scholarly journals LINGUISTIC CONCEPTION AND LINGUISTIC THEORY IN DISCOURSE MEASUREMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Oksana Prosianyk
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Subjective Character ◽  
The Core ◽  
Integral Systems ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Scientific Conception

The article makes an attempt to distinguish between the concepts of scientific theory and scientific conception as functional components of scientific discourse. Both forms of scientific knowledge are interpreted as integral systems of scientific information based on logically reasoned or empirically proven data of rational nature. The fundamental difference between theory and conception is their functional and pragmatic orientation. The theory is understood as logically systematized scientific information of a substantive nature, and the conception is understood as methodologically organized scientific information of a philosophic and subjective character. The author suggests considering the conception as a hierarchically higher and more significant discursive level of organization of scientific knowledge, since the internal integrity and external compatibility of scientific theories completely depends on their discursive consistency within a single conception. The formation of the conception has expressive discursive character, since the conceptions arise in the scientific and philosophic interaction of views. In turn, the author considers the methodology and methodological bases, that make it consistent, to be the core of each scientific conception. The assessment of any linguistic theory should be based on clarifying the methodological essence of scientific conception within which this theory was created.

THEORY OF LAW AND PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AS THEORETICAL DISCOURSES: SPECIFICS AND RELATIONSHIP

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Вадим Леонидович Афанасьевский
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Relationship

В статье анализируется проблема взаимоотношений философии права и научной теории права. Рассматриваемая проблема стала особенно актуальной в российском образовательном пространстве в связи с введением после длительного перерыва в государственный образовательный стандарт магистратуры по юриспруденции учебной дисциплины «Философия права». Автор статьи в качестве базисного принимает тезис, согласно которому философия права, являясь сферой философской мысли, и теория права как область научного социогуманитарного знания представляют собой разные типы теоретического дискурса. Исходя из этого, в статье выстраивается теоретическая концепция, согласно которой задачей философии права как философского типа мышления является конструирование или экспликация онтологических, эпистемологических, аксиологических, феноменологических оснований для формирования и функционирования научных теоретико-правовых и историко-правовых построений. Для реализации поставленной в статье задачи подробно рассматриваются ключевые характеристики как теории философского типа, так и идеалов, норм и характеристик научного знания. Выявленное различие экстраполируется на взаимоотношение теории права как продукта научного творчества и философии права как конструкции, задающей базовые мировоззренческие смыслы. В качестве примера выработанных философией права и государства оснований научных теорий прогресса, государства, морали и права, автор приводит взгляды мыслителей западноевропейской философской классики: Т. Гоббса, Ж.-Ж. Руссо, И. Канта, Г.В.Ф. Гегеля. Именно их философские концепции предопределили образы теоретико- и историко-правовых учений XVIII, XIX, XX и даже начала XXI в. Таким образом, отношение философии права и теории права выстраивается по «вертикали»: от онтологического основания к возведению теоретико-правовых и историко-правовых научных построений. The article analyzes the problem of the relationship between the philosophy of law and the scientific theory of law. The problem under consideration has become especially urgent in the Russian educational space in connection with the introduction of the Philosophy of Law discipline master's degree in law after a long break. The author of the article takes as the basis the thesis that the philosophy of law, being the sphere of philosophical thought, and the theory of law as a field of scientific socio-humanitarian knowledge are different types of theoretical discourse. Based on this, the article builds a theoretical concept according to which the task of the philosophy of law as a philosophical type of thinking is the construction or explication of ontological, epistemological, axiological, phenomenological grounds for the formation and functioning of concrete scientific theoretical and legal and historical and legal constructions. To implement the task posed in the article, the key characteristics of both a theory of a philosophical type and ideals, norms and characteristics of scientific knowledge are examined in detail. The revealed difference is extrapolated to the relationship between the theory of law as a product of scientific creativity and the philosophy of law as a construction that sets basic philosophical meanings. As an example of the foundations of the scientific theories of progress, state, morality and law developed by the philosophy of law and the state, the author gives the views and thinkers of the West European philosophical classics T. Hobbes, J.-J. Russo, I. Kant, G.V.F. Hegel. It was their philosophical concepts that predetermined the images of theoretical and historical-legal doctrines of the XVIII, XIX, XX and even the beginning of the XXI centuries. Thus, the attitude of the philosophy of law and the theory of law is built along the «vertical»: from the ontological foundation to the construction of theoretical and historical and historical legal scientific constructions.

