scholarly journals Floral and reproductive biology of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae): An important tropical ornamental plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
Rozineide Pereira Alves de França ◽  
Auclar Felipe Botini ◽  
Ana Kelly Koch ◽  
Ana Paula S. Caetano ◽  
Ivone Vieira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Natural Pollination ◽  
Alpinia Purpurata

Alpinia spp. play an important ecological role as a source of nectar in the understory of tropical and subtropical forests, where many of these species are common. The perennial species Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. is native to the tropical rainforests of Asia and has been used as an ornamental cut plant due to its lush inflorescences and post-harvest durability. The internal and external morphology, floral biology, and reproductive system of four A. purpurata cultivars were investigated in order to contribute to studies of genetic improvement of the species. The inflorescence of A. purpurata is terminal, globose, and has flowers protected by colorful and showy bracts. The white flowers are tubular bisexual. The floral anthesis of the four cultivars lasted 9 to 12 h and pollen viability was above 80% throughout the pre-flowering period in all cultivars evaluated. During anthesis, stigma and anther crest were receptive due to the presence of stigmatic fluid. Fruiting of the cultivars was observed after hand cross-pollination, whereas no fruiting was recorded in treatments involving spontaneous self-pollination, hand self-pollination or geitonogamy. Natural pollination induced low fruiting, suggesting low pollinator availability in the studied area. The obligatory xenogamy of A. purpurata is a facilitator for the development of new hybrids for the ornamental plant market.

PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF Chresta scapigera (LESS.) Gardner (ASTERACEAE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 710-721
Author(s):  
Écio Souza Diniz ◽  
◽  
Rodolfo Oliveira Costa ◽  
Larissa Areal Carvalho Müller ◽  
Jan Thiele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Campo Rupestre ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Self Pollination

Chrestas capigera (Less.) Gardner is an important medicinal herb which, however, has been poorly studied for its biology and ecology. This study aimed to investigate its phenology, floral biology, reproductive biology (self-pollination tests), spatial distribution and correlations between phenophases and climatic data in two sites (Cerrado stricto sensu and Campo rupestre) in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. From August of 2012 to August of 2013, we monitored phenophase occurrence for 70 individuals: emission of new leaves, flowering, production of immature fruits, and mature fruits. Floral anthesis occurred during daytime and remained all day until fruit formation. Peak leaf emergence was observed in April, correlating with minimum monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation. Flowering and green fruit peaked in May and June, respectively, and correlated negatively with all climatic variables. Mature fruits peaked in June, but did not correlate significantly with any of the climatic variables. However, no difference was found between the two sites regarding the timing of phenophases. The spatial distribution pattern of individuals within sites was random. The self-pollination tests showed that the individuals pollinated and fertilized themselves. Our findings allow us to conclude that the phenology of C. scapigera has pronounced phenological seasonality with reproductive peak activities in the drier and colder season, which is congruent with the self-pollination and anemochoric dispersion strategy.

scholarly journals Phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca, Vitaceae) cultivated in northeastern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. S. Nunes ◽  
A. V. Leite ◽  
C. C. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Vitis Labrusca ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Inflorescence Development

Abstract Phenology and reproductive biology of cultivated species are important for the comprehension of the requirements for fruit and seed production and the management of pollinators. This study aimed to characterise the phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine ‘Isabel’ (Vitis labrusca) in northeastern Brazil during January 2011 (P1), Augst 2011 (P2), April 2012 (P3) and August 2012 (P4). We recorded the duration (days) of the phenological stages, pruning (P), woolly bud (W), budburst (B), inflorescence development (ID), flowering (F), ripening (R) and harvest (H). We analysed the floral biology, the sexual system and the breeding system. We measured the growing degree days (GDD) required to reach the subperiods P-B, B-F and F-H. The periods P1, P2, P3 and P4 lasted for 116, 125, 117 and 130 days, respectively. The number of days of harvest were similar in the same dry (P1 and P3) and rainy (P2 and P4) periods. All the periods that we recorded were shorter than those observed in other regions of Brazil, which may be attributable to the mean temperature and carbohydrate metabolism. The flowers are green, hermaphroditic, with an odour of mignonette, low pollen viability and autogamous. The base temperature of 10°C was considered the most adequate for the subperiods as has been documented for other grape varieties in Brazil. Thus, temperature was also the most adequate for the cycles, presenting a smaller standard deviation (0.119, 0.147, 0.156 and 0.153 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively) when compared to a base temperature of 12°C (0.122, 0.158, 0.165 and 0.160 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively). The higher and the lower observed GDD were 1972.17 and 1870.05, respectively, both above the values recorded in other parts of Brazil for same variety. The phonological results, including knowledge of growing degree days, are important to the planning of cultures at the study site and in other regions that have similar climatic conditions and make it possible to pre-determine the harvest.

