scholarly journals Transnational Municipal Climate Networks and the Politics of Standardisation: The Contested Role of Climate Data in the New Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Gesing
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

This article analyses the formation of a new global network, the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (GCoM), by two existing initiatives, the EU-based Covenant of Mayors and the UN-supported Compact of Mayors. While this merger of two transnational networks provides evidence for the increased coordination and standardisation of transnational municipal climate action, this remains a contentious and incomplete process. The article identifies different modes of transnational climate governance that have contributed to conflict between the founding networks and zooms in on the role of municipal climate data. Using empirical evidence, it analyses the contested politics of municipal climate data, including the role of the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) as a standard tool, the definition of a common target, and the inclusion of financial actors. Concerns over the reshaping of public-private boundaries and the possible commodification of public data are identified as major obstacles for the (EU) Covenant of Mayors, which consequentially seeks to remain as independent as possible within the new GCoM. Data politics emerges as a crucial factor for the future direction of transnational municipal climate policy and the ongoing processes of standardisation and coordination.

scholarly journals Jan Hornat: Transatlantic Democracy Assistance. Promoting Different Models of Democracy.

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
Veronika Bílková
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Democracy Promotion ◽  
Democracy Assistance ◽  
Constructivist View ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

The approaches of EU institutions and the US to democracy assistance often vary quite significantly as both actors choose different means and tactics. The nuances in the understandings of democracy on the part of the EU and the US lead to their promotion of models of democratic governance that are often quite divergent and, in some respects, clashing. This book examines the sources of this divergence and by focusing on the role of the actors’ "democratic identity" it aims to explain the observation that both actors use divergent strategies and instruments to foster democratic governance in third countries. Taking a constructivist view, it demonstrates that the history, expectations and experiences with democracy of each actor significantly inform their respective definition of democracy and thus the model of democracy they promote abroad. This book will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners in democracy promotion, democratization, political theory, EU and US foreign policy and assistance, and identity research.

The role of public diplomacy in defending national and coalition interests (for example, the US, NATO and the EU)

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
V. I. Vinokurov
Keyword(s):  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

The article gives a definition of public diplomacy, reveals the dualism of its functions, emphasizes the role and place of public diplomacy in upholding national and bloc interests.

scholarly journals Value and protection of geographical indications by the Japanese Wine Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
K. Ebihara ◽  
M. Omura
Keyword(s):  
Internal Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Geographical Indications ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
National Tax ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

Recently, Japanese wine law has changed dramatically. In October 2015, the definition of “Japan wine” and the labelling rules were introduced, and the registration guidelines for the geographical indication (GI) were formulated. Up to now, the Commissioner of the National Tax Agency has designated two wine GIs: “Yamanashi” and “Hokkaido”. However, it is not easy for Japanese consumers to understand the value and the role of GI. The National Tax Agency, prefectures, municipal authorities and winery associations organise from time to time promotional events of GI wines to spread the notion of GI. Even though the majority of “Japan wine”, including GI wine, is consumed in the internal market, it is necessary to protect the Japanese GIs in foreign countries. Due to the EU-Japan EPA that ensures the mutual protection of GIs, it is quite probable that the GI will play an important role in the export of Japanese wine, liquor and agricultural products.

scholarly journals The Swedish Riksdag as Scrutiniser of the Principle of Subsidiarity

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Jonsson Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
National Parliaments ◽  
European Public ◽  
Early Warning Mechanism ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Proportionality Principle ◽  
The Eu

Early Warning Mechanism – Principle of Subsidiarity – Lisbon Treaty – Protocol No. 2 on Proportionality and Subsidiarity – A theoretical definition of the Principle of Subsidiarity – The scope of the Principle of Subsidiarity – Scrutiny of the respect for the principle of subsidiarity – The role of national parliaments in the EU legislative procedure – The Swedish Riksdag – national constitutional law – decentralised scrutiny – no selection mechanism – sectoral committees – reasoned opinions – the role of the Plenary – the Committee on the Constitution – method for scrutiny – the principle of proportionality – principle of conferral – legality – European Public Prosecutor’s Office – broad or narrow scrutiny – impact of the Early Warning Mechanism

scholarly journals Prospects for Taxation of Digital Companies in the European Union: Problems and Contradictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
M. V. Lysunets
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Eu

In the article, the author examines the trends in taxation of digital companies in the European Union (EU), as well as analyses the challenges posed by digitalisation to the current tax system, alternative approaches to taxation of digital companies; identifies existing problems in the taxation of digital companies; considers the challenges and contradictions of introducing additional taxes on digital services. Based on official EU statistics, the author analyses the specifics and problems of taxation of digital companies in the territory of the EU Member States and the entire region as a whole, and consider the role of various tools in the development of optimal taxation of such companies. The result of the study revealed a separate injustice in the taxation of digital companies compared to traditional companies, identified the main problems of the taxation of digital companies, defined the future direction of development of the taxation of digital companies in the EU.

