scholarly journals Kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibratory boiling layer

Author(s):  
S. T. Antipov ◽  
V. V. Toroptsev ◽  
A. N. Martekha ◽  
A. A. Berestovoy ◽  
I. S. Yurova

The analysis of the influence of the main factors on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibro-boiling layer is presented. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of the main technological parameters on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibrating boiling overflowing layer at atmospheric pressure. The main factors affecting the drying process were selected: the temperature of the drying agent supplied to the dryer, the speed of the drying agent, the vibration amplitude of the gas distribution shelves, the vibration frequency of the gas distribution shelves. The influence of temperature and air velocity on the drying process of raw materials, the influence of the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the gas distribution grid on the kinetics of the drying process of the fermented product, as well as the influence of the specific load of the product on the process of moisture removal are shown An analysis of the curves shows that with an increase in the amplitude of the oscillation, it reduces the drying time, and an increase in the frequency of oscillation of the shelves contributes to a decrease in the drying time. In this case, a uniform increase in the drying intensity is observed over the entire range of the amplitudes considered. An increase in the oscillation frequency of the gas distribution grid also helps to reduce the duration of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials. It should be noted that the amplitude of the oscillations more strongly affects the decrease in the drying time of the raw material than the frequency Thus, we concluded that in the intervals under study the changes in the amplitude and frequency of vibrations of perforated shelves on the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials are more strongly affected by the amplitude of vibrations. In addition, when choosing vibration parameters, the specific load of the material on the grate and its initial humidity should be taken into account..

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Elena Verboloz ◽  
Marina Ivanova ◽  
Vera Demchenko ◽  
Sergey Fartukov ◽  
Nikita Evona

Introduction. Rose hips are rich in macro- and micronutrients. Unfortunately, heat treatment destroys most nutrients. Ultrasonic technologies make it possible to reduce the drying time and lower the temperature regime. The research objective was to adjust ultrasound technology to rose hip production in order to reduce the loss of vitamins and improve the quality indicators of the dried product. Study objects and methods. The research featured rose hips of the Rosa canina species collected in the south of Kazakhstan. This subspecies of wild rose is poor in vitamin C. Nevertheless, this shrub is extremely common in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The raw material was dried according to standard methods. One group of samples was treated with ultrasound, while the other served as control. Both groups underwent a sensory evaluation and were tested for moisture and vitamin C. Results and discussion. The rose hips were dried in a combination steam oven with a built-in ultrasonic wave generator. The research revealed the following optimal parameters of the ultrasound drying process: frequency of ultrasonic vibrations – 22 kHz, processing time – 2.5 h, temperature in the combination steam oven – +56°C, initial moisture content – 30%. The resulting product met the requirements of State Standard. The loss of moisture was 57%. According to State Standard 1994-93, the initial moisture content should be 15% or less. Time decreased from 360 min to 160 min, and the initial moisture was 13%. The experiment confirmed the initial hypothesis that ultrasonic treatment improves the drying process by improving quality indicators and preserving vitamin C in raw materials using. Conclusion. Ultrasound treatment during moisture removal from rose hips provides a resource-saving technology that fulfills an economically and socially important function.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Khomichak ◽  
◽  
Inha Kuznietsova ◽  
Svetlana Vysotska ◽  
Sergiy Tkachenko ◽  
...  