scholarly journals Polinização de Vellozia candida Mikan (Velloziaceae) nos Afloramentos Rochosos do Costão de Itacoatiara, Niterói, RJ: Um Caso de Melitofilia em Inselbergue do Brasil

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Fábio Castro Verçoza
Keyword(s):  
Floral Biology ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Rocky Outcrops ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Effective Pollinator

Este trabalho apresenta dados sobre a fenologia reprodutiva, a biologia floral e a ecologia da polinização de Vellozia candida Mikan (Velloziaceae) nos afloramentos rochosos do Costão de Itacoatiara, Niterói, RJ. Uma população de dez indivíduos da espécie foi estudada nessa localidade no período de junho de 2006 a dezembro de 2008. Foram realizadas observações sobre período de floração, morfologia, cor e odor das flores, ocorrência e comportamento dos visitantes florais. A floração de V. candida ocorreu de setembro a dezembro nos dois anos consecutivos do estudo. As flores são brancas, nectaríferas e exalam odor suave e adocicado. Reúnem características típicas da síndrome da melitofilia e foram intensamente visitadas por três espécies de abelhas. Xylocopa ordinaria Smith se destacou como o polinizador efetivo da espécie estudada. Por ser uma abelha de grande porte e robusta, durante a coleta de néctar e de pólen, deposita este último no estigma, polinizando as flores. Pollination of Vellozia candida Mikan (Velloziaceae) on Rock Outcrops of Costão de Itacoatiara, Niterói, RJ: A Case of Mellitophily Inselberg BrazilAbstract. This paper presents data on the reproductive phenology, floral biology and pollination ecology of Vellozia candida Mikan (Velloziaceae) on rocky outcrops of Costão Itacoatiara, Niterói, RJ. A population of ten individuals of the species was studied in this location from June 2006 to December 2008. Observations were made on flowering period, morphology, color and odor of flowers, the occurrence and behavior of floral visitors. The flowering of V. candida occurred from September to December in two successive years of study. The flowers are white, exude nectar and sweet odor. Meet typical syndrome melitophyly and were intensively visited by three species of bees. Xylocopa ordinaria Smith stood out as the effective pollinator of the species studied. Being a bee large and robust, while collecting nectar and pollen, the latter deposited on the stigma, pollinating the flowers.

scholarly journals Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetana Schluter ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Pollen Release

Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.

Performance of constructed wetlands with ornamental plants in the treatment of domestic wastewater under the tropical climate of South Mexico

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra S. Méndez-Mendoza ◽  
Ricardo Bello-Mendoza ◽  
David Herrera-López ◽  
Gamaliel Mejía-González ◽  
Angeles Calixto-Romo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Alpinia Purpurata

In developing countries located in tropical and subtropical regions, the use of ornamental plant species in constructed wetlands (CWs) could add benefits to the treatment of wastewater. This paper presents a study on the efficiency of using plants of economic importance in South Mexico (Heliconia stricta, Heliconia psittacorum and Alpinia purpurata) within an anaerobic digester horizontal subsurface CW system for treating domestic wastewater. The CW with H. psittacorum showed the highest level of removal of biochemical oxygen demand (48%), chemical oxygen demand (64%), total phosphorus (39%) and total nitrogen (39%). This species and H. stricta (which showed slightly lower percentages of removal) may be a viable alternative to using macrophytes in CW in tropical areas such as Chiapas, Mexico.

Observations on Natural Pollination in Commercial Plantings of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) in Malaya

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Hardon ◽  
P. D. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Atmospheric Pollen ◽  
Natural Pollination ◽  
Pollen Density ◽  
Days After Anthesis

SummaryMost oil palm pollen is produced by male inflorescences 2–3 days after anthesis, and this pollen is the most viable. When protected, pollen viability on female inflorescences is good up to 6 days, after which it declines. The majority of the pollen remains below the canopy, especially at bunch level. Results of quantitative evaluation of pollen dispersal showed that atmospheric pollen density is very variable and is governed by numerous factors. There is a marked diurnal variation, with highest pollen density during the afternoon and a negligible amount during the night and early morning. Rain causes an immediate drop in concentration, but pollen densities were influenced more by the number of days on which rain was recorded than by total rainfall. A relationship exists between pollen density, the number of male inflorescences in the vicinity, and rainfall, but the effects of relative humidity, sunshine and wind are obscure. Whilst pollen density drops rapidly within a short distance from the inflorescence, there is a significant dispersal over greater distances than previously thought.

