Comparative analysis of modern methods of production of Al – Zr ligatures

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
A. A. Filatov ◽  
A. V. Suzdaltsev ◽  
Yu. P. Zaikov
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Zirconium Content ◽  
Fluoride Melts ◽  
Master Alloys ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators ◽  
Kinetics Of

A brief overview of modern industrial and experimental methods for the synthesis of aluminozirconium ligatures is performed. The basic regularities of the proceeding processes, and also properties of the obtained ligatures are considered, technical and economic indicators and prospects of development of the considered technologies are estimated. The comparative estimation of key parameters of the most promising technologies for industrial application is carried out, the influence of temperature, a mode of synthesis and a kind of initial raw materials on profitability of the process is estimated. Aluminothermic and electrolytic methods of ligature synthesis are considered in more detail, the views of other authors on the kinetics of ongoing processes are taken into account, and an overview of the influence of electrolyte composition and electrolysis mode on the structure and properties of produced alloys is presented. It has been shown that, depending on the method, in a wide temperature range (80 – 1000 oC), Al – Zr master alloy with a zirconium content up to 57 wt.% can be obtained. However, all existing methods for the production of Al – Zr master alloys have significant drawbacks, which lead to the relatively high cost of the master alloys, the presence of hazard waste and low production efficiency. It is concluded that along with the current methods of direct fusion of metals and aluminothermic synthesis, it is promising to obtain ligatures by electrolysis of oxide-fluoride melts KF – NaF – AlF3 using zirconium oxide as the main metalcontaining raw material. The results of experimental testing of a new method for obtaining Al – Zr master alloys via electrolysis of oxide-fluoride melts are presented. It has been established that the developed technology makes it possible to maximize the extraction of zirconium from the oxide, to continuously obtain master alloys with a high zirconium content, excluding the accumulation of unclaimed waste. The study was performed with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the research project No. 19-33-90144.

Research of drying kinetics of prepared wheat flour

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Khomichak ◽  
◽  
Inha Kuznietsova ◽  
Svetlana Vysotska ◽  
Sergiy Tkachenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Kinetic Dependence ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Kinetic Coefficients ◽  
Kinetics Of

Introduction. Processing of grain raw material with influence on starch or albumens by application of heat treatment creates the variety of functional properties of a product and is perspective in the modern terms vital functions of man. Research methods and methods. The flour obtained from wheat of the Ascanian wheat and from wheat of the soft varieties: Sophia ("sweet wheat"), Blond (soft) and Chornobrova (enriched with micro- and macronutrients) were used in the study. Thermal modification of flour samples was carried out in a convective manner. The control sample for determining the quality indicators is obtained in industrial conditions, extruded wheat flour produced by LLC "AS groups, LTD". Research results. The obtained kinetic dependence shows the gradual loss of moisture standards with different speed which accordingly influences on duration of drying. The moisture content of the drying agent most affects the intensity at the initial stage of the constant drying rate. With an increase in the moisture content of the coolant, the period of constant drying increases and the amount of evaporated moisture increases during this period. With the subsequent removal of moisture from raw materials, the degree of influence of this parameter on the intensity decreases. The nature of the drying curves is the same and the recommended process for obtaining modified flour is the process duration of 300 minutes or 5 hours. It was determined microscopically, that the samples of dried wheat flour have a purpose and are partially destroyed by starch granules and amorphization of biocomposite materials. Based on the data on the kinetics of drying flour samples, the kinetic coefficients and values of the critical moisture content for drying wheat flour were calculated, which is 1.18-1.30 %. It was determined that for the sensorial indicators the obtained samples have indicators characteristic of the varietal characteristics of wheat, from which the flour was taken. In terms of physical and chemical parameters, the modified wheat flour samples are not inferior to the well-known industrial sample of extruded flour. Conclusions. Use of flour, obtained from the wheat with different correlation of amilose and amylopectin, positively influences on a technological process and allows to extend the assortment of modified starch products, and accordingly, food products. Kinetics of the convective drying standards of the flour is investigated. Researches showed that a it is physically modified flour obtained from the different sorts of the soft wheat is not inferior in quality to the extruded wheat flour.

