CAUSES OF HEAT NETWORKS DAMAGEABILITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennadiy I. TITOV ◽  
Nadezhda A. NOVOPASHINA ◽  
Vyacheslav G. TITOV
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Pipe Network ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
External Corrosion

Factors reduced the reliability of the heat supply networks is proposed to generalize to more substantive reasons. These are: external corrosion, internal corrosion and other reasons. The change of amount of heat damage to the outside network and internal corrosion, depending on the pipe diameter is introduced. The curve characterizing changes in the amount of heat damage to the network from external corrosion reliably obeys a normal distribution law. Recommendations to increase the service life of the heat pipe network are given.

scholarly journals PIPE CONDITION ANALYSIS USING ULTRASONIC TESTING TO PREDICT THE REMAINING SERVICE LIVE (RSL) OF THE PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE

Konversi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dampang ◽  
Nanang Burhan ◽  
Cindi Ramayanti
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Ultrasonic Testing ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Remaining Service Life ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The pipeline network in the petroleum industry is very susceptible to corrosion.  Corrosion problems can cause losses that are not small financially.  Corrosion that occurs in underground pipes can be in the form of external corrosion on the outer surface of the pipe caused by acid content in the air or in the soil or internal corrosion inside the pipe caused by petroleum content in the form of water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).  Corrosion causes the useful or service life of these pipes to be shorter than expected.  This study aims to measure the Remaining Service Life (RSL) of the petroleum distribution pipeline as an initial step of preventive action to avoid fatal consequences of corrosion problems.  In this study, ultrasonic testing was used as one of the Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methods to check the condition of the petroleum distribution pipe's wall.  In this study, it is found that the Remaining Service Life (RSL) of the pipeline under investigation is 25 years.

ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION OF SOLAR COLLECTOR SYSTEMS INTO DISTRICT HEAT SUPPLY NETWORKS

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2041-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Dvarioniene ◽  
Jurga Sinkuniene ◽  
Inga Gurauskiene ◽  
Giedrius Gecevicius ◽  
Zaneta Stasiskiene
Keyword(s):  
Solar Collector ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Supply Networks

Corrosion of 310S Austenitic Stainless Steel in Simulated Rocket Combustion Gas

2018 ◽  
Vol 765 ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
Tosapolporn Pornpibunsompop ◽  
Purit Thanakijkasem
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Metal Chlorides ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Wet Condition ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
Peeling Off

High temperature corrosion of 310S austenitic stainless steel in simulated rocket combustion gas at 900 degree Celsius was investigated and discussed in this paper. 310S austenitic stainless steel was chosen because it was used for building some components of a rocket launcher. The corrosive atmosphere was prepared by mixing of hydrochloric acid and distilled water with 5.5 mole per liter then, boiling that solution and feeding into a corrosion testing chamber. The chamber was set up at 900 degree Celsius with duration 210 hrs. After testing, the corroded specimen was microscopically characterized by OM and SEM/EDS techniques. The corrosion layer was classified into three main sublayers: peeling-off scale, external corrosion sublayer, and internal corrosion sublayer. The local chemical information was analyzed by XRD (in case of peeling-off scale) and SEM/EDS (in case of external and internal corrosion sublayers). The peeling off scale mainly comprised Fe2O3and Fe21.3O32ferrous oxides because they needed much oxygen consumption to exist. In case of external and internal sublayers, there were a lot of pore tunnels and corrosion products. Chlorine and/or hydrogen chloride would penetrate through a passive film and, then, metal chlorides was formed on both external and internal corrosion sublayers. Metal chlorides would volatile because of their lower evaporation temperature than the testing temperature. Moreover, they were oxidized by oxygen in wet condition and resulted metal oxides mostly remaining on the external corrosion sublayer.

Integrity Assessment of Non-Piggable Pipeline Through Direct Assessment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Prakash Sah ◽  
Mohammad Tanweer Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
External Corrosion

