scholarly journals Ranked Choice Voting in Australia and America: Do Voters Follow Party Cues?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
Benjamin Reilly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New South ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Congressional Elections ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Systemic Support

Ranked choice voting (RCV) is experiencing a surge of interest in the United States, highlighted by its 2018 use for Congressional elections in Maine, the first application of a ranked ballot for national-level elections in American history. A century ago, the same system was introduced in another federal, two-party continental-sized democracy: Australia. RCV’s utility as a solution to inter-party coordination problems helps to explain its appeal in both countries, underscoring the potential benefits of a comparative analytical approach. This article examines this history of adoption and then turns to a comparison of recent RCV elections in Maine with state elections in New South Wales and Queensland, the two Australian states which share the same form of RCV as that used in the United States. This comparison shows how candidate and party endorsements influence voters’ rankings and can, over time, promote reciprocal exchanges between parties and broader systemic support for RCV. Such cross-partisan support helps explain the stability of RCV in Australia, with implications for the system’s prospects in the United States.

Divided We Stand: Aspects of Archaeology and Information

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Colin Renfrew
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Social Archaeology ◽  
Growth Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Archaeology

The role of the New Archaeology of the 1960s is recognized as decisive in the history of archaeology: an awakening from the “long sleep of archaeological theory” from about 1880 to 1960. But at the same time, limitations in the New Archaeology are responsible for corresponding defects in the present scene. The first of these is the lack of clear policy for the handling and especially the publication of data. It is argued that the outstanding defect of Cultural Resource Management, especially in the United States, is the failure to promote a clear policy that all survey work and all excavations should be adequately published. Accompanying this is the inadequate provision for the effective retrieval, at a national level, of the information which does emerge from CRM projects. The responsibility for this lies at the door of the academic archaeologists.The second defect is the failure to recognize that the New Archaeology primarily offered new and interesting problems, not ready solutions. The widespread misconception that processual archaeology has become “normal science” is partly responsible for the lack of steam in the current theoretical scene in the United States. Some alternative approaches are indicated, and it is suggested that cognitive archaeology may, in the 1980s and 1990s, take its place alongside the social archaeology of the past two decades as a significant growth area.

The Status of Youth Coach Training in the United States: Existing Programs and Room for Improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-251
Author(s):  
Bradley Fawver ◽  
Garrett F. Beatty ◽  
John T. Roman ◽  
Kevin Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coach Education ◽  
Coaching Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

The United States is one of the world’s perennial sports powers, yet the pathway to that success is littered with millions of youth athletes who either are not good enough to compete at a higher level or dropout from sport completely due to various personal, social, and organizational factors. These barriers are compounded by a win-at-all-costs mentality that pervades the U.S. sport culture and ultimately disenfranchises many youths from the opportunity to enjoy sport participation throughout their life. The authors argue that principle components in this flawed system are the lack of standardized coach education at the state and national level, weaknesses in the current curricula offered, and difficulties for aspiring coaches accessing existing training programs. In the current paper, the authors (a) briefly review the history of coach education in the United States as well as existing opportunities for coach education at the university, sport-specific, and private sectors; (b) provide a description of the strengths and weaknesses of the current coaching model; and (c) provide recommendations to improve coach education and training in the United States.

Family Inclusive Child Protection Practice: The History of the Family Inclusion Network and Beyond

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Ainsworth ◽  
John Berger
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
New South ◽  
National Level ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Child Protection Services ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Telephone Advice ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

This article records briefly the history of the Family Inclusion Network as an organisation that promotes family inclusive child protection practice. Since its inception in Queensland in 2006, Family Inclusion Network organisations have been formed elsewhere and now exist in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales. In 2010, developments at a national level saw the formation of the Family Inclusion Network Australia. Most organisations are incorporated and some have achieved charitable status. Each organisation endorses a common set of aims and objectives. There are, however, differences in terms of whether state or territory organisations accept government funding or not, are staffed by professionals or rely entirely on volunteer personnel, and have a capacity or otherwise to provide direct casework services to parents. Some state organisations focus on information and advice services, and legislative and policy reform efforts. All have telephone advice lines and a webpage presence. This article also focuses on a code of ethics for child protection practice and on the contribution parents can make to child protection services, and their rights to do so.

The Early American Origins of Entitlements

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-404
Author(s):  
Laura S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early American ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time

There is perhaps no topic that has generated more sustained interest and controversy in the United States during the past three decades than the public policies called “entitlements.” From the Great Society innovations of the 1960s to the guaranteed income plan of the 1970s to the “health security” proposal of the early 1990s, debate over the issue of which U.S. citizens should be entitled to what kind of national-level benefits has been a constant in American political life. Though consensus has occasionally been reached, moments of accord have been fragile and fleeting. Late 1995 and early 1996 found both President William Clinton and a large, bipartisan majority of Congress targeting poor Americans and their benefits, advocating an “end to welfare as we know it.” Yet interbranch disagreement over the way that “welfare” reform should be implemented reached such heights that the annual U.S. budget development process broke down, resulting in repeated shutdowns of government agencies and the threat that, for the first time in the history of the American nation, the United States would default on its obligations to its creditors.