ECONOMIC PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF OPTIMAL SUGAR MILLS RAW ZONES OF THE OREL REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (86) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
E.Yu. Kalinicheva ◽  
◽  
M.N. Uvarova ◽  
L.N. Zhilina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Sugar Mills ◽  
Sown Area

The article justified the necessity of developing a strategy for the improvement of the sugar beet subcomplex of the region on the base of the determination of the close relationship between beet-growing farms, enterprises engaged in the delivery, processing and sale of manufactured products. According to the authors, the optimization of the raw material zone should include the principle of maximum loading of sugar mills, taking into account the raw materials produced in the region, optimizing transport costs for its delivery. The analysis of the sown area, productivity and gross yield of sugar beets gives us the idea that the region takes the tenth place among the largest producers of sugar beets. The yield and gross yield in 2019 in agricultural enterprises amounted to 459.6 centner / ha, 2231.9 thousand centner (an increase of 13.6% and 9.4% compared to the level of 2018).For P(F)E, the average increase is 40%, which corresponds to 481 centner / ha, 18.3 thousand tons. The average sugar content of beets during acceptance and processing ranges from 17.96 to 18.3%, the sugar yield is 15.63%, the sugar content in molasses is 1.68%, and the average daily productivity is 16.11 thousand ton / day, loss in production is 1.27%. The authors found that the production efficiency of the sugar beet industry is directly connected with the growth of labor productivity, the introduction of modern technologies, cost reduction, and thus, each farm has the opportunity to get additional profit. One of the main problems in the agricultural sector of the economy is the use of available resources to obtain the largest number of products. In our opinion, the production efficiency of sugar mills is closely interconnected with the constructed logistics routes for the transportation of raw materials with the exception of repeated shipments, the proportion of sugar beets in the sown area, and the reliability of suppliers. In our opinion, the efficiency of sugar mills production is in close connection with the built of the logistic routes for transportation of raw materials with the exception of repeated transportation, the specific weight of sugar beet in the structure of the sown area and the reliability ensuring of suppliers. The problem of the effective development of the sugar industry is relevant and priority in solving regional policies, the implementation of which will not only eliminate the emerging imbalances and reduce imports, but also support the domestic producer.

scholarly journals THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PENETRATION OF MICROELEMENTS OF A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT IN CRUCIAN MEAT BY VARIOUS METHODS OF SALTING

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Golovko ◽  
T. Golovko ◽  
A. Pak ◽  
L. Krykunenko
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chelate Complex ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Epr Signal ◽  
Kinetics Of

The expediency of improving the technological methods of processing unprofitable small fish and expanding the range of food products from them is substantiated. It is proposed to enrich the meat of freshwater fish with trace elements by adding to salt or brine during the salting of raw materials dietary supplements based on chelate complexes. The kinetics of penetration of micronutrients of a dietary supplement based on a chelate complex into the muscle tissue of crucian carp was studied by electronic paramagnetic resonance. The ambassador was held in three ways. According to the first dry method of salting, the fish was mixed with sodium chloride NaCl with the addition of a dietary supplement based on a chelate complex in the amount of 20… 25% and 0.1% by weight of raw materials, respectively. According to the second brine method, the fish was salted in brine, which was a solution of sodium chloride NaCl in the amount of 2 kg of salt per 1 kg of raw material. The amount of dietary supplement based on the chelate complex was 0.1% by weight of raw materials. According to the third method, the ambassador was carried out in brine with the same concentrations of sodium chloride and dietary supplements, but previously the fish raw materials were treated with ultrasound. Salting of fish was carried out for 6 days. The distribution of Mn ions in the plane (i, j) is investigated. The kinetics of the penetration of a microelement into the volume of crucian muscle tissue was studied by the EPR method. The kinetics of Mn2 + ion distribution in the studied muscle tissue samples and the tomogram of these surfaces were determined. The values of the area under the EPR spectra are normalized to the values of the area under the maximum EPR signal. For the maximum EPR signal for dry pickling, the signal from the liquid in which the raw material was during salting, and during the brine - the signal from the brine sample was selected. It is noted that the kinetics of penetration of the trace element is determined by the area of contact of the raw material with diffusing substances and the method of intensification of the internal transfer of these substances within the raw material. It was found that for brine and brine with pre-sonication, the amount of trace element in the depth of the crucian muscle tissue differs within the error. This indicates the homogeneity of the distribution of the trace element of the dietary supplement based on the chelate complex by such methods of salting.