scholarly journals Presuppositions, implicatures, and contextual equivalence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Marty ◽  
Jacopo Romoli
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Empirical Adequacy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Maximize Presupposition ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Contextual Equivalence

AbstractMaximize Presupposition! (MP), as originally proposed in Heim (Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, pp. 487–535, 1991) and developed in subsequent works, offers an account of the otherwise mysterious unassertability of a variety of sentences. At the core of MP is the idea that speakers are urged to use a sentence ψ over a sentence ϕ if ψ contributes the same new information as ϕ, yet carries a stronger presupposition. While MP has been refined in many ways throughout the years, most (if not all) of its formulations have retained this characterisation of the MP-competition. Recently, however, the empirical adequacy of this characterisation has been questioned in light of certain newly discovered cases that are infelicitous, despite meeting MP-competition conditions. This has led some researchers to broaden the scope of MP, extending it to competition between sentences which are not contextually equivalent (Spector and Sudo in Linguistics and Philosophy 40(5):473–517, 2017) and whose presuppositions are not satisfied in the context (Anvari in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28, pp. 711–726, 2018; Manuscript, IJN-ENS, 2019). In this paper, we present a body of evidence showing that these formulations of MP are sometimes too liberal, sometimes too restrictive: they overgenerate infelicity for a variety of felicitous cases while leaving the infelicity of minimally different cases unaccounted for. We propose an alternative, implicature-based approach stemming from Magri (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2009), Meyer (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2013), and Marty (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2017), which reintroduces contextual equivalence and presupposition satisfaction in some form through the notion of relevance. This approach is shown to account for the classical and most of the novel cases. Yet some of the latter remain problematic for this approach as well. We end the paper with a systematic comparison of the different approaches to MP and MP-like phenomena, covering both the classical and the novel cases. All in all, the issue of how to properly restrict the competition for MP-like phenomena remains an important challenge for all accounts in the literature.

Dead-Ends and New Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-347
Author(s):  
Jean Francesco A.L. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
Doctrine Of Creation

Abstract The aim of this article is to investigate how Abraham Kuyper and some late neo-Calvinists have addressed the doctrine of creation in light of the challenges posed by evolutionary scientific theory. I argue that most neo-Calvinists today, particularly scholars from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), continue Kuyper’s legacy by holding the core principles of a creationist worldview. Yet, they have taken a new direction by explaining the natural history of the earth in evolutionary terms. In my analysis, Kuyper’s heirs at the VU today offer judicious parameters to guide Christians in conversation with evolutionary science, precisely because of their high appreciation of good science and awareness of the nonnegotiable elements that make up the orthodox Christian narrative.

scholarly journals A gestão do conhecimento e o repositório institucional da Universidade Federal do Tocantins

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Francisco Gilson Rebouças Porto Junior ◽  
Edson De Sousa Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Institutional Repository ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The University

