MARKET PHENOMENON IN THE CULTURE OF LATGALE

Via Latgalica ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Angelika Juško-Štekele
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church

<p>The article aims to characterize the market as cultural phenomenon in Latgale, particular type of social communication with sustainable, traditionally consolidated functions and branched semantics. For characteristics of the market basically the phenomenological approach is used by updating specifics of the market as a phenomenon of cognition in Latgale. For this purpose a wide range of diverse sources is used, providing reflection of both individual and collective cognition – folklore, periodicals, fiction, cultural and historical essays. Apart from that also the semantically cognitive approach is used, with an emphasis on nominative density, etymology and contextual semantics of lexemes belonging to the semantic field of market. Market phenomenon in this article is reviewed as three thematic blocks – attitude towards market, selling and traders, market mega-system and, finally, functional load of the market.</p><p>Attitude towards the market, traders and trading as a type of economic activity has not been uniform in Latgale. With livestock breeding and farming becoming stronger, trade invariably serves as a tool for exchange of the surplus of goods produced in natural economy for the missing goods. Negative attitude towards trade and trader’s profession develops, when Jews are starting to trade in Latgale, by performance of intermediary and dealer functions. From the beginning of 19th century under influence of periodicals, the trade as a type of economic activity is rehabilitated among Latgalians, which is confirmed by folkloric materials and statistical data.</p><p>Market in the terms of place for selling in Latgale is becoming topical as regards its location, calendar, the market square layout, traders, ritual elements of marketing and a general atmosphere inherent to the market. Traditionally a market developed in more densely populated and well accessible places. In their establishing local estate managers were playing their roles, however as far as 40-ties of the 20th century location, attendance and calendar of the market in Latgale, was mainly determined by a tradition to arrange a market together with the church festivities. Like in former times, also today, coexistence of the church and the market promotes thinking about the balance of spiritual and material values, which is analyzed mainly by periodicals.</p><p>The market has always been distinguished with surprising regularity. In Latgale usually there were annual, monthly, and weekly markets. The names were formed according to the church holiday, dominant goods, market participants. Phenomenal nature of the market is acknowledged by their spontaneous organisation, even disregarding the government regulations. In this respect already during 30-ies of the 20th century Viļāni and Kārsava were distinguishable also these days maintaining the tradition of widely attended monthly market.</p><p>Marketplace as the most important part of the market mega-system has been established in the cognition not only as a marketing, but also as a venue of different cultural and social processes. Substantial factors for understanding of the marketing is improvement of the market area, the offer of goods, diversity of traders. Designations and arrangement of market place presents both a bright national colour and impact of foreign cultures (notably Polish, Russian). Varied supply of goods and bargaining possibility to the present day is specifying the market when compared with other trading venues. All these elements constitute market as the place of convergence of various historical, political and socio-economic developments to signal of all the topical events both in the social life and in the life or particular individuals.</p><p>In the public mind the market has been established also as an essential factor strengthening and even forming the family ties, since up to the middle of the 20th century, the market was the place and reason for meeting of closer and more distant relatives. The market was the place brides were selected, wedding jewellery was purchased. Market lexicon (for example, bride’s purchase, ‘bariši’) has entered also the wedding rituals.</p><p>Since the market is increasingly connected to a large number of people, it has been and still is used also for socio-political purposes: marketplaces have been areas of demonstrations, moots. Political parties address their electorates in the market both at the beginning of the 20th century and today. During the Second World War years, the marketplace was also used as a public place for punishment.</p><p>Perception of the market as a phenomenon has not decreased, it has become a singular identity factor and represents traditions and culture of Latgale both in other areas of Latvia and abroad.</p>

scholarly journals XI.—Farewell Address of General Ludlow to the authorities of Vevay. Communicated by H. L. Long, Esq., through J. Y. Akerman, Esq, Secretary

Archaeologia ◽  
1853 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
H. L. Long
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Market Place ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Bell ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Mansion ◽  
The Church