Usefulness of Quartzites for the Production of Ferrosilicon

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kopeć ◽  
Roman Przeliorz
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Basic Criterion ◽  
Thermogravimetric Studies ◽  
Silica Reduction ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of quartzites most suitable for the production of ferrosilicon is realized by way of time-consuming industrial trials or laboratorial studies of, among others, the ability of the silica contained in quartzite to form silicon carbide with a selected reducer. Under industrial conditions, the basic criterion for the evaluation of the suitability of a raw material for the production of ferrosilicon are the technical and economic indicators of the process. Under laboratorial conditions, simple and reliable research methods are searched for, which would allow to determine the usefulness of quartzite in the process of carbon silica reduction. The article discusses comparative thermogravimetric studies as well as alternative investigations of the specific heat of three selected quartzites which fulfill the chemical composition criterion, used in the mixed charge as raw materials for ferrosilicon FeSi75 smelting.

scholarly journals Kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibratory boiling layer

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
S. T. Antipov ◽  
V. V. Toroptsev ◽  
A. N. Martekha ◽  
A. A. Berestovoy ◽  
I. S. Yurova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Specific Load ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Boiling Layer ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Kinetics Of

The analysis of the influence of the main factors on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibro-boiling layer is presented. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of the main technological parameters on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibrating boiling overflowing layer at atmospheric pressure. The main factors affecting the drying process were selected: the temperature of the drying agent supplied to the dryer, the speed of the drying agent, the vibration amplitude of the gas distribution shelves, the vibration frequency of the gas distribution shelves. The influence of temperature and air velocity on the drying process of raw materials, the influence of the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the gas distribution grid on the kinetics of the drying process of the fermented product, as well as the influence of the specific load of the product on the process of moisture removal are shown An analysis of the curves shows that with an increase in the amplitude of the oscillation, it reduces the drying time, and an increase in the frequency of oscillation of the shelves contributes to a decrease in the drying time. In this case, a uniform increase in the drying intensity is observed over the entire range of the amplitudes considered. An increase in the oscillation frequency of the gas distribution grid also helps to reduce the duration of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials. It should be noted that the amplitude of the oscillations more strongly affects the decrease in the drying time of the raw material than the frequency Thus, we concluded that in the intervals under study the changes in the amplitude and frequency of vibrations of perforated shelves on the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials are more strongly affected by the amplitude of vibrations. In addition, when choosing vibration parameters, the specific load of the material on the grate and its initial humidity should be taken into account..

scholarly journals Efficiency of Cassava Production in China: Empirical Analysis of Field Surveys from Six Provinces

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailing Fu ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Yi Pan
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Current Output ◽  
Cassava Production