Introduction. Processing of grain raw material with influence on starch or albumens by application of heat treatment creates the variety of functional properties of a product and is perspective in the modern terms vital functions of man. Research methods and methods. The flour obtained from wheat of the Ascanian wheat and from wheat of the soft varieties: Sophia ("sweet wheat"), Blond (soft) and Chornobrova (enriched with micro- and macronutrients) were used in the study. Thermal modification of flour samples was carried out in a convective manner. The control sample for determining the quality indicators is obtained in industrial conditions, extruded wheat flour produced by LLC "AS groups, LTD". Research results. The obtained kinetic dependence shows the gradual loss of moisture standards with different speed which accordingly influences on duration of drying. The moisture content of the drying agent most affects the intensity at the initial stage of the constant drying rate. With an increase in the moisture content of the coolant, the period of constant drying increases and the amount of evaporated moisture increases during this period. With the subsequent removal of moisture from raw materials, the degree of influence of this parameter on the intensity decreases. The nature of the drying curves is the same and the recommended process for obtaining modified flour is the process duration of 300 minutes or 5 hours. It was determined microscopically, that the samples of dried wheat flour have a purpose and are partially destroyed by starch granules and amorphization of biocomposite materials. Based on the data on the kinetics of drying flour samples, the kinetic coefficients and values of the critical moisture content for drying wheat flour were calculated, which is 1.18-1.30 %. It was determined that for the sensorial indicators the obtained samples have indicators characteristic of the varietal characteristics of wheat, from which the flour was taken. In terms of physical and chemical parameters, the modified wheat flour samples are not inferior to the well-known industrial sample of extruded flour. Conclusions. Use of flour, obtained from the wheat with different correlation of amilose and amylopectin, positively influences on a technological process and allows to extend the assortment of modified starch products, and accordingly, food products. Kinetics of the convective drying standards of the flour is investigated. Researches showed that a it is physically modified flour obtained from the different sorts of the soft wheat is not inferior in quality to the extruded wheat flour.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
E. Е. Ulyanchenko ◽  
N. N. Vinevskaya

Cultivation and use of Virginia 202 broadleaf skeletal variety for the production of smoking tobacco has broad prospects. Problems of post-harvest processing of large leaves with a massive midrib consist in high energy costs with an artificial drying method or the provision of facilities for long-term natural drying. The aim of the research is to apply physical method of cutting the leaf midrib to intensify drying and to determine the effect of this technique on the quality indicators of raw materials. It has been found that the technique of cutting the midrib on the Virginia 202 variety contributes to a significant optimization of the drying process without reducing the quality of raw materials. The drying time of leaves with the combined method is reduced by 2,8 times, with the natural method – by 2,3 times, and the quality indicators of raw materials improve. Commercial quality is characterized by the yield of 1 commercial grade, for combined drying the yield of 1 grade has increased in comparison with the control sample by 27% and amounted to 86,5%, with natural drying – the increase in yield is 4%. Cutting the midrib increases the fiber yield by 3–5% and contributes to an increase in the volumetric-elastic properties of the fiber, providing an economical consumption of raw materials for the production of smoking articles, the consumption is 676,8–753,8 g/1000 pcs. The gustatory quality improves, raw materials with a cut midrib have optimal values of the ratio of carbohydrate-protein balance in the range of 1,08–1,5, the strength is preserved due to the lower consumption of nicotine during the shorter drying period, in comparison with drying the leaf without cutting the midrib. Cutting the midrib in Virginia 202 is cost effective.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Yubao Niu ◽  
Shiyu Wei ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Yongzhen Zang ◽  
Yuxue Cao ◽  
...  

The purpose of this research is to investigate the kinetics of nutrient quality (Vitamin C (Vc), reducing sugar and total acidity) change of winter jujube slices that under different drying temperatures (55, 60, 65 and 70?) and different air velocities (3, 6 and 9m/s) during the air-impingement drying process. Results showed that the content of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity decreased with increasing drying time. Furthermore, analysis of variances indicated that the drying temperature, air velocity and time had a significant effect on the loss of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity (p<0.05). Zero order, first order and Weibull models were used to fit the experimental data, Weibull model was considered as the most suitable one to the degradation kinetics of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity in dried samples at different temperatures and air velocities. According to the Arrhenius formula, the activation energy of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity degradation kinetics were 63.78 kJ/mol, 36.48 kJ/mol and 153.51 kJ/mol, respectively. This research can provide some references for enhancing dried products quality in the jujube drying industry.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Zhanna Petrova ◽  
◽  
Kateryna Samoilenko ◽  
Vitaly Vishnevsky

Red beetroot is the main raw material which has a high content of betanine with antioxidant properties. An important emphasis in the processing of antioxidant raw materials by drying is to reduce energy consumption for the dehydration process, the maximum preservation of biologically active substances, and to reduce the cost of the final product. Drying is a complex and energy-intensive process. Therefore, to optimize energy consumption during drying and selection of rational modes of dehydration, it is necessary to apply the calculated analysis of heat and mass transfer on the basis of adequate mathematical models. Calculated and experimental results are compared. In general, the comparison of the results of numerical modeling of convection drying processes of the red beetroot sample with the experimental results showed their rather satisfactory qualitative agreement. The calculation model can be used to approximate the characteristics of the drying process of red beetroot, in particular the time required for drying. The obtained results of calorimetric studies allow stating that with correctly selected compositions, not only the components of native raw materials are stabilized, but also the drying process is intensified with the reduction of energy consumption to process.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBIHA REHMAN ◽  
SEEMIN RUBAB