Among the archives of the municipality at Vevay are a few notices respecting General Ludlow. He was under constant apprehension of assassination, and by way of protection he was allowed, if necessary, to ring a large bell, suspended in an old tower, since pulled down, which stood on the edge of the lake, at the south-east corner of the market-place, and which was his first habitation at Vevay. His last abode was the house adjoining the eastern gate of the town, which is still in perfect preservation, and well known as Ludlow's residence. Until within the last few years the original inscription remained over the door; it was carved on wood in the form of a scroll, and was given by the present possessor of the mansion to an Englishman travelling through Vevay, who represented himself as a descendant of Ludlow. Permission was accorded him by the government at Berne to erect a small guardhouse in front of the house, in the lake, to watch any boat coming from Savoy; one attempt was made upon his person, as he was coming out of the church in which his ashes now repose, but was frustrated by the authorities of the town surrounding and protecting him. The permissions to ring the bell and to build the guard-house are recorded in the archives. There is also some memorandum relating to “Madame la Genérale Ludlow,” after his decease. On the 6th of June, 1832, having obtained the obliging permission of the syndic to search the records, I proceeded to their examination. One of the conseil d'etat, and the secretary, whose name was Demontel, attended me; unfortunately there was no index, and the person belonging to the establishment, said to be the only man capable of laying his hand upon anything required, happened to be absent at Orbe. So I was left to hunt along the margin for the name of Ludlow,—a tedious and somewhat unprofitable task, for I could not find all I wanted. I have a friend here, at Lausanne, who has engaged to furnish me with some particulars respecting the investigations that followed the assassination of Lisle, in the Place St. François. It would be satisfactory to discover some remnant of the papers and correspondence of the regicides, but none are known to exist, and Ludlow's widow no doubt carried off all his literary remains when she left his mortal remains in the church of St. Martin. The epitaph she put up to him is well known: so are those of Broughton and Love. Interment in the church is no longer permitted, so the old Parliamentarians are likely to have it all to themselves, and to lie there undisturbed until the “crack of Doom,” for we can hardly calculate upon churches being pulled down, and the dead pulled up, in this tranquil, neutralised, unchanging country.

Sport History and Historiography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Sikes
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time

Imperial expansion cast European sport, embedded with moral codes and social divisions, across Africa. The government, the church, schools, and the army encouraged colonized peoples to play sport because of its professed ability to discipline and to civilize. Yet sport in Africa developed in the context of existing local ideas about appropriate human movement. Over time, African sport reflected both indigenous and European organization, ideas, and aesthetics, with football (soccer) becoming a particular object of passion. The era of decolonization came with sporting independence. Sport provided a platform for newly independent African nations to consolidate national and pan-African identities and assert full membership and power in the international community, though it could prove divisive as much as integrative, depending on the situation. From continental cups to Western-style sport gatherings, continuities with imperial pasts informed postcolonial African sport. Yet sport also provided a bulwark of resistance against colonial hegemony and racist regimes on the continent. Well into the 20th century, boycotts of sport gatherings and events were threatened and carried out in protest against racist regimes in southern Africa.

Entrepreneurial behaviour among catholic Christians in Plateau State-Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuel Johnmark Dakung ◽  
Tsenba Wummen Soemunti
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an entrepreneurial behaviour model of both quantitative and qualitative factors that are relevant in influencing the entrepreneurial behaviour (self-employment) of catholic Christians in Plateau State-Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study followed a cross sectional (one shot) design. Also, a descriptive survey with a mixed methods and triangulation focus constitutes the study’s research design. A methodological paradigm triangulation concurrently was carried out where both qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection was employed. Valid research instruments (questionnaire and interview) were utilised to conduct the survey on 302 catholic Christians. Frequency distribution and Structural Equation Model (SEM) through the aid of IBM SPSS AMOS software version 22 were used to analyse and test the hypotheses formulated. Findings It was established that catholicpreneurship (innovation) has a strong and positive relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour. The catholicpreneurship (innovation) factor accounts for an estimate of r=0.327, **p&lt;0.01; significant at 0.000 in our model. Research limitations/implications The study is only restricted to Jos and Bukuru areas of Plateau State – Nigeria. Further research could be conducted to cover all the seventeen (17) LGAs of the state. Furthermore, the study employed the cross-sectional approach. A longitudinal approach should be employed to study the trend over a period of at least two years. Finally, the four (4) factors identified in influencing/triggering entrepreneurship behaviour may not be sufficient enough in explaining the phenomenon. Hence, there are other factors that may contribute in influencing entrepreneurship behaviour of the catholic Christians that were not part of this study. Practical implications This study indicates a number of implications for the church and policy makers. Since entrepreneurship is crucial to economic growth and self-employment, it is pertinent for the church to intensify initiatives in encouraging the spirit of Catholicpreneurship (innovation) among Christians in Plateau State and Nigeria at large. Hence, the church should promote entrepreneurship (sponsor training/classes for its members. With diverse programmes offered by the government to encourage entrepreneurship, the church has a wide range of opportunities to cash on when trying to set up ventures. Originality/value This paper is the first in Nigeria (Africa) to test empirically the relationships between catholicpreneurship (innovation), attitude, perceived behavioural control, intention and entrepreneurship behaviour among catholic Christians.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF CORONASTATISTICS INDICATORS

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
SIMON GELASHVILI
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Area Source ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Bloc ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Indicators