O artigo discute o projeto de criação e implantação do Repositório Institucional da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, RIUFT. O objetivo é agrupar, armazenar, organizar, preservar, recuperar e divulgar a produção científica e acadêmica da UFT com vistas à gestão da informação cientifica, aumentando a visibilidade e o prestígio da instituição em âmbito nacional e internacional. Busca disponibilizar à comunidade universitária um espaço para armazenar e preservar a informação produzida na Instituição e ao mesmo tempo promover a transparência dos gastos públicos e apoio às atividades de pesquisa e criação do conhecimento científico no âmbito da UFT. A implantação do RIUFT será mediante adesão ao edital do Ibict, e será desenvolvido em duas fases: planejamento e implementação. Este estudo aborda também um histórico das ações implantadas pelo Ibict em prol do movimento de acesso livre ao conhecimento científico, bem como uma breve revisão de literatura sobre a sociedade do conhecimento e as tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Como técnica de pesquisa, adotamos uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se de revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa exploratória. O método de coleta de dados adotado foi a partir de informações fornecidas pela universidade e seus programas de pós-graduação. Palavras-chave: Repositório Institucional; Comunicação científica; Acesso aberto. ABSTRACTThe article discusses the project of creation and implementation of the Institutional Repository of the Federal University of Tocantins, RIUFT. The goal is to gather, store, organize, preserve, retrieve and disseminate scientific and academic production of UFT with a view to the management of scientific information, increasing the visibility and prestige of the institution in the national and international levels. Search available to the university community a space to store and preserve the information produced in the institution and at the same time promoting the transparency of public spending and support for research activities and creation of scientific knowledge within the UFT. The implementation of RIUFT is through adherence to Ibict the notice, and will be developed in two phases: planning and implementation. This study also addresses a history of actions implemented by Ibict in favor of open access movement to scientific knowledge as well as a brief literature review of the knowledge society and information and communication technologies. As a research technique, we adopted a qualitative approach, using literature review and exploratory research. The data collection method adopted was based on information provided by the university and its graduate programs. Keywords: Institutional Repository; scientific communication; open access

A Recap

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hilgard ◽  
Nan Li
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Science Of Science ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
Science Media

This synthesis chapter recapitulates the major themes of Part I. The chapter proposes that science communication is challenging because science is complex, because humans interpret evidence in biased ways, and because the science–media landscape is shifting. Consequently, the mere supply of scientific information alone is not likely to guide audiences to science-consistent beliefs. Instead, science communicators must learn to navigate both the cultural implications of their work and the heuristics audiences use when deciding whom to trust. Consideration must be given to scientific knowledge and the audience’s values alike. A science of science communication provides an understanding of these multiple considerations and promotes effective dialogue between scientists and the public.

The Core UN Human Rights Treaty Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-128
Author(s):  
Steven Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
System P ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Work First

Chapter 4 examines the core United Nations human rights treaties. It shows how we can think of these as complex systems, the result of the interactions of the states parties and the treaty bodies. The work first explains the regime on opposability and denunciation, which establishes the binding nature of the conventions, before considering the law on reservations, noting how this differs from the scheme under general international law. The chapter then turns to the interpretation of convention rights, detailing the distinctive pro homine (‘in favour of the individual’) approach applied to human rights treaties. The law on interpretation also requires that we examine the subsequent practice of states parties, as well as the pronouncements of the treaty bodies. The doctrine of evolutionary interpretation explains how the ‘ordinary meaning’ of treaty terms can evolve with developments in technical and scientific knowledge, changes in societal understandings, and wider modifications in regulatory approaches outside of the human rights treaty system.

Introduction and Synopsis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Georges Rey
Keyword(s):  
Body Problem ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Theory ◽  
Mind Body Problem ◽  
The Mind

The book is divided into three parts1. Part I provides a somewhat novel exposition and defense of what I regard as the core ideas of a Chomskyan linguistic theory; Part II, a discussion of some of the core philosophical claims that surround it; and Part III, a more contentious discussion of the ultimate problem that concerns me: whether and how the core theory is committed to a philosophically troublesome notion of intentionality that is associated with the near ubiquitous term “representation.” The last chapter will conclude with a brief critical discussion of a few further philosophical views that Chomsky has expressed regarding the mind–body problem, which many might—mistakenly—take to be essential to his theory....

scholarly journals A Layered Searchable Encryption Scheme with Functional Components Independent of Encryption Methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangchun Luo ◽  
Ningduo Peng ◽  
Ke Qin ◽  
Aiguo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Range Query ◽  
Searchable Encryption ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Keyword Query ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
The Core ◽  
Symmetric Scheme ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Structure And Functions

