scholarly journals Dynamics in language

Diacronia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Dragoș Biro
Keyword(s):  
Language Evolution ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Community Members ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Language is subjected to a double definition process: by the static reality characteristic of the system, due to inertia to change, and by its permanent character regarding the language acts producing, through speaking. Because it is under the pressure of concrete communicative needs, a language is subjected to a continuous dynamics assuring the language progress or regress, both aspects, together with neutral modifications, actually meaning, in the Darwinist perspective, the language evolution. The article, thus, comes with a necessary conceptual delimitation between the language evolution and progress, on the one hand, but also between causes which determine the evolution and the evolution in itself, as a process. Linguistics has faced radically different approaches on its topic of study, natural human language; the perspectives on language differ from the relationships network which make the elements creating one language or another to get the quality of systems, to a product of man’s will and freedom, because the language cannot be separated from the speakers’ freedom, or to the attention paid to meanings, these being always socially constituted, based on the interactions between a community members. In such a diversity where divergence dominates convergence, this article intends, in subsidiary, to fix, from an diachronic perspective, the definition of linguistics as being, in fact, the history of evolutions the language has met since its beginnings.

Communication as source and motivator of language evolution

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilmos Benczik
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Language emerges and changes primarily through communication; therefore communication technologies play a key role in the history of language change. The most powerful communication technology from this point of view is phonetic writing, which has a double effect on language: on the one hand it impoverishes suprasegmental linguistic resources; on the other hand it evokes in language a profound and sophisticated semantic precision, and also syntactic complexity. The huge progress in abstract human thought that has taken place over the past three or four centuries has come about on the basis of these linguistic changes. Today, when writing seems to be losing its earlier hegemony over communication, the question arises as to whether this will lead to the erosion of human language, and also of human thought.

scholarly journals Early diagnosis of COPD: myth or a true perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (158) ◽  
pp. 200131
Author(s):  
Maria Eugenia Laucho-Contreras ◽  
Mark Cohen-Todd
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Clinical Burden ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Definition Of

The early stages of COPD have recently become a hot topic as many new risk factors have been proposed, but substantial knowledge gaps remain in explaining the natural history of the disease. If we are to modify the outcomes of COPD, early detection needs to play a critical role. However, we need to sort out the barriers to early detection and have a better understanding of the definition of COPD and its diagnosis and therapeutic strategies to identify and treat patients with COPD before structural changes progress. In this review, we aim to clarify the differences between early COPD, mild COPD and early detection of COPD, with an emphasis on the clinical burden and how different outcomes (quality of life, exacerbation, cost and mortality) are modified depending on which definition is used. We will summarise the evidence for the new multidimensional diagnostic approaches to detecting early pathophysiologic changes that potentially allow for future studies on COPD management strategies to halt or prevent disease development.

Nothing But the Truth? Hermeneutics and Morality in the Doctrines of Equivocation and Mental Reservation in Early Modern Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Tutino
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Quality ◽  
Modern Europe

AbstractThis article examines certain aspects of the history of the doctrines of equivocation and mental reservation in early modern Catholic elaborations. It argues that the first Catholic theologians who engaged systematically with these doctrines, Domingo de Soto and Martin de Azpilcueta (Navarrus), used them as tools to investigate the potentialities and limitations of human language as a means to communicate meaning between a speaker and a listener. This article also shows that between the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries Catholic theologians, both Jesuit and non-Jesuit, changed the debate over these doctrines into a debate over the moral quality of the speaker's intention. By analyzing the developments of the Catholic debate over equivocation and mental reservation, this article seeks to offer a fresh interpretation of the links between theology, morality, and hermeneutics.

scholarly journals Historicity, Historiography, and Hope

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Santos Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Medical Humanities ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Health Humanities ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Georges Canguilhem ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of History ◽  
Definition Of