Managing the integrity of pipeline system is the primary goal of every pipeline operator. To ensure the integrity of pipeline system, its health assessment is very important and critical for ensuring safety of environment, human resources and its assets. In long term, managing pipeline integrity is an investment to asset protection which ultimately results in cost saving. Typically, the health assessment to managing the integrity of pipeline system is a function of operational experience and corporate philosophy. There is no single approach that can provide the best solution for all pipeline system. Only a comprehensive, systematic and integrated integrity management program provides the means to improve the safety of pipeline systems. Such programme provides the information for an operator to effectively allocate resources for appropriate prevention, detection and mitigation activities that will result in improved safety and a reduction in the number of incidents. Presently GAIL (INDIA) LTD. is operating & maintaining approximately 10,000Kms of natural gas/RLNG/LPG pipeline and HVJ Pipeline is the largest pipeline network of India which transports more than 50% of total gas being consumed in this country. HVJ pipeline system consists of more than 4500 Kms of pipeline having diameter range from 04” to 48”, which consist of piggable as well as non-piggable pipeline. Though, lengthwise non-piggable pipeline is very less but their importance cannot be ignored in to the totality because of their critical nature. Typically, pipeline with small length & connected to dispatch terminal are non-piggable and these pipelines are used to feed the gas to the consumer. Today pipeline industries are having three different types of inspection techniques available for inspection of the pipeline. 1. Inline inspection 2. Hydrostatic pressure testing 3. Direct assessment (DA) Inline inspection is possible only for piggable pipeline i.e. pipeline with facilities of pig launching & receiving and hydrostatic pressure testing is not possible for the pipeline under continuous operation. Thus we are left with direct assessment method to assess health of the non-piggable pipelines. Basically, direct assessment is a structured multi-step evaluation method to examine and identify the potential problem areas relating to internal corrosion, external corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking using ICDA (Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment), ECDA (External Corrosion Direct Assessment) and SCCDA (Stress Corrosion Direct Assessment). All the above DA is four steps iterative method & consist of following steps; a. Pre assessment b. Indirect assessment c. Direct assessment d. Post assessment Considering the importance of non-piggable pipeline, integrity assessment of following non piggable pipeline has done through direct assessment method. 1. 30 inch dia pipeline of length 0.6 km and handling 18.4 MMSCMD of natural gas 2. 18 inch dia pipeline of length 3.65 km and handling 4.0 MMSCMD of natural gas 3. 12 inch dia pipeline of length 2.08 km and handling 3.4 MMSCMD of natural gas In addition to ICDA, ECDA & SCCDA, Long Range Ultrasonic Thickness (LRUT-a guided wave technology) has also been carried out to detect the metal loss at excavated locations observed by ICDA & ECDA. Direct assessment survey for above pipelines has been conducted and based on the survey; high consequence areas have been identified. All the high consequence area has been excavated and inspected. No appreciable corrosion and thickness loss have observed at any area. However, pipeline segments have been identified which are most vulnerable and may have corrosion in future.

Research of Divergence Trajectory with a Given Risk of Ships Collisions

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Kostiantyn
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Imitation Modeling

There were considered the issues of the optimal collision avoidance in the target’s risk field. A method of optimal divergence by course maneuvering is proposed, which makes it possible to minimize the divergence trajectory for a given risk of collision and consists in organizing the movement of the vessel along the trajectory of a given risk. The risk field of the target is a normal distribution law characterized by the root-mean-square parameters of the uncertainties associated with measurement errors of the parameters of the vessel's state vector and target, errors of actuators, errors of the used mathematical models, errors of calculation, etc. The operability and efficiency of the proposed method, algorithmic and software were tested on the Imitation Modeling Stand, which is the Navi Trainer 5000 navigation simulator and a model of on-board controller included in its local network with the software of the risk divergence module. The Imitation Modeling Stand allows to work out the software of control systems, including the considered optimal divergence module, in a closed circuit with the Navi Trainer 5000 navigation simulator, using all its advantages.

scholarly journals ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПОКАЗНИКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ ЗАСОБІВ ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ МЕТОДОМ КОМПʼЮТЕРНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
Олександр Володимирович Томашевський ◽  
Геннадій Валентинович Сніжной
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Distribution Function ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calibration Interval

The operational efficiency of measuring equipment (ME) is important in determining the cost of maintaining ME. To characterize the operational efficiency of the ME, an efficiency indicator has been introduced, an increase of which will reduce costs caused by the release of defective products due to the use of ME with unreliable indications. Over time, the ME parameters change under the influence of external factors and the ME aging processes inevitably occur, as a result of which the parameters of the ME metrological service system change. Therefore, in the general case, the parameters of the metrological maintenance system of ME should be considered as random variables. Accordingly, the efficiency indicator of measuring instruments is also a random variable, for the determination of which it is advisable to apply the methods of mathematical statistics and computer simulation. The performance indicator depends on the parameters of the metrological maintenance ME system, such as the calibration interval, the time spent by the ME on metrological maintenance, and the likelihood of ME failure-free operation. As a random variable, the efficiency indicator has a certain distribution function. To determine the distribution function of the efficiency indicator and the corresponding statistical characteristics, a computer simulation method was used. A study was made of the influence on the indicator of the effectiveness of the parameters of the metrological maintenance system ME (interesting interval, the failure rate of ME). The value of the verification interval and the failure rate of MEs varied over a wide range typical of real production. The time spent by ME on metrological services is considered as a random variable with a normal distribution law. To obtain random numbers with a normal distribution law, the Box-Muller method is used. After modeling, the statistical processing of the obtained results was done. It is shown that in real production, the efficiency indicator has a normal distribution law and the value of the efficiency indicator with an increase in the calibration interval does not practically change.

ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE MEASURING AND COMPUTING COMPLEXES OF HEAT SUPPLY NETWORKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
A. M Petrov ◽  
A. N Popov
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Industrial Community ◽  
Analysis Computer ◽  
Large Data Analysis ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Supply Systems

In the presented article, the team of authors considers the existing methods and the main modern technical solutions that are currently implemented in different countries in the diagnosis of heat supply networks. There is a selection of the main directions in the development and design of heat supply networks, which have already been implemented or supported by scientific teams from different countries. Various methods and technical features of diagnostics are reviewed, strengths and weaknesses of the presented solutions are highlighted. The reviewed works were subjected to detailed analysis, which revealed the presence of a high interest of the scientific and industrial community in the integration and improvement of existing digital technologies in the development of heat supply systems, which would be closely related to forecasting and modeling processes in this industry. The team of authors highlights the main vectors for the development of this sector, citing an example of a significant increase in the degree of digitalization of final products, which makes it possible to use data analytics to obtain effective technical solutions regarding heat supply networks. Separately, the positive experience of different countries in this industry is noted when using neural networks not only in the design of heat supply networks, but also as a target industry as a whole. Assumptions are put forward about the need for a detailed analysis of the existing foreign and domestic experience, as well as scientific developments in this area, in order to determine the most suitable technical solutions on the territory of the Russian Federation, which will take into account the climatic characteristics of the country and be based on methods of large data analysis, computer vision and simulation. modeling.

Evaluation of Methods for Detecting and Monitoring of Corrosion Damage in Risers

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Lozev ◽  
R. W. Smith ◽  
B. B. Grimmett
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Damage ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Splash Zone ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Remaining Service Life ◽  
Torsional Waves ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
External Corrosion

Offshore pipeline failure statistics have been collected for more than 30 years now and illustrate that the riser predominantly fails as a result of corrosion. The consistent wetting and drying in the splash zone combined with defects in the coatings are the usual contributors to the problem. Risers are inspected at some determined frequency and can be done by internal and external methods. Inspecting by either means brings into account caveats and limitations from the technology used as well as human factors. For example, external inspections can be inefficient and inaccurate with some tools missing defects in areas of coating disbondment. In addition, internal inspections sometimes create false positives and can miss defects. These inaccuracies in the technologies or the techniques used may miss defects that eventually lead to failure. On the other hand, using corrosion mapping and fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment from the data collected, along with the inherent conservatism of this data from limited measurement accuracy, may result in the premature replacement of risers. A literature search is being conducted to review existing riser inspection methods and identify candidate nondestructive methods for riser inspection. These methods should be capable of detecting and monitoring general corrosion, localized corrosion pitting, and stress-corrosion cracking (sulfide or hydrogen induced) as external or internal corrosion damage. Thus far, this search has found that assessing the remaining service life of aging risers is largely dependent on the accuracy of analyzing corrosion damage to the riser surface in the atmospheric, splash (tidal), submerged, and buried environmental zones. The accuracy of each technology was analyzed. The capabilities and limitations of each method/technique used for riser inspection are summarized. The investigation is focused on long- and short-range ultrasonic techniques used for initial screening and corrosion mapping. These techniques can be deployed to detect a significant reduction in wall thickness using guided and torsional waves or to map accurately a corrosion damage using single/multiple transducers and phased-array probes in manual or automated mode. A pulsed eddy-current technique that uses a stepped or pulsed input signal for the detection of corrosion areas under insulation (CUI) is also being evaluated. This allows the detection of wall-thinning areas in the riser without removing the outside coatings. In addition, it is found that filmless, real-time, and digital radiography can be used to find internal and external corrosion defects in an insulated splash zone while the riser remains in service. A survey of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) manufacturing companies, NDE inspection companies, and operating companies was completed to collect information about current instrumentation and inspection/operators’ experience for riser inspection. Examples of advanced riser inspection instrumentation and field results are included. The ability of the candidate technologies to be adapted to riser variations, the stage of standardization, and costs are also discussed.

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