The paper discusses Coronastatistics as a content of complex cognition, which is characterized by many aspects; it reflects not only the health care issues of the population, but also the issues of the economy: A system of their characteristic statistical indicators and its constituent blocks is proposed. Each of them gives a fairly wide range of both general and specific indicators. It is clear that health statistics indicators are particularly widespread, quantitatively characterizing the total number of Coronavirus-infected populations as well as their distribution by area, source of disease, sex, age, and other signs. The economic bloc presents statistical indicators, that characterize the impact of COVID-19 on the economic and business sectors and the consequences of its impact in the short, as well as medium and long term. Both, macro and microeconomic statistical measures are provided, as well as indicators for determining the size and range of reactions of small, medium and large businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has more or less spread to almost every country, and it has had a significant unintended negative impact on all areas of public life, especially the economy and human social life. This impact is multifaceted and requires complex quantitative and qualitative research. Appropriate methodoland methodology, including statistics, are necessary for such research. Coronastatistics has a broad, complex content and includes not only quantitative indicators of the spread of the Coronavirus, but also the consequences of its impact on human health and social life, as well as economic, environmental, demographic, business and other areas. The system of Coronastatistics consists of many subsystems, or blocks. First of all, the groups of general and special indicators should be distinguished, which are created according to each field. The grouping is based on various essential traits such as field, area, demographic (biological) characteristics and many more. The calculated indicators will be represented as absolute and relative, as well as average, in the form of variation and indices. In addition, appropriate time series and correlation analysis indices should be used to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the first time in world history, the main cause of the current local, regional or global economic crisis is not directly in the economy or its management, but due to the impact of another, very strong exogenous factor - the COVID-19 pandemic. In such conditions, the need to expand the functions of the government is on the agenda. The state also takes the risk in managing the national economy, but it is somewhat different (Papava V., 2020: 138). It should also be noted that it is very difficult to accurately quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and business, both globally and locally (depending on the country), in the short or medium term. This begs the question: should economic and business change forecasts be calculated? The correct answer is: Of course, such predictions are needed. But they must be reliable enough. "In economics and business, forecasting serves as a compass that shows you where to go." (Gelashvili, S., 2019: 13). Therefore, in this case, it is more appropriate to calculate the interval statistical forecasts on the principle of collaborative forecasting, especially in the field of business, through which it is possible to carry out an operational response to specific market processes (Gelashvili, S., 2017: 259). The article presents the systems of coronastatics indicators developed by the author in the fields of economics and healthcare, which allows for a complex quantitative analysis and the development of appropriate recommendations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the managerial and preventive functions of the statistics were particularly evident. Without complete and reliable information and proper indicators, it is impossible to make sound and optimal decisions at all hierarchical levels and under any conditions, including pandemics or normal living conditions. The complex system of Coronastatistics indicators, proposed by the author, allows typological, structural and analytical grouping of data on COVID-19, which is an important condition for conducting relevant qualitative and quantitative analysis.

scholarly journals Kardynał Stefan Wyszyński w obronie praw narodu

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Elwira Jolanta Kryńska
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Social Life ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Practical Usefulness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski in Defense of the Rights of the Nation The impulse to refer to the personal exemplar of Primate Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński and his teachings about the nation and family are the tendencies of moral relativism present in social life, resulting from the belief that only effectiveness and practical usefulness determine what is true and what is good. Seeing in this the threat of a return to „the only right and true doctrine”, which in truth is no longer the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, but destructive views opposing national culture, I consider it justified to recall one of the most outstanding Poles of the 20th century, for whom the good of Poland and Poles were the primary defense of human rights and the right of the nation to independence and justice. He tried to bring to light those values inherent in the nation that could effectively resist these growing threats. These defenses were cited as particularly valuable for the life of the nation and the Church in a totalitarian state that is striving to objectify and incapacitate the individual. However, faith combined with the morality of the Nation formed by the Church contributed to the maintenance of national unity and allowed it to survive in the conditions of communist restrictions. In order to release the Nation from the supremacy of communist ideology, the Primate of the Millennium did not hesitate to confront this system. Even his arrest and imprisonment did not discourage him from serving God and the Homeland. His nobility of heart, bravery of spirit and determination to defend the rights of the nation made him a hero who will not be forgotten!

scholarly journals IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON BRAND LOYALTY AND BRAND SWITCHING BEHAVIOUR OF CONSUMARS OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS: A STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 489-493
Author(s):  
Y.V.Sujana ◽  
Prof. G.L.Narayanappa
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Customer Reviews ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Counterfeit Products