Historicity is a key epistemological component of the definition of “science” proposed by authors such as Gaston Bachelard, Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault, and partially accepted by the Brazilian Collective Health builders. What we call the “historicity awareness” of Collective Health is the field’s recognition that there is no knowledge of health without history and that its history interferes with its results, with the conceptualization of its objects, its cognitive and technological practices, and the feasibility of its promises of enhancing the quality of life towards an equal society. This helps explain why Humanities in general and History, in particular, are ubiquitous to Health Education, where they are known as Health and Medical Humanities or, as is more usual in Brazil, Human and Social Sciences in Health. They helped to imagine an equitable health care system of which the concrete manifestation, however imperfect, is the Brazilian Unified National Health System, the SUS. Health Humanities, Medical Humanities, and History of Science and Technology are all interdisciplinary fields that challenge historiography and theory of history to look beyond the borders of our normative understanding of the historian’s professional identity – which legitimacy is achieved through specific academic training – to properly evaluate the multiple expressions of society’s relationships and engagements with history and time.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF BUDGET PLANNING IN CONDITIONS OF MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Posadnieva ◽  
Yana Rybitska
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
External Threats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of

The theoretical, methodological and practical principles of budget planning are considered in the work. The main economic and political factors that affect the quality of budget planning in a crisis economy are highlighted. The quality and efficiency of budget indicators planning during destructive events, internal and external threats are analyzed. The effectiveness of the state budget policy largely depends on effective budget planning. The principles of medium-term budget planning (Budget Declaration), which were introduced in our country and which aim to determine the general budget indicators for the next three years, should ensure the implementation of medium-term and long-term budget programs. However, the changing macroeconomic situation in the country and global economic challenges force the Budget Declaration to be revised annually. The main document of budget planning is the law on the State Budget of Ukraine for next year, and therefore the accuracy and completeness of its implementation depends on both medium-term budget planning and budget policy. The revenue part of the State Budget of Ukraine has a decisive influence on the formation expenditure’s part of the State Budget of Ukraine and a significant impact on the formation of local budgets. Therefore, the quality and accuracy of revenue planning is a necessary guarantee of socio-economic development of the state in the planned budget period. The execution of the revenue side of the state budget is also greatly influenced by foreign economic factors, which are not always predictable even for developed economies with a long history of budget risk forecasting, and for Ukraine sometimes become catastrophic, because our country does not have reserve funds as countries with developed economies. The purpose of the article is to consider and evaluate the theoretical and methodological and practical provisions of budget planning and develop on this basis practical recommendations for its improvement. In view of this, the paper revealed different approaches to the definition of «budget planning». The article considers the existing approaches to planning the revenue and expenditure side of the state budget. The authors identified factors that affect the quality of budget planning. The paper presents proposals for improving the efficiency of budget planning.

scholarly journals Can an open displaced tibial fracture be treated without surgery? a treatment discussion: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Sara Elisa Diniz ◽  
João Vale ◽  
Pedro Neves
Keyword(s):  
Open Fracture ◽  
Tibial Fracture ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Analyze Case

<p class="abstract">The authors present a case of a 70-year-old female with left tibial open fracture (Gustillo-Anderson type II) with previous history of trauma of the same limb, from which resulted a Morel-Lavallée injury complicated with extensive tissue necrosis. Considering the sequel condition of soft tissues (scarring and extensive fibrosis), conservative treatment was taken and successful result was achieved. In this case the biggest concern was not the traumatic tissue damage caused by the fall, but the poor quality of tissues already existent before this event. Although surgical treatment is the gold standard in these cases, we must analyze case by case the risk benefit of each procedure and choose the one we believe is the best for the patient.</p>

DIARY DISCOURSE AS A NARRATIVIZATION OF A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF O. GONCHAR

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
S. M. Mostova
Keyword(s):  
Psychological State ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Diary Writing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Activity Form ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Communicative Activity