22. Character, circumstances, and the causes of crime: towards an analytical criminology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per-Olof H. Wikström
Keyword(s):  
Action Theory ◽  
Wrong Thing ◽  
Situational Action Theory ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Causes Of Crime ◽  
The Right ◽  
Crime Causation

This chapter analyses and explains acts of crimes as moral actions (i.e., actions guided by what is the right or wrong thing to do) within an analytical criminology framework. It outlines some common problems of current mainstream criminological theorizing and research, such as the lack of a shared definition of crime, the poor integration of knowledge about the role of people and places in crime causation, the frequent confusion of causes and correlates, and the lack of an adequate action theory, and proposes a more analytical criminology as the remedy. The chapter introduces Situational Action Theory (SAT), a general, dynamic, and mechanism-based theory about crime and its causes, designed to address these problems and provide a foundation for an analytical criminology. It concludes by briefly discussing main implications for the future direction of policy and prevention.

Der Beschäftigungsbeitrag kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen nach der EU-Definition / The Employment Contribution of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises According to the EU-definition

2008 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Engel ◽  
Michaela Trax
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Employment Change ◽  
Private Economy ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Iab Establishment Panel ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Establishment Panel Data

SummaryStatements emphasizing the major contribution of the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) for net job creation are quite frequent. Concerning the current definition of SMEs provided by the European Commission (EC), this paper makes a first attempt to approximate SMEs’ contribution to net employment change based on the IAB-Establishment Panel Data over the years 1998 to 2005 for the whole private economy. Due to sufficient data, independent one-plant firms with less than 250 employees may approximate the group of SMEs according at best. Comparisons with the firm-level Amadeus database validate the suitability of the IAB-establishment panel data for calculation of the SMEs’ employment share, as long as one controls for the establishments’ independence status. The employment share lies about fifty percent. As a matter of fact, the employment share of affiliated SMEs increases over time. Furthermore, independent small plants do not show higher net employment change rates than neither affiliated plants nor middle-sized and large plants. The results reinforce once again the impression that empirical evidence for the assumed superiority of SMEs, is very weak. Further research should mention the role of ownership and firms venturing on the level of firm as well as for the economy at all in more detail.

scholarly journals Brexit and the EU in Global Climate Governance

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Dupont ◽  
Brendan Moore
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Governance ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Internal Policy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
International Engagement ◽  
The Eu

Climate change governance is one of the EU’s priorities. The EU has developed a central (and arguably, a leading) role in global climate governance. The UK has been an important supporter of strong climate action both within the EU and in international climate negotiations. We investigate how/whether the EU’s role in global climate governance will be affected by Brexit by focusing on potential changes in three conditions for EU leadership: (1) credible and ambitious internal climate policy; (2) constant and effective international engagement through climate diplomacy; and (3) the ability to attract followers. We find that the UK has sometimes played the role of a pivotal outlier, either pushing for more internal policy ambition or blocking certain policy options. Brexit is likely to have cumulative effects on the EU’s role in global climate governance over the long term, through a series of changes in internal EU policymaking and climate diplomacy. The speed and scope of these changes depend on the nature of the future UK–EU relationship. We argue that the broader international context and strains on EU unity represent more urgent challenges to the EU’s role in global climate governance than those posed by Brexit.

scholarly journals Smart Villages in EU Policy: How to Match Innovativeness and Pragmatism?

2018 ◽  
pp. 163-179
Author(s):  
Oskar Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Eu Policies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

Smart Villages is an approach to rural development which has been under discussion in the EU as one of the subthemes that the ENRD is working on. For this reason, the Thematic Group (TG) on Smart Villages was launched in 2017. Since then it has been contributing to the definition of smart villages, discussing the changes in rural development policy and opportunities for providing support for smart villages, exchanging experience and best practices in smart rural development, and serving as a forum for dialogue between various rural stakeholders. This paper outlines the discussion held during the selected meetings of the TG and briefly indicates the academic background of the approach discussed. Its aim was to present Smart Villages in terms of EU policy. Hence, the paper presents the genesis of the EU debate, highlights some of the dilemmas of the definition of smart villages, indicates the role of the territorial governments and the EU in creating the conditions for implementing the approach, and shows the selected examples of smart rural development. Smart Villages is an alternative way of thinking about the quality of rural life, and it seems to respond to the way the EU policy is evolving. However, it calls for better tailored tools and instruments, which applies both to EU policies and national/regional sources. It also calls for regional and local governments to play their role in the process.

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