Toxicity assessment of pickling liquors containing TiF₃, HF and HCl before and after neutralization using a phytotesting method

The paper evaluates the toxicity of spent acid pickling liquor (SAPL) formed in the production of titanium products during its etching with a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids. The SAPL contained TiF₃, HF and HCl in the amounts of 21,9 g/l, 1,7 g/l and 6,2 g/l, respectively. To determine the toxicity of SAPL, a phytotesting method was used. As a phytoecological indicator, cress of Zabava variety was used. The experiment was carried out according to the procedure for determining the toxicity of drinking, ground, surface and sewage water; the toxicity of chemical solutions by measuring the germination index, average length and average dry weight of seed germs of cress (Lepidium sativum). The toxicity of the SAPL was determined before and after neutralizing with alkali. It has been shown that SAPL has an acute toxic effect both before and after its neutralization by alkali. To determine a safe dilution rate, the influence of SAPL dilution on seed germination, average length and average dry weight of the seedlings was studied. It was found that the seedlings average length-dilution rate equations most reliably describe the experimental findings. The safe dilution rate calculated from these relations is 669,2 for non-neutralized SAPL and 382,5 for alkaline neutralized SAPL.

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The Application of Phytotesting Method to Assess the Toxicity of Titanium Etching Effluents

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.769.161 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 769 ◽

pp. 161-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nikolay Alekseevich Bykovsky ◽

Timur Z. Zabirov ◽

Inna V. Ovsyannikova ◽

Nadezhda F. Fanakova

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sewage Water ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Dilution Factor ◽

Etching Solution ◽

Acute Toxic Effect ◽

Chemical Solutions

The article evaluates the toxicity of the spent acid etching solution (SAES) formed in production of titanium products when etched with a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids. The SAES contained TiF3, HF and HCl in the amount of 21.9 g/l, 1.7 g/l and 6.2 g/l, respectively. To determine the toxicity of SAES the phytotesting method was used. As a phytoecological indicator, a cress of Zabava variety was used. The experiment was carried out according to the method for determining the toxicity of drinking, ground, surface and sewage water, chemical solutions by measuring the germination index, average length and average dry weight of seedlings of cress seeds (Lepidium sativum). The SAES toxicity was determined before its neutralization with alkali and after neutralization with alkali. It is shown that SAES has an acute toxic effect both before neutralization and after neutralization with alkali. To determine the safe dilution factor, the effect of SAES dilution on seed germination, average length and average dry weight of seedlings was investigated. It was found that “seedlings average length – dilution factor” equations most reliably describe the experimental data. The safe dilution factor calculated from these dependencies is 669.2 for non-neutralized SAES and 382.5 for neutralized SAES.

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Toxicity Assessment of the Main Waste of Soda Production by Phytotesting

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.769.166 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 769 ◽

pp. 166-171

Author(s):

Nikolay Alekseevich Bykovsky ◽

Inna V. Ovsyannikova ◽

Lyudmila N. Puchkova ◽

Nadezhda N. Fanakova

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Plant Species ◽

Average Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Dilution Factor ◽

Acute Toxic Effect ◽

Soda Ash

The paper investigates the use of cress (Zabava and Krupnolistovoi varieties) and wheat (Salavat Yulaev and Omskaya varieties) as phytoecological indicators. The object for testing was still waste liquid, the main waste of soda ash production. The toxicity was assessed by three parameters (seed germination, length and dry weight of the seedlings). It is shown that the still waste liquid has an acute toxic effect on all phytoecological indicators used. It has been found that the regression equations for seed germination and dry weight of seedlings in contrast to their average length for all plants do not adequately describe the experimental results and can not be used to evaluate the safe dilution factor. The safe dilution factor, determined by the average length of the seedlings, for cress Zabava is 34.7 and cress Krupnolistovoi is 34.4, and for wheat Salavat Yulaev is 73.0 and for wheat Omskaya is 81.8. It was established that the safe dilution factor determined with the use of different plant species varies quite strongly.

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Wastewater production of ethylenediamine and the assessment of their toxicity by phytotesting

Samara Journal of Science ◽

10.17816/snv201981102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Nikolai Alekseevich Bykovsky ◽

Evgeny Abramovich Kantor ◽

Lyudmila Nikolaevna Puchkova ◽

Nadezhda Nikolaevna Fanakova ◽

Vadim Stanislavovich Fanakov

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Average Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Nacl Solution ◽

First Case ◽

Acute Toxic Effect ◽

Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride

This paper discusses occurrence of toxic wastewater from the production of ethylenediamine by aminating 1,2-dichloroethane with ammonia. It is shown that wastewater from ethylenediamine production is formed at the stages of evaporation of ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and rectification of a mixture of amines obtained as a result of evaporation. In the first case, the wastewater contains a saturated NaCl solution with a content of 1 2% polyethylene polyamines, and in the second case, the drain contains a solution containing about 1% of ethylenediamine and about 2% of ammonia. To study the toxicity of these wastewater, watercress of Zabava and Krupnolistovoy varieties were used. The assessment of toxic properties of wastewater was carried out according to such values as seed germination, the average length of seedlings and the dry weight of seedlings. It is revealed that the studied drains have an acute toxic effect on the watercress of both varieties. It is shown that the regression equations obtained for the dry weight of seedlings and seed germination, in contrast to the length of the seedlings, do not adequately describe the experimental results and cannot be used to determine the safe multiplicity of breeding. The safe multiplicity of breeding, calculated using the average length of seedlings, ranges from 489,1 to 892,9 for various drains and watercress varieties. It is shown that the most toxic is the runoff containing a saturated NaCl solution with a content of 1 2% of polyethylene polyamines Zabava is the most sensitive to the degree of toxicity of runoff.

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More skilled clinical management of COVID-19 patients modified mortality in an intermediate respiratory intensive care unit in Italy

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/s12931-021-01613-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Giovanna E. Carpagnano ◽

Giovanni Migliore ◽

Salvatore Grasso ◽

Vito Procacci ◽

Emanuela Resta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Management ◽

Average Length ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Before And After ◽

Respiratory Intensive Care Unit ◽

Transferred Patients

Abstract Background Some studies investigated epidemiological and clinical features of laboratory-confirmed patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but limited attention has been