The article deals with the linguistic study of discourse which is based on the material of «Dia- ries» by O. Gonchar. In the focus of this research, diary entries are established as the projection and reflection of the linguistic personality of the writer. The process of keeping a diary is considered as the communicative value of text writing. Therefore, the entries reflect the results and characteristics of Gonchar’s communicative activity. The reflection of the word appears as a writer’s artistic work that absorbs the philosophy of his time, his aspiration and cultural experience. Moreover, the linguistic reading of the diary discourse reveals the axiсological perception of the reality, verbalized in the word. As noted by I. Sirko, in the Ukrainian linguistic culture only in the second half of the 20th century – at the beginning of the XXI century dia- ries became a form of personal expression. Due to the philological achievements, it is known that diary and diary activity form the discourse. If to quote the definition of discourse by N. Arutyunova, then discourse is a text immersed in life. Ac- cording to Y. Stepanov, the phenomenon of discourse is the proof of the thesis «Language is the home of the spirit» and, to some extent, the thesis «Language is the home of being». So keeping a diary is a kind of communicative activity. The concept of the diary accurately reflects the specifics of its keeping – a kind of activity that is implemented every day. Linguistic study of the diary’s discourse involves a variety of approaches, including 1) modeling of diary activity, 2) the selection of typical cases of diary writing and the main tendencies characterizing diary texts; 3) description and characterization of diary texts in the unity of language, psycholinguistic, cultural, extra-linguistic circumstances, which influenced the subject and led to creativity. In the diary discourse, we can trace the activities of the author in the role of «figure», the role of «chronicler», the role of «carrier of the psychological state», the role of «the one who writes». This is due to the wide possibilities of the diary. Naturally, in each case, these roles are individual. For example, O. Gonchar realizes himself in several different roles, which is reflected in the numerous entries. He includes all the information, such as drafts of letters, scenes of works, heard jokes or stories, interesting facts, personal or other observations, thoughts which the author consid- ered to be deserving for certain reasons to save. O. Gonchar is endowed with a degree of freedom in his communicative activity. He is free not only in the choice of lexical and syntactical means but also in the choice of topics (events) for a diary entry, as well as in measures of detail, describing a particular event. Thus, a diary is the prism of the vision of the writer’s world, the history of his experience and the formation of the author as a person. In addition, it is important to notice that the records often cover the entire life of the author, which allows us to trace the evolution of the linguistic personality, reconstruct the content of its worldview. In this way, diaries provide informational and communicative values, appear as a projection of the linguistic personality of the writer and reflection of the author’s language.

Reflections on Writing a History of Women Teachers

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Weiler
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Women Teachers ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Feminist History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, Kathleen Weiler reflects on the historiography of Country Schoolwomen, her recent study of women teachers in rural California. Using a broad definition of feminist research, Weiler summarizes some of the most salient issues currently under debate among feminist scholars. She raises questions about the nature of knowledge, the influence of language in the social construction of gender, and the importance of an awareness of subjectivity in the production of historical evidence. Using several cases from Country Schoolwomen, Weiler discusses the importance of considering the conditions under which testimony is given, both in terms of the dominant issues of the day — for example, the way womanliness or teaching is presented in the authoritative discourse — and the relationship between speaker and audience. She concludes that a feminist history that begins with a concern with the constructed quality of evidence moves uneasily between historical narrative and a self-conscious analysis of texts.

The Age of the Sign: New Light on the Role of the Fourteenth Century in the History of Semiotics

Dialogue ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
History Of ◽  
Getting Lost ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Semiotics, the age-old investigation of signs, is still striving for acknowledgement as a scientific (and academic) discipline. Though the ‘linguistic turn’ in the philosophical disciplines seemed to be followed by a ‘semiotic turn’ in many sciences during the 1970s, efforts were not crowned by great success. When seen from a certain distance, a definition of semiotics as a discipline can only be obtained from its history. Research into the sources of the human pre-occupation with signs, and with concepts or conceptions of signs, is really desirable and even necessary when a field of considerable scientific interest at the brink of being awarded the rank of a discipline runs the risk of getting lost between the unificationism of the Morris-type and the elegance of pseudo-mathematical empty classificationism (such as demonstrated in the late Max Bense's Stuttgart School) on the one side, and profitable exploitation of the sign's popularized design qualities on the other.

scholarly journals Painless: a case of congenital insensitivity to pain in a 5-year-old male

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
H H Al Amroh ◽  
A L Reyes ◽  
J Barret Austin Hillary ◽  
W H Al Khaffaf
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Congenital Insensitivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Congenital Insensitivity To Pain ◽  
The One ◽  
Recurrent Injuries ◽  
Insensitivity To Pain

Abstract Background: several genetic disorders are known to be associated with congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), a term often used to describe an impaired ability to perceive the type, intensity and quality of noxious stimuli. Children with CIP often injure themselves severely. The injury can go unnoticed or be misdiagnosed as child abuse because it is associated with multiple and recurrent injuries which may result in permanent damage. Patient findings: we report the case of a 5-year-old boy with a history of showing no signs of pain when exposed to accidental injuries such as trauma, burns or secondary chronic lesions. Conclusion: child abuse has a much higher occurrence rate than rare neuropathies such as the one we describe. However, CIP should be considered as a diagnosis in any child presenting with a history of poor or absent responses to painful stimuli.

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