Cassava is becoming increasingly important as an industrial raw material in China. However, an insufficient supply of cassava raw materials and the expanding demand for cassava in downstream-processing industries restricts the development of the cassava industry in China. This paper studies how to increase the scale of cassava planting and promoting cassava production efficiency using output-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) modeling. Overall Technical Efficiency (OTE), Pure Technical Efficiency (PTE), and Scale Efficiencies (SE) of the cassava-production system in the major cassava production areas of China are calculated using Variable Returns to Scale (VRS). Results reveal that, in addition to the Guangdong province, the OTE of Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Yunnan, and Jiangxi is inefficient, with an OTE of less than 1. The largest cassava-planting province, Guangxi, has the lowest SE with 0.551. The PTE of Guangxi is close to the minimum with 0.344. The OTE of Guangxi is also the lowest among the five provinces with 0.190. This study also presents ways to improve production efficiency. Results reveal that Guangxi has a large ratio of transverse adjustment on average. In the Guangxi province, 1.70% of the service cost and 1.72% of the labor cost need to be eliminated to keep the current output scale. Meanwhile, service and labor costs need to be reduced by 3164.85 and 3209.92, respectively, to achieve the best production efficiency. Further industrialization and large-scale cassava cultivation, increased yield, and strengthened cooperation with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Africa are suggested as policy options to improve the cassava system in China.

scholarly journals KINETICS OF GRINDING OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS DURING ELECTRIC DISCHARGE EXTRACTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Valery T. Kazub ◽  
Maria K. Kosheleva ◽  
Stanislav P. Rudobashta
Keyword(s):  
Electric Discharge ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Perforated Plate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Filtration Time ◽  
Extraction Chamber ◽  
Kinetics Of

The influence of the degree of grinding of the particles of growing raw materials during electric discharge extraction on the quality of the obtained extracts was studied. Each discharge during electro-discharge extraction contributes to the grinding of a part of the raw material, which is confirmed by granulometric analysis. The particle size of the raw material should be controlled, since excessive grinding of the extracts results in cloudy, difficult to clarify and poorly filtered. The design of the extraction chamber is proposed, in which the grounded electrode is made in the form of a perforated plate, called a false bottom, with the optimal size of the holes and their density, which eliminates the over-grinding of the raw material particles, which leads to the production of turbid and difficult-to-filter extracts. Since the extraction of raw materials is carried out at a certain ratio of solid-liquid phases, the volume of the chamber from the sieve to the bottom does not significantly affect the kinetics of the extraction process itself, since it is intended for collecting the smallest particles of processed raw materials, the mass of which does not exceed 15-16% of the loaded mass of raw materials. The device of the extraction chamber, due to the high turbulence and intensive mixing of the suspension under the action of cavitation and shock waves initiated by the discharge in the liquid, allows you to remove small particles of raw materials less than 1 mm in size from the working area of the chamber. The results of the study show that the extraction of target components from various raw materials using a chamber with a false bottom can significantly reduce the content of the smallest particles of raw materials in the extract. It facilitates the filtration of the extract, reduces the filtration time, significantly reduces the likelihood of turbidity of the solution due to suspension, which improves the quality of the extract. Experimental studies of the developed electric discharge chamber with a false bottom, conducted with various types of plant raw materials, confirm the effectiveness of extraction in the chamber of the proposed design.

Role of alkanolamines in ordinary and alternative cement systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovico Mascarin ◽  
Luca Valentini ◽  
Maria Chiara Dalconi ◽  
Enrico Garbin ◽  
Gilberto Artioli
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Hydration Kinetics ◽  
Calcium Complexes ◽  
Kinetics Of