Abstract The paper presents a kinetic study of solar dried mint (Mentha spicata L.) without any pre-treatment. Mint grows effortlessly in Kashmir valley but is not obtainable throughout the year because of inconsiderate weather conditions. The genus belongs to the Labiatae family and includes large varieties with different properties. A significant quality parameter is its colour. The drying kinetics of mint leaves dried in Domestic Solar Dryer in terms of colour attributes, moisture content, drying time, non enzymatic browning, water activity, rehydration ratio was studied. This study is very useful for household scale drying of mint leaves to optimize drying process and to achieve superior quality dried product at home maintaining its colour and aroma.


Author(s):  
Е.Е. УЛЬЯНЧЕНКО

При производстве табачного сырья важную роль играет сокращение продолжительности сушки табачных листьев. Одним из способов интенсификации сушки свежеубранных табачных листьев является прием прорезания средней жилки (ПСЖ) листьев вдоль волокон. По результатам исследований 2019–2020 гг. была создана база данных табачного сырья, полученного при естественном способе сушки с применением приема ПСЖ, которая может служить информационным материалом для производителей табака. Проведена оптимизация процесса сушки табачного листа ПСЖ по показателям качества табачного сырья для расширенного диапазона сортотипов табака. Объектом исследований были сорта отечественной селекции, включенные в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений, допущенные к использованию: Самсун 85, Вирджиния 202, Юбилейный новый 142, Трапезонд 92, Трапезонд 204, Дюбек 33, Американ 287 и Крупнолистный Ильский (находится в стадии государственных испытаний). Критерием оценки эффективности применения приема ПСЖ на исследованных сортах табака являлся совокупный сравнительный анализ следующих показателей контрольных (без ПСЖ листа) и опытных образцов: уровень интенсификации сушки, показатели товарного качества, технологических свойств и химического состава полученного сырья. Установлено, что ПСЖ позволяет интенсифицировать процесс сушки в 1,3–2,46 раза в зависимости от сорта табака и положительно влияет на технологические свойства сырья, у большинства сортов увеличивается выход волокна и сохраняются объемно-упругие свойства. Динамика сушки оказывает влияние на изменение химического состава сырья. В процессе сушки за счет гидролизации солей никотина и его освобождения путем окисления кислородом воздуха уровень никотина в ряде образцов снижается в пределах 10–30%. Чем выше содержание никотина, тем выше крепость табака, грубее его вкус. Изменения углеводно-белкового соотношения в сторону повышения углеводов улучшают вкусовые характеристики сырья. По каждому исследованному сорту не удалось выявить закономерной зависимости его структуры и характера процесса сушки при ПСЖ с преобразованиями химического состава сырья. На основе анализа технологических и качественных показателей табачного сырья, представленных в разработанной базе данных по интенсификации сушки различных сортов табака с применением приема ПСЖ табачных листьев, можно планировать выбор оптимального способа сушки для каждого сорта табака, позволяющего повысить эффективность использования сырья и улучшить его качественные характеристики. In the production of tobacco raw materials, reducing the drying time of tobacco leaves plays an important role. One of the ways to intensify the drying of freshly harvested tobacco leaves is the method of cutting the middle vein (CMV) of the leaves along the fibers. Based on the results of research in 2019–2020, a database of tobacco raw materials obtained by a natural drying method using CMV reception was created, which can serve as information material for tobacco producers. The optimization of the process of drying the CMV tobacco leaf according to the quality indicators of tobacco raw materials for an expanded range of tobacco variety types was carried out. The object of research was the varieties of domestic selection included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, approved for use: Samsun 85, Virginia 202, Yubileyny novy 142, Trapezond 92, Trapezond 204, Dubek 33, American 287 and Krupnolistnyy Ilskiy (under state testing). The criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of CMV intake on the studied tobacco varieties was a cumulative comparative analysis of the following indicators of control (without CMV sheet) and experimental samples: the level of drying intensification, indicators of commercial quality, technological properties and chemical composition of the obtained raw materials. It is established that CMV allows to intensify the drying process by 1,3–2,46 times, depending on the tobacco variety and has a positive effect on the technological properties of raw materials, most varieties increase the yield of fiber and retain volume-elastic properties. The dynamics of drying affects the change in the chemical composition of raw materials. During the drying process, due to the hydrolysis of nicotine salts and its release by oxidation with air oxygen, the nicotine level in a number of samples decreases within 10–30%. The higher the nicotine content, the higher the strength of tobacco, it is coarser in taste. Changes in the carbohydrate-protein ratio in the direction of increasing carbohydrates improve the taste characteristics of raw materials. For each studied variety, it was not possible to identify a regular dependence of its structure and the nature of the drying process at CMV with transformations of the chemical composition of raw materials. Based on the analysis of technological and qualitative indicators of tobacco raw materials presented in the developed database on the intensification of drying of various varieties of tobacco using the use of CMV of tobacco leaves, it is possible to plan the choice of the optimal drying method for each variety of tobacco, which allows to increase the efficiency of using raw materials and improve its quality characteristics.