A Note on the Specific Identity of Trichostrongylus longispicularis Gordon, 1933

1956 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Sommerville
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Male ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Specific Identity

The nematode Trichostrongylus longispicularis was described by Gordon (1933) from a single male recovered from a sheep in New South Wales. Gordon considered that the male of this species could be readily distinguished from the males of other species of the genus recorded from ruminants by an asymmetrical dorsal ray of the bursa and by the length and form of the spicules. The dorsal ray is described as being bifid, one bifurcation being simple and the other possessing secondary branches, one situated internally and the other externally. The slender spicules were 184·6 microns long, and terminated in fine sickle-shaped structures.Andrews (1934 and 1935) recorded the species from cattle in the United States. In his first description (Andrews, 1934) he noted that his specimens agreed very closely with the description published by Gordon (1933), but he referred to hook-like projections on the spicules. However, he failed to find these projections in the specimen discussed in his record of 1935. As he made no reference to the dorsal ray of the bursa, it is presumed that this agreed with the description and figure published by Gordon (1933). T. longispicularis was subsequently reported by Roberts (1938 and 1939) from cattle in Queensland, but no comments were made on its morphology.

William Henry Fitchett: Methodist, Englishman, Australian, Imperialist

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
John Stuart ◽  
Ian Welch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Present Article ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
South Wales

AbstractHistorians of colonial Australia have long been fascinated by the effects of religious change on urban New South Wales and Victoria in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This period, it is generally acknowledged, was one of evangelical revival amongst Anglicans and nonconformists alike. Well known (and sometimes world-renowned) evangelists from Great Britain and the United States invariably included cities such as Sydney and Melbourne on their international itineraries. But the local evangelical presence was strong; and this article focuses on William Henry Fitchett, a Melbourne-based evangelical Methodist clergyman who has largely escaped the attention of historians of religion. The reason he has done so is because he achieved fame in a rather different field: as a popular author of imperial histories and biographies. His published works sold in the hundreds of thousands. Yet he also wrote many serious works on religious matters. This article places Fitchett in the context of evangelical mission and revival within and beyond Australia, while also paying due attention to the influence of religion on his writing career. Les historiens de l'Australie coloniale ont longtemps été fascinés par les effets des transformations religieuses dans le monde urbain de New South Wales et Victoria durant le dernier quart du 19e siècle. Cette période est généralement considérée comme ayant été celle d'un Réveil évangélique parmi les Anglicans et les non-conformistes. Des évangélistes connus (et parfois mondialement connus) venus de Grande Bretagne et des Etats-Unis incluaient invariablement dans leurs périples internationaux des villes comme Sydney et Melbourne. Mais la présence évangélique locale était aussi forte, et cet article se concentre sur un pasteur de l'Eglise Méthodiste évangélique basé à Melbourne, William Henry Fitchett, qui a largement échappé à l'attention des historiens de la religion. La raison en est qu'il s'est rendu célèbre dans un domaine autre que religieux, à savoir comme auteur populaire d'histoires et biographies impériales. Les travaux qu'il a publiés se sont vendus par centaines de milliers d'exemplaires, mais il a aussi écrit des œuvres sérieuses sur des questions de religion. Le présent article replace Fitchett dans le contexte de la mission évangélique et du Réveil en Australie et au-delà, tout en se penchant sur la question de l'influence de la religion sur sa carrière d'auteur.

What Is the Evidence of Marijuana as Medicine?

2018 ◽  
pp. 256-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Sabet ◽  
David Atkinson ◽  
Shayda M. Sabet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Medical Marijuana ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Political Controversy ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Medical Marijuana Laws

Marijuana as medicine is a controversial and often distorted topic. Medical marijuana in the United States has bypassed the standard process of scientific investigation that is required to determine approval of medicine and has created a political controversy among the American public and in the scientific community. This chapter discusses the science where the heart of the controversy lays—at the question of whether marijuana’s potential benefits outweigh its potential harms. We review the history of marijuana’s development as a medicine and summarize the impacts of medical marijuana laws in the United States and the challenges associated with doing so. We conclude that some benefits of marijuana’s core elements—tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol—are supported by a handful of controlled clinical trials for a very limited number of health problems.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Passiflora Latent Carlavirus in Cultivated and Wild Passiflora Species in Australia

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Pares ◽  
L. V. Gunn ◽  
E. N. Keskula ◽  
A. B. Martin ◽  
D. S. Teakle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immunoelectron Microscopy ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Passiflora Edulis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Survey Results

A carlavirus was found to be widespread in commercial passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) plantings in New South Wales and Queensland. The particles observed were flexuous rods with mean dimensions of 651 × 12 nm. The particles often occurred in cells as aggregates but were never associated with pinwheel inclusion bodies, as is typical with passionfruit woodiness potyvirus. The particles showed a strong affinity (by immunoelectron microscopy) for antiserum prepared against Passiflora latent carlavirus (PLV) from Germany but increasingly less affinity for antisera against potato viruses S and M and PLV from the United States. Survey results indicated that PLV has been present in Australian passionfruit for more than 10 years and is widespread in most commercial cultivars in New South Wales and Queensland. The virus was twice found in wild Passiflora suberosa, once in wild P. subpeltata, and once in a feral seedling of P. edulis near an infected planting of P. edulis.

The Moment of Release

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-149
Author(s):  
Katherine Ellinghaus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
New South ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The U.S

During the twentieth century some Australian states and the U.S. federal government enacted comparable policies that demonstrate how the discourse of protection continued to survive in an era when settler nations were focussed on “assimilating” Indigenous populations. The Australian policy of exemption and the U.S. policy of competency did not represent a true change in direction from past policies of protection. In contrast to the nineteenth century, though, these twentieth-century policies offered protection to only a deserving few. Drawing on records of exemption and competency from New South Wales and Oklahoma in the 1940s and 1950s, this article shows how the policies of exemption and competency ostensibly gave the opportunity for some individuals to prove that they no longer needed the paternalism of colonial governments. They were judged using very different local criteria. In Australia, applicants were mostly judged on whether they engaged in “respectable” use of alcohol; in the United States, applicants were assessed on whether they had “business sense.”

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