In recent times, tastes and preferences are consistently changing on purchase behaviour. In the year 2018, around 120 million people made their purchases over the internet and the number expected to reach 175 million by 2020. The demand potential of e-commerce made private equity firms to look for it. The government has an attractive policy for e-commerce. The government policy allows the 100 % FDI (Foreign direct investment) in B2B model of e-commerce and 100 per cent FDI also allowed in market place model through automatic route. E-commerce gives benefits to society, customer and organisations. E-Commerce to Society: E-commerce is one of the largest employment generators in India. It reduces the regional imbalances and makes all levels of customers access the product at their fingertips. It eliminates the intentional bias of the sellers so that it saves the customer. E-Commerce to Consumers: Customer can access a wide range of products or services at their fingertips. E-commerce gives zero movement of truth and the first movement of truth for the customers. Customer reviews next to the product on e-commerce site offers mirror purchase experience for customers so that customers avoid the counterfeit products. It provides convenience and also saves time and money. E-Commerce to organisations: Technology makes the organisations independent. E-commerce reduces salespersons’ dependence. It abolishes the geographical boundaries of the business. It reduces the cost of sale. It can fetch the precise statistics over the sales, thereby strengthen the business strategies. KEYWORDS: E-commerce, Customer reviews, Foreign direct investment, electronic products

scholarly journals Niższe Seminarium Duchowne we Włocławku – założenia instytucjonalne i edukacyjne (1908–1988)

1970 ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Kinga Lisowska
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Private Education ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church

This article focuses on the operation of the Lower Seminary in Włocławek in the 20th century. It is an example of a formative and educational institution subordinated simultaneously to the Church and the government. For the entire period of its existence, the school was the property of the Włocławek Diocese. The organization of the seminary and the education was provided in complex social, political and systemic circumstances. In the course of its operation, the school was dependent on Russian, Polish and German authorities. The article presents the history of the Lower Seminary, the organizational and curricular changes as well as the organization’s basic structure. The history of the Seminary is a part of research into private education in the 20th century in Poland, encompassing the lower secondary and secondary school levels. The research also contributes to our knowledge of the organization of education in the Lower Seminary in Włocławek, as well as ecclesiastic education in lower seminaries in Poland in the 20th century.

scholarly journals Propaganda image of Christianity in Polish history textbooks from the Stalinist period

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 181-218
Author(s):  
Przemysław Sołga
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Social Life ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Education History ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church

After taking power in Poland in 1944/1945 the communists started a gradual process of turning Poland into a totalitarian state that aimed at eradicating religion from social life. The construction of an atheist state was one of the main goals of the government, and increased in importance during the largest period of repression of the Stalinist period, i.e. 1948 - 1956. Atheistic propaganda combined with open hostility towards religious education in schools, also found its way into historical education. History textbooks of the period tried to picture the church and the history of Christianity in an immensly bad light, by omitting and twisting facts, or even by blatantly lying. Christianity and various historical figures associated with it were introduced as myths or false stories resulting from peoples’ backwardness and superstition. The church was considered responsible for civilizational stagnation, while the clergy was considered as the most morally abhorrent social class. However, convincing Polish society to detest the Catholic Church was a difficult task, as most Poles continued religious participation and practices. After the end of the Stalinist period atheistic propaganda was subdued, although in some form it continued till the end of the existence of the People’s Republic of Poland.

scholarly journals Minister of Confessions A.V. Kartashev and confessional policy of the Provisional Government

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-885
Author(s):  
Andrey N. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church

The article considers the views of A. Kartashev, an outstanding theologian, Minister of Confessions of the Provisional Government, on relationship between church and state in Russia and the measures he proposed in order to reform them. What Kartashev advocated was not the complete separation of church and state, but rather such a “growing distance” between them which would give the Russian Orthodox Church independence and would allow the state to be secular rather than unilaterally confessional. During the short period when the Ministry of Religious Confessions was working, Anton Kartashev tried to be less involved into church administration, defended the interests of the religious department in the government, and supported a number of proposals from the Local Council. Kartashev began to implement the legal registration of the multi-confessional state system and consistently defended the interests of the Orthodox Church in other ministries and government departments. He gradually moved away from the doctrinal guidelines of the Provisional Government on the separation of church and state and became inclined to strengthen the influence of the church in the life of society, seeing its activities as a guarantee of the spiritual salvation of Russia. This approach did not coincide with the ideas about the role of the church in the life of society which had developed in liberal and socialist circles of that time and led to a discrepancy between the declarations of the Provisional Government and the activities it carried out in the church sphere. The article considers the reasons why Kartashev was able to pursue his line of confessional policy. The most important of these reasons was that neither the Provisional Government nor the Constitutional Democratic Party or the Socialist Revolutionary Party considered the problems of church-state relations a priority. They treated such problems in the context of general problems of the democratic transformation of Russia and attributed the right to solve them to the Constituent Assembly. It is emphasized that in the tense atmosphere of 1917 neither the Provisional Government nor the Russian Orthodox Church wanted to conflict with each other. In this situation, the compromise policy of Anton Kartashev suited both sides and softened the negative attitude of the church circles towards the activities of the Provisional Government.

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