Author(s):  
Chang Peng ◽  
Saeed Moghaddam

Abstract Over the past two decades, due to the rising energy prices and growing awareness about climate change, significant efforts have been devoted to reducing the energy consumption of various home appliances. However, the energy efficiency of clothes dryers has little improvement. Recent innovations in the direct-contact ultrasonic fabric drying technique offer new opportunities for energy saving. In this technique, high-frequency mechanical vibrations generated by the ultrasonic transducer are utilized to atomize water from a fabric in the liquid form, which demonstrates great potential for reducing energy use and drying time of the fabric drying process. Here, for the first time, fabric drying kinetics under different direct-contact ultrasonic drying conditions were investigated experimentally and analytically. The drying processes of four kinds of fabrics were experimentally tested under different ultrasonic transducer vibration frequency (115, 135, and 155 kHz) and input power (1.2, 2.5, and 4.4 W) conditions. According to the experimental data, five different kinds of models were applied to quantify the drying kinetics of fabrics during direct-contact ultrasonic drying. The models not only incorporated the transducer parameters but also the parameters related to the nature of fabric. Our evaluation results of model prediction performance demonstrated that the two empirical models, i.e., the Weibull model and the Gaussian model, were superior to the three semi-theoretical models for anticipating the drying kinetics of fabrics under direct-contact ultrasonic drying. Furthermore, the Weibull model is more suitable for practical energy-efficient direct-contact ultrasonic fabric drying applications compared with the Gaussian model.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Golovko ◽  
T. Golovko ◽  
A. Pak ◽  
L. Krykunenko

The expediency of improving the technological methods of processing unprofitable small fish and expanding the range of food products from them is substantiated. It is proposed to enrich the meat of freshwater fish with trace elements by adding to salt or brine during the salting of raw materials dietary supplements based on chelate complexes. The kinetics of penetration of micronutrients of a dietary supplement based on a chelate complex into the muscle tissue of crucian carp was studied by electronic paramagnetic resonance. The ambassador was held in three ways. According to the first dry method of salting, the fish was mixed with sodium chloride NaCl with the addition of a dietary supplement based on a chelate complex in the amount of 20… 25% and 0.1% by weight of raw materials, respectively. According to the second brine method, the fish was salted in brine, which was a solution of sodium chloride NaCl in the amount of 2 kg of salt per 1 kg of raw material. The amount of dietary supplement based on the chelate complex was 0.1% by weight of raw materials. According to the third method, the ambassador was carried out in brine with the same concentrations of sodium chloride and dietary supplements, but previously the fish raw materials were treated with ultrasound. Salting of fish was carried out for 6 days. The distribution of Mn ions in the plane (i, j) is investigated. The kinetics of the penetration of a microelement into the volume of crucian muscle tissue was studied by the EPR method. The kinetics of Mn2 + ion distribution in the studied muscle tissue samples and the tomogram of these surfaces were determined. The values of the area under the EPR spectra are normalized to the values of the area under the maximum EPR signal. For the maximum EPR signal for dry pickling, the signal from the liquid in which the raw material was during salting, and during the brine - the signal from the brine sample was selected. It is noted that the kinetics of penetration of the trace element is determined by the area of contact of the raw material with diffusing substances and the method of intensification of the internal transfer of these substances within the raw material. It was found that for brine and brine with pre-sonication, the amount of trace element in the depth of the crucian muscle tissue differs within the error. This indicates the homogeneity of the distribution of the trace element of the dietary supplement based on the chelate complex by such methods of salting.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
Iqbal Fahri Tobing ◽  
Mustaqimah Mustaqimah ◽  
Raida Agustina