<p>Ordinary cement resulting from the reaction of a calcium aluminosilicate-rich powder plus water works as binding matrix in modern concrete. The design of alternative binders is currently a global challenge in order to reduce the environmental footprint associated to the ordinary cement production. Alkali-activated calcined clay materials (AAccMs) represent a class of sustainable binders made of the blending of a concentrated alkaline solution and a solid fraction with thermally treated phyllosilicates. Metakaolin produced by the heat treatment at temperatures between 550-900°C of kaolinite, has long fascinated the scientific community for its high reactivity at high-pH stage. However, the higher costs of commercial metakaolin push towards the use of locally available low-purity kaolinitic soils, such as laterite covers, as potential raw materials to produce low-CO<sub>2</sub> cements with the benefit of reducing the cost of feedstock transportation.</p><p>The work is focused on the role of triethanolamine (TEA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) on the reaction kinetics of ordinary cement pastes and AAccMs, the latter with different aluminosilicate reactive fraction and degree of purity. TEA and TIPA are tertiary alkanolamines with a developed molecular structure. It has been assessed that low equal dosages of alkanolamines introduced in advance to the mixing water for cement hydration can act on the setting time and the degree of cement reaction. These chemical compounds, and above all TIPA, are recognized as iron-chelating agents that can increase the dissolution rate of ferric ions from the ferroaluminate phase of cement and promote their complexation. Moreover, alkanolamines can also form water-soluble calcium-complexes that may influence the hydration kinetics of calcium-silicate phases and the precipitation of hydrates in the binder microstructure.</p><p>The raw and the reacted materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the kinetic pathways are followed with the aid of a semi-adiabatic calorimetry. The dissolution-precipitation steps of hydration in aqueous and alkaline solutions are subsequently simulated. Ordinary cement is used to clarify the role of alkanolamines as hardening accelerators. Afterwards, the kinetics of alkali-based pastes of high-purity metakaolin and a Fe-rich laterite, both blended with waste marble powder, are compared with the aim of assessing the formation of calcium-complexes in solution and any change in the kinetics due to the presence of iron in the raw material. Mechanical strength tests are performed to make clear the beneficial or detrimental effect of TEA and TIPA on the materials.</p>

Integrated Automation System for Weighing and Blending Process Based on DCS

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangchen Ku ◽  
Wei Ma ◽  
Ling Ling ◽  
Jishun Li
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Blending Process

Weighing and blending process is an important step of industrial and agricultural production. Traditionally, the simplest way of weighing and blending is to weigh the variety of raw materials manually and mix them together. There are some disadvantages of this method, such as measuring inaccurate, low productivity and labor-intensive. The comparatively advanced method is making use of the computer control technology to realize automatic weighing and blending according to predetermined formula. According to the production characteristics and technological requirements of a certain chemical product, an integrated control system of weighing and blending for liquid raw material based on DCS (Distributed Control System) is developed in this paper. The system is composed of IPC (Industrial Personal Computer), ADAM data acquisition modules, weighing sensor and execution unit. The 485 bus is adopted to transmit data between the different equipments. With the support of SQL Server 2000, the process control and production management of weighing and blending are realized with C++ builder 6.0. The integrated system can be divided into three subsystems, namely, the process control subsystem, the production monitoring subsystem and the production information management subsystem. The application result indicates that this system improves the production efficiency and stabilizes the production process.

scholarly journals The transition to the production of non-bentonite highly basic iron ore pellets on a flux bond is a real solution to the complex problems of raw material preparation and the blast furnace process

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
Zh.V. Svyrydenko ◽  
M.V. Yagolnik ◽  
V.M. Zakharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Blast Furnaces ◽  
Iron Ore Pellets ◽  
Ore Pellets ◽  
Output Increase ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators

Purpose. Show the possibility of producing bentonitic iron ore pellets with basicity of 0.6-1.2 on a flux bond. Methodology. Testing the properties of the flux binder in the production of pellets at different stages of technology. Analysis of the properties of the obtained pellets and technical and economic indicators of the operation of the firing conveyor machine during the periods of pellet production using bentonite clay and using a flux bond. Results. The advantages of the flux ligament compared to the bentonite are shown. The characteristics of the experimental pellets are given and the economic efficiency of using this technology is proved (bentonite output, increase in iron content, as well as the productivity of roasting machines up to 10%). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the formation mechanism and the rate of hydration of the flux bond as well as the time of formation of the colloidal binder solution have been clarified. A method of preparing a binder flux has been developed, which allows taking into account all the features of the raw materials and the existing products in the agglomeration factories. The practical significance lies in the possibility of introducing a technology for the production of pellets on a flux bundle in the conditions of any mining plant, which allows: to get rid of the use of bentonite clay, to increase the productivity of kiln machines, to reduce the consumption of limestone and coke in blast furnaces, to increase the productivity of blast furnaces. Il 3. Tab. 3. Bibliogr .: 3 titles. Keywords: non-bentonitic pellets, flux binder, efficiency.

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