Searchable encryption technique enables the users to securely store and search their documents over the remote semitrusted server, which is especially suitable for protecting sensitive data in the cloud. However, various settings (based on symmetric or asymmetric encryption) and functionalities (ranked keyword query, range query, phrase query, etc.) are often realized by different methods with different searchable structures that are generally not compatible with each other, which limits the scope of application and hinders the functional extensions. We prove that asymmetric searchable structure could be converted to symmetric structure, and functions could be modeled separately apart from the core searchable structure. Based on this observation, we propose a layered searchable encryption (LSE) scheme, which provides compatibility, flexibility, and security for various settings and functionalities. In this scheme, the outputs of the core searchable component based on either symmetric or asymmetric setting are converted to some uniform mappings, which are then transmitted to loosely coupled functional components to further filter the results. In such a way, all functional components could directly support both symmetric and asymmetric settings. Based on LSE, we propose two representative and novel constructions for ranked keyword query (previously only available in symmetric scheme) and range query (previously only available in asymmetric scheme).

Solving Hardy-Weinberg with Geometry: An Integration of Biology and Math

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-312
Author(s):  
Laura A. Schoenle ◽  
Matthew Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Geometric Interpretation ◽  
Student Understanding ◽  
Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
The Core ◽  
Distributive Property ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Mathematics

Introducing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium into the high school or college classroom can be difficult because many students struggle with the mathematical formalism of the Hardy-Weinberg equations. Despite the potential difficulties, incorporating Hardy-Weinberg into the curriculum can provide students with the opportunity to investigate a scientific theory using data and integrate across the disciplines of biology and mathematics. We present a geometric way to interpret and visualize Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allowing students to focus on the core ideas without algebraic baggage. We also introduce interactive applets that draw on the distributive property of mathematics to allow students to experiment in real time. With the applets, students can observe the effects of changing allele frequencies on genotype frequencies in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Anecdotally, we found use of the geometric interpretation led to deeper student understanding of the concepts and improved the students' ability to solve Hardy-Weinberg-related problems. Students can use the ideas and tools provided here to draw connections between the biology and mathematics, as well as between algebra and geometry.

Scientific Uncertainty in Health and Risk Messaging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Zehr
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Public Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research ◽  
Societal Problems

Expressions of scientific uncertainty are normal features of scientific articles and professional presentations. Journal articles typically include research questions at the beginning, probabilistic accounts of findings in the middle, and new research questions at the end. These uncertainty claims are used to construct clear boundaries between uncertain and certain scientific knowledge. Interesting questions emerge, however, when scientific uncertainty is communicated in occasions for public science (e.g., newspaper accounts of science, scientific expertise in political deliberations, science in stakeholder claims directed to the public, and so forth). Scientific uncertainty is especially important in the communication of environmental and health risks where public action is expected despite uncertain knowledge. Public science contexts are made more complex by the presence of multiple actors such as citizen-scientists, journalists, stakeholders, social movement actors, politicians, and so on who perform important functions in the communication and interpretation of scientific information and bring in diverse norms and values. A past assumption among researchers was that scientists would deemphasize or ignore uncertainties in these situations to better match their claims with a public perception of science as an objective, truth-building institution. However, more recent research indicates variability in the likelihood that scientists communicate uncertainties and in the public reception and use of uncertainty claims. Many scientists still believe that scientific uncertainty will be misunderstood by the public and misused by interest groups involved with an issue, while others recognize a need to clearly translate what is known and not known. Much social science analysis of scientific uncertainty in public science views it as a socially constructed phenomenon, where it depends less upon a particular state of scientific research (what scientists are certain and uncertain of) and more upon contextual factors, the actors involved, and the meanings attached to scientific claims. Scientific uncertainty is often emergent in public science, both in the sense that the boundary between what is certain and uncertain can be managed and manipulated by powerful actors and in the sense that as scientific knowledge confronts diverse public norms, values, local knowledges, and interests new areas of uncertainty emerge. Scientific uncertainty may emerge as a consequence of social conflict rather than being its cause. In public science scientific uncertainty can be interpreted as a normal state of affairs and, in the long run, may not be that detrimental to solving societal problems if it opens up new avenues and pathways for thinking about solutions. Of course, the presence of scientific uncertainty can also be used to legitimate inaction.

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