Abstrak. Pengering tipe Tray Dryer merupakan salah satu alat pengering rak atau pengering kabinet yang dapat digunakan untuk mengeringkan berbagai jenis bahan baku makanan. Alat pengering ini dirancang dengan tipe paralel flow tray dimana udara panas yang dihasilkan akan disirkulasikan sejajar dengan permukaan rak pengering dan bekerja menggunakan sumber energi listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodifikasi pengering tray dryer dengan penambahan insulator dan mengetahui konsumsi energi alat pengering tray dryer pada pengeringan kunyit. Parameter pengujian uji kinerja alat tanpa bahan meliputi distribusi suhu, kelembaban relatif dan kecepatan aliran udara dan untuk perhitungan konsumsi energi meliputi penggunaan energi listrik, perhitungan energi thermal, energi mengeringkan bahan, energi untuk menguapkan air bahan, efisiensi pengeringan, energi kipas dan kehilangan energi melalui cerobong. Pada pengujian pengering tray dryer suhu yang digunakan adalah 55°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara fungsional dan struktural alat pengering tray dryer setelah dimodifikasi dengan melapisi dinding luar ruang pengering dapat beroperasi dengan baik, proses pengeringan lebih cepat dan energi yang digunakan juga sedikit dibandingkan dengan sebelum dimodifikasi. Konsumsi energi listrik pada alat pengering tray dryer setelah dimodifikasi pada saat proses pengeringan dengan suhu 35oC selama 6,5 jam sebesar 35,33 kWh (127,2 MJ), pada suhu 45oC sebesar 24,26 kWh (88,06 MJ) dengan lamanya pengeringan selama 4,5 jam dan suhu 55oC sebesar 18,89 kWh (68,01 MJ) dengan lama pengeringan selama 3,5 jam, hal ii disebabkan lama pengeringan merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan besar kecilnya konsumsi energi listrik. Konsumsi energi thermal selama proses pengeringan dengan suhu 35°C adalah sebesar 17,53 MJ, suhu 45°C sebesar 19,54 MJ dan suhu 55°C sebesar 21,34 MJ. Berdasarkan hasil kalkulasi antara energi listrik dan energi thermal didapatkan efisiensi pengeringan pada suhu 35°C sebesar 27,80%, suhu 45°C sebesar 22,2% dan suhu 55°C sebesar 31,4%.Modification Of Tray Dryer With InsulatorAbstract. Tray Dryer is a type of dryer or cabinet dryer that can be used to dry various types of food raw materials. This dryer is designed with a parallel flow tray type where the hot air generated will be circulated parallel to the surface of the drying rack and work using an electric energy source. This study aims to modify the tray dryer with the addition of an insulator and determine the energy consumption of dryer dryers in turmeric drying. The test parameters of the performance test of equipment without material include temperature distribution, relative humidity and air flow velocity and for the calculation of energy consumption including the use of electrical energy, thermal energy calculation, energy drying material, energy to evaporate material water, drying efficiency, fan energy and energy loss through chimney. In testing the tray dryer dryer the temperature used is 55 ° C. The results showed that functionally and structurally the tray dryer after being modified by covering the outer walls of the drying chamber could operate well, the drying process was faster and the energy used was also less compared to before it was modified. Electric energy consumption in the tray dryer after being modified during the drying process with a temperature of 35oC for 6.5 hours amounted to 35.33 kWh (127.2 MJ), at a temperature of 45oC of 24.26 kWh (88.06 MJ) with a duration drying for 4.5 hours and a temperature of 55oC of 18.89 kWh (68.01 MJ) with a drying time of 3.5 hours, this is due to the length of drying is one of the factors causing the size of the electrical energy consumption. The consumption of thermal energy during the drying process with a temperature of 35 ° C is 17.53 MJ, a temperature of 45 ° C is 19.54 MJ and a temperature of 55 ° C is 21.34 MJ. Based on the results of calculations between electrical energy and thermal energy obtained drying efficiency at a temperature of 35 ° C at 27.80%, a temperature of 45 ° C at 22.2% and a temperature of 55 ° C at 31.4%


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