Floral biology and late-acting self-incompatibility in Jacaranda racemosa (Bignoniaceae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson S. Bittencourt ◽  
João Semir
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Natural Pollination ◽  
Ovule Penetration ◽  
Incompatibility Barrier

Breeding-system studies have been conducted with 38 of the approximately800 species of Bignoniaceae, and self-incompatibility was found in 31 of these. In species for which the site of self-incompatibility barrier was studied, self-pollinated flowers consistently failed to develop into fruits, even though pollen tubes grew down to the ovary and penetrated most of the ovules. In this study, we have investigated the floral biology and the breeding system in Jacaranda racemosa Chamisso, with hand-pollination experiments and the histology of post-pollination events. Flower anthesis lasted 1–3 days, and although the frequency of flower visitation was extremely low, natural pollination seemed to be effected mainly by medium-sized bees. Because the conspicuous staminodium favours eventual pollination by small bees, a possible role of the staminodium in the increase of potential pollinators is suggested. Hand-pollinations indicated that J. racemosa is a self-sterile species. Histological analysis of post-pollination events indicated the occurrence of a kind of late-acting self-incompatibility in which the processes of ovule penetration, fertilisation and endosperm initiation were slower in selfed than in crossed pistils. Until the time of self-pollinated pistil abscission, no signs of endosperm malfunction or proembryo development were observed in selfed pistils. Therefore, inbreeding depression is an unlikely explanation for self-sterility in J. racemosa.

The mating system of Acrotriche serrulata (Ericaceae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Schneemilch ◽  
Emma Steggles
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Pollination Experiments ◽  
Controlled Pollination ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination

Controlled pollination experiments were conducted on Acrotriche serrulata R.Br. (Ericaceae) to determine the mating system for this species. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity were investigated to ensure effective timing and sourcing of material for maximum fertilisation. Stigmas were found to be receptive in mature buds, with receptivity maintained while nectar remained within the corolla tube. Germination testing showed that pollen from within mature buds was viable. The mating system of A. serrulata was found to be predominantly outcrossing, with 49.8% of cross-pollinated flowers developing to fruit, compared with 8.7% of self-pollinated flowers. Seed viability did not differ significantly between fruits produced by cross-pollination and those produced by self-pollination, although this may be attributable to low sample sizes available for self-pollinated fruits. These results in combination with morphological features of the flower suggest that a pollinator is required for this species.

scholarly journals Floral biology and breeding system of endangered species: Parmentiera cereifera Seem. (Bignoniaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Janis Damaiyani
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Flower Biology ◽  
The Family

Parmentiera cereifera Seem. is an endangered species in the family Bignoniaceae. Related to the conservation effort, information about the reproductive biology of this species is very limited. Based on that, the objectives of this study were to provide knowledge about the reproductive properties such as floral biology and breeding system of P. cereifera. The research was conducted at Purwodadi Botanic Garden, from October 2019 to February 2021. Several important aspects of reproductive biology, including flower biology, pollen viability and stigma receptivity, pollen morphology and breeding system were investigated. The viability was tested with TTC (2, 3, 5–triphenly tetrazolium chloride) and stigma reseptivity was tested with hydrogen peroxide. The breeding system was determined based on outcrossing index (OCI) using Cruden's method. The results showed that P. cereifera flower was monoecious, had morphological character that supported nocturnal pollination. Stigma and anthers spatially separated, but there was no temporal separation of stigma receptivity and anther dehiscence. Based on the flower biology, the pollen ornamentation (reticulate type), and the Out-Crossing Index (OCI=4), the breeding system was outcrossing but partially self-compatible, required pollinators (zoophily)

scholarly journals Research on the reproductive biological characteristics of Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0250335
Author(s):  
Ruipei Yang ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Ye Jiang ◽  
Jing Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Artificial Fruit ◽  
Natural Pollination ◽  
Amomum Villosum ◽  
And Storage

Objective To explore the influence of biological characteristics on the yield of Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu, to find an effective pollen viability evaluation method and storage method to solve the problem of the low yield of Amomum plants. Methods Five germplasm of Amomum plants were used to investigate the effects of the phenological phase, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity on natural and artificial fruit set. Results Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu showed late flowering, and its natural pollination rate is higher than that of Amomum villosum Lour. In all germplasm, the artificial pollination rate and fruit setting rate are more than 3 times higher than that under natural conditions. Fruits begin to drop seven days after successful pollination, and the fruit drop is basically stable after one month. The hybridization verification showed that TTC method was simpler and more accurate than in vitro germination method. Optimal storage conditions for pollen are 4°C and high humidity. After 36 h of storage, pollen can still be used for artificial cross-pollination or as hybrid parents. Conclusion The special biological characteristics are the fundamental reason for the low natural pollination rate of Amomum plants. The accurate measurement method of Amomum plants pollen is the TTC method, and storage at 4°C and high humidity can increase the yield, which was six times that of the natural yield.

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