scholarly journals Automobile Commuting in Suburban High-Rise Condominium Apartments: Examining Transitions toward Suburban Sustainability in Toronto

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Moos ◽  
Jonathan Woodside ◽  
Tara Vinodrai ◽  
Cyrus Yan
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The Us ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Automobile Use

While North American suburbs remain largely dispersed and auto-dependent, they are also increasingly heterogeneous. Although some suburbs have long been punctuated with high-rise developments, for instance rental apartments in the Canadian context, there are now a growing number of new high-rise condominium developments in suburban settings in both the US and Canada. While much is known about downtown high-rise condominium developments, there has of yet been little to no analysis of this trend in the suburbs. We offer such an analysis using Statistics Canada census data from 2016 in the Toronto metropolitan area. We focus on commuting patterns as an indicator of auto-dependence to test whether suburbs with larger shares of new high-rise condominium apartments (high-rise condo clusters) exhibit lower shares of auto commuting. The focus on auto-dependence is important because development and land use plans commonly use environmental concerns arising from heavy automobile use as a rationale for high-rise development. Our findings suggest that in Toronto suburban high-rise condo clusters offer a less auto-intensive way of living in the suburbs than traditionally has been the case in the suburban ownership market. However, this seems to be limited to particular demographic groups, such as smaller households; and suburban high-rise condos are not an evident sign of a broader transition toward suburban sustainability among the population as a whole in the Toronto case. The potential for transitions toward suburban sustainability could be enhanced with greater investments in transit infrastructure and building higher density mid-rise and ground-oriented dwellings that accommodate larger households still commonly found in low-density, auto-dependent suburbs.

scholarly journals Diverse segments of the US public underestimate the environmental concerns of minority and low-income Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (49) ◽  
pp. 12429-12434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Pearson ◽  
Jonathon P. Schuldt ◽  
Rainer Romero-Canyas ◽  
Matthew T. Ballew ◽  
Dylan Larson-Konar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Environmental Initiatives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nationally Representative

In a nationally representative survey experiment, diverse segments of the US public underestimated the environmental concerns of nonwhite and low-income Americans and misperceived them as lower than those of white and more affluent Americans. Moreover, both whites and nonwhites and higher- and lower-income respondents associated the term “environmentalist” with whites and the well-educated, suggesting that shared cultural stereotypes may drive these misperceptions. This environmental belief paradox—a tendency to misperceive groups that are among the most environmentally concerned and most vulnerable to a wide range of environmental impacts as least concerned about the environment—was largely invariant across demographic groups and also extended to the specific issue of climate change. Suggesting these beliefs are malleable, exposure to images of a racially diverse (vs. nondiverse) environmental organization in an embedded randomized experiment reduced the perceived gap between whites’ and nonwhites’ environmental concerns and strengthened associations between nonwhites and the category “environmentalists” among minority respondents. These findings suggest that stereotypes about others’ environmental attitudes may pose a barrier to broadening public engagement with environmental initiatives, particularly among populations most vulnerable to negative environmental impacts.

Social Equity and Bus On-Time Performance in Canada’s Largest City

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (11) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Palm ◽  
Amer Shalaby ◽  
Steven Farber
Keyword(s):  
Social Equity ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Transit Planning ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
In Transit

Bus routes provide critical lifelines to disadvantaged travelers in major cities. Bus route performance is also more variable than the performance of other, grade-separated transit modes. Yet the social equity of bus operational performance is largely unexamined outside of limited statutory applications. Equity assessment methods for transit operations are similarly underdeveloped relative to equity analysis methods deployed in transit planning. This study examines the equity of bus on-time performance (OTP) in Toronto, Ontario, the largest city in Canada. Both census proximity and ridership profile approaches to defining equity routes are deployed, modifying United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Title VI methods to fit a Canadian context. Bus OTP in Toronto is found to be horizontally equitable. It is also found that the U.S. DOT approach of averaging performance between equity and non-equity routes masks the existence of underperforming routes with very significant ridership of color. These routes are overwhelmingly night routes, most of which are only classified as equity routes using a ridership definition. These results suggest that the underperformance of Toronto’s “Blue Night” network of overnight buses is a social equity issue. This OTP data is also applied to a household travel survey to identify disparities in the OTP of bus transit as experienced by different demographic groups throughout the city. It is found that recent immigrants and carless households, both heavily transit dependent populations in the Canadian context, experience lower on-time bus performance than other groups.

