINATION OF VETERINARY SURVEILLANCE OBJECTS BY NEW GENERATION MEDICINE

1970 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
М. S. Saypullaev ◽  
А. U. Koychuev ◽  
Т. B. Mirzoeva
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
New Generation ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

The successful conduct of disinfection measures largely depends on the availability of veterinary practice a highly efficient, environmentally safe disinfectants. In this regard, finding new highly efficient disinfectant remains relevant. Studies found that the "Polied" (OOO "Razvitie XXI Vek, Russia) can be attributed to the highly efficient and environmentally friendly means. Solutions "Polied" have a high disinfectant activity against smooth and rough surfaces in the laboratory against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria and spores of microorganisms. Studies have established that solutions should be "Polied" obezzarajivatmi E. coli (EA 1257) concentrations of 0.1% on smooth surfaces and Staphylococcus aureus concentration of 0.05% in 1 hour from the calculation of 0.25-0.3 litres/m2. Disinfection of rough test surfaces against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus occurred after treatment with 0,3% solution of 3-hour exposure, at a rate of 0.5 l/m2. It was also found that 1.0% solution "Polied" fully obezzarazhivatel test the surface of mycobacteria (PCs-5) and at double the 0.6% concentration for 24 hours. Disinfection of rough test surfaces contaminated with spores of B. cereus (PCs 96) was achieved with a 4.0% solution at twice the irrigation rate of 0.5 l/m2 at an exposure of 24 hours. Toxicity solutions of the drug "Polied" refer to "moderate" threat (hazard class 3) and low-hazard substances (4 hazard class) when applied to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, and inhalation exposure on the respiratory system.

scholarly journals Toward Green Sensor Field by Optimizing Power Efficiency Using D-Policy M/G/1 Queuing Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuu-Cheng Jiang ◽  
Hsiang-Wei Wu ◽  
Fang-Yi Leu ◽  
Chao-Tung Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Sensor Field

Power efficiency is a crucially important issue in the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor networks (ZSNs) for majority of sensor nodes equipped with non-rechargeable batteries. To increase the lifetime of sensor networks, each node must optimize power consumption as possible. Among open literatures, much research works have focused on how to optimally increase the probability of sleeping states using multifarious wake-up strategies. Making things different, in this article, we propose a novel optimization framework for alleviating power consumption of sensor node with the D-policy M/G/1 queuing approach. Toward green sensor field, the proposed power-saving technique can be applied to prolong the lifetime of ZSN economically and effectively. For the proposed data aggregation model, mathematical framework on performance measures has been formulated. Data simulation using MATLAB tool has been conducted for exploring the feasibility of the proposed approach. And also we analyze the average traffic load per node for tree-based ZSN. Focusing on ZigBee routers deployed at the innermost shell of ZSN, network simulation results validate that the proposed approach indeed provides a feasibly cost-effective approach for prolonging lifetime of ZSNs.

APPROACHES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOR AUTOMATED DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF ONBOARD NETWORKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (30) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
V. L. Olenev ◽  
◽  
A. V. Shakhomirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Aerospace Industry ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
New Generation ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Board Networks ◽  
Development Prospects

The article presents an analysis of the development prospects for the aerospace industry in relation to on-board systems and new-generation networks. It also presents the approaches for developing the SANDS software, intended for computer-aided design and simulation of on-board networks. Various approaches are described that will allow the existing software product to be refined and updated to meet new industry demands.

Optimizing Power Consumption for the Wireless Sensor Node

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Wireless Sensor Node ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Saving Effect

A Wireless Sensor Network is composed of sensor nodes powered by batteries. Thus, power consumption is the major challenge. In spite of so many research works discussing this issue from the aspects of network optimization and system design, so far not so many focus on optimizing power consumption of the Radio Frequency device, which consumes most of the energy. This paper describes the digital features of the Radio Frequency device used to optimize current consumption, and presents a practical approach to measure current consumption in static and dynamic scenarios in details, by which we evaluates the power saving effect. The results demonstrated that according to cycle times and application characteristics choosing appropriate features can prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor nodes.

Limitations on locomotor performance in squid

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. O'Dor
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Flow Power ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

An empirical equation relating O2 consumption (power input) to pressure production during jet-propelled swimming in the squid (Illex illecebrosus) is compared with hydrodynamic estimates of the pressure-flow power output also calculated from pressure data. Resulting estimates of efficiency and stress indicate that the circularly arranged obliquely striated muscles in squid mantle produce maximum tensions about half those of vertebrate cross-striated muscle, that "anaerobic" fibers contribute to aerobic swimming, and that peak pressure production requires an instantaneous power output higher than is thought possible for muscle. Radial muscles probably contribute additional energy via elastic storage in circular collagen fibers. Although higher rates of aerobic power consumption are only found in terrestrial animals at much higher temperatures, the constraint on squid performance is circulation, not ventilation. Anaerobic power consumption is also among the highest ever measured, but the division of labor between "aerobic" and "anaerobic" fibers suggests a system designed to optimize the limited capacity of the circulation.

scholarly journals Power Saving Proxies for Web Servers

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Karl J O’Dwyer ◽  
Eoin Creedon ◽  
Mark Purcell ◽  
David Malone
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Web Servers ◽  
Small Energy ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Data Centre ◽  
Energy Footprint

Abstract Electricity is a major cost in running a data centre, and servers are responsible for a significant percentage of the power consumption. Given the widespread use of HTTP, both as a service and a component of other services, it is worthwhile reducing the power consumption of web servers. In this paper we consider how reverse proxies, commonly used to improve the performance of web servers, might be used to improve energy efficiency. We suggest that when demand on a server is low, it may be possible to switch off servers. In their absence, an embedded system with a small energy footprint could act as a reverse proxy serving commonly-requested content. When new content is required, the reverse proxy can power on the servers to meet this new load. Our results indicate that even with a modest server, we can get a 25% power saving while maintaining acceptable performance.

Current Status of Manpower Needs for Management of Cerebrovascular Disease

Neurosurgery ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. S3-261-S3-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Zipfel ◽  
Colin P. Derdeyn ◽  
Ralph G. Dacey
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease ◽  
Manpower Needs ◽  
New Generation ◽  
And Training

Abstract THE CEREBROVASCULAR DISCIPLINE has undergone dramatic changes in recent years. The advent, development, and now widespread application of endovascular therapy for various cerebrovascular diseases has been the predominant influence behind many of these changes, but other factors (some scientific, others less so) have also contributed significantly. As our discipline evolves, it is critical to periodically examine how such changes have altered our manner of practice and to determine what impact such changes might have on manpower allocation and training for the future. This article is our attempt at providing such an assessment. First, we will critically review recent trends within the fields of intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, carotid atherosclerotic occlusive disease, and ischemic stroke and how these trends have impacted our profession. Thereafter, we will provide a perspective on what the cerebrovascular manpower needs of the future might be and by whom these needs will be met. Finally, we will examine how the new generation of cerebrovascular specialists, including neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, and some neurologists, will attain their requisite surgical or endovascular training and attempt to determine which careers, pathways, and opportunities will be available to these individuals in the future.

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