The Historiography of Environmental History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the emergence of environmental history, which developed in the context of the environmental concerns that began in the 1960s with worries about local industrial pollution, but which has since evolved into a full-scale global crisis of climate change. Environmental history is ‘the history of the relationship between human societies and the rest of nature’. It includes three chief areas of inquiry: the study of material environmental history, political and policy-related environmental history, and a form of environmental history which concerns what humans have thought, believed, written, and more rarely, painted, sculpted, sung, or danced that deals with the relationship between society and nature. Since 1980, environmental history has come to flourish in many corners of the world, and scholars everywhere have found models, approaches, and perspectives rather different from those developed for the US context.

scholarly journals How Does Administrative Data Compare with Census Data for the Measurement of Internal Migration? The Case of Northern Ireland, 2001–2011

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Foley ◽  
Tony Champion ◽  
Ian Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Intercensal Period ◽  
Statistical Agencies

AbstractThe paper compares and contrasts internal migration measured by healthcard-based administrative data with census figures. This is useful because the collection of population data, its processing, and its dissemination by statistical agencies is becoming more reliant on administrative data. Statistical agencies already use healthcard data to make migration estimates and are increasingly confident about local population estimates from administrative sources. This analysis goes further than this work as it assesses how far healthcard data can produce reliable data products of the kind to which academics are accustomed. It does this by examining migration events versus transitions over a full intercensal period; population flows into and out of small areas; and the extent to which it produces microdata on migration equivalent to that in the census. It is shown that for most demographic groups and places healthcard data is an adequate substitute for census-based migration counts, the exceptions being for student households and younger people. However, census-like information is still needed to provide covariates for analysis and this will still be required whatever the future of the traditional census.

scholarly journals Punishing Survivors and Criminalizing Survivorship: A Feminist Intersectional Approach to Migrant Justice in the Crimmigration System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (14) ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
Salina Abji
Keyword(s):  
Women Survivors ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Scholars have identified crimmigration – or the criminalization of “irregular” migration in law – as a key issue affecting migrant access to justice in contemporary immigrant-receiving societies. Yet the gendered and racialized implications of crimmigration for diverse migrant populations remains underdeveloped in this literature. This study advances a feminist intersectional approach to crimmigration and migrant justice in Canada. I add to recent research showing how punitive immigration controls disproportionately affect racialized men from the global south, constituting what Golash-Boza and Hondagneu-Sotelo have called a “gendered racial removal program” (2013). In my study, I shift analytical attention to consider the effects of the contemporary crimmigration system on migrant women survivors of gender-based violence. While such cases constitute a small sub-group within a larger population of migrants in detention, nevertheless scholarly attention to this group can expose the multiple axes along which state power is enacted – an analytical strategy that foundational scholars like Crenshaw (1991) used to theorize “structural intersectionality” in the US. In focusing on crimmigration in the Canadian context, I draw attention to the growing nexus between migration, security, and gender-based violence that has emerged alongside other processes of crimmigration. I then provide a case analysis of the 2013 death while in custody of Lucía Dominga Vega Jiménez, an “undocumented” migrant woman from Mexico. My analysis illustrates how migrant women’s strategies to survive gender-based violence are re-cast as grounds for their detention and removal, constituting what I argue is a criminalization of survivorship.The research overall demonstrates the centrality of gendered and racialized structural violence in crimmigration processes by challenging more universalist approaches to migrant justice.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Relationship between Financial Wealth, Housing Wealth and Consumption: A Panel Analysis for the US

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitra Kontana ◽  
Fotios Siokis
Keyword(s):  
House Prices ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
Financial Wealth ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The Us ◽  
Housing Investments ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the seminal paper of Case, Quigley and Shiller (2013), we investigate the effects of financial and housing wealth on consumption.  Using quarterly data from 1975 to 2016, for all States of U.S. economy, and a different methodology in measuring wealth, we report relatively greater financial effects than housing effects on consumption.  Specifically, in our basic utilized model, the calculated elasticity for financial wealth is 0.060, while for housing is 0.045.  The results are not in agreement with the ones obtained by Case, Quigley and Shiller.  In an attempt to investigate the disparity we proceed by incorporating the introduction of the Tax Reform Act in 1986, which increased incentives for owner-occupied housing investments.  Finally, due to distributional factors at work, and taking into account the pronounced uneven distribution of wealth we investigate the effects of wealth for 8 states that include the Metropolitan areas comprising of the well known Case-Shiller 10-City Composite Index.  Now the housing effect on consumption is much stronger and larger than the financial effect.  Additionally, we forecast the consumption changes at the time of the high rise and large drops in house prices for these states.  Forecasts showed a recession from the fall of Lehman Brothers until the fourth quarter of 2011.  These forecasts were not verified.  Probably, the new techniques used by politics played an important role.  We also find that extreme behaviors cannot be predicted.

scholarly journals Assessing geographic and industry-related trends in bladder cancer in Ontario: A population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandra Stringer ◽  
Tina Luu Ly ◽  
Nicolas Vanin Moreno ◽  
Christopher Hewitt ◽  
Michael Haan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Statistics Canada

Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most prevalent cancer in Canada, with 9000 Canadians diagnosed each year.1 While smoking is the most important risk factor, environmental and occupational carcinogens have been found to significantly contribute to BC rates.2 As Canada is highly reliant on natural resource industries, this study seeks to identify geographical and industry-related trends of BC rates in Ontario. Methods: The 1991 and 2001 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC; Statistics Canada) was used, along with individual years of Census data. Maps identifying hot and cold spots for BC within Ontario were generated, and the former were assessed for industry patterns between location and BC rates. Cox proportional hazards models were run for each age cohort to predict the likelihood of developing BC by industry of work. Results: Significant geographical and industrial trends in BC rates were identified. For 1991–2001; hot spots included the Cochrane, Manitoulin, Parry Sound, and Sudbury (90% confidence interval [CI]), and Nipissing and Temiskaming (95% CI) regions. Toronto and York were cold spots. Concurrently, metal (p=0.039), paper and publishing (p=0.0062), and wood and furniture (p<0.0001) industries had increased rates of BC. Notably, these industries had high employment density in our hot spot areas and low density in our cold spots. Conclusions: Significant geographical and industrial BC trends were found in Northern Ontario regions reliant on heavy employment in natural resource-based industries, such as forestry, agriculture, and wood/paper. These findings may inform future screening guidelines and aid in identifying individuals at risk of BC development.

scholarly journals Injuries related to respiratory masks in the US are very rare

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Risk Of Falling ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Household Products ◽  
The Us ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Almost All

Background. Protective facemasks are important for preventing the spread of COVID-19, and almost all Americans have worn them at least some of the time during the pandemic. There are reasonable concerns about some ill effects of mask-wearing, especially for people who wear masks for extended periods, and for the risk of falling as a result of visual obstruction. But there are also unsupported fears and objections stemming from misinformation and fueled by political disputes. Methods. The study analyzed the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for 2020, using the product code for Respiratory Protection Devices, and calculated population incidence rates using Census data. Results. The NEISS included 128 cases, representing an estimated 5122 reported injuries in the population (95% CI 3322, 6922). The overall rate of injury reports was 1.54 per 100,000 U.S. residents (95% CI 1.00, 2.08). People over age 75 had higher rates than the population overall, with 5.27 injuries per 100,000 (95% CI 2.17, 8.37). The most common type of incidents involved facial injuries, rashes, falls, and those that might be considered anxiety-related. Conclusion. Wearing protective face masks is extremely safe, especially in comparison with other common household products, and in light of their protective benefits with regard to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This information may be useful for public health messaging, and for practitioners trying to increase compliance with mask-wearing guidance.

Choice and Conflict about Census Data Adjusting the American Census Count

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Census Count ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
The Us ◽  
Census Adjustment ◽  
Us Census

ABSTRACTThe census is a social fact, the outcome of a process that involves the interaction of public laws and institutions and citizens' responses to an official inquiry. However, it is not a ‘hard’ fact. Reasons for inevitable defects in the census count are listed in the first section; the second section reports efforts by the US Census Bureau to identify sources of error in census coverage, and make estimates of the size of the errors. The use of census data for policy purposes, such as political representation and allocating funds, makes these defects controversial. Errors may be removed by making adjustments to the initial census count. However, because adjustment reallocates resources between groups, it has become the subject of political conflict. The paper describes the conflict between statistical practices, laws and public policy about census adjustment in the United States, and concludes by considering the extent to which causes in America are likely to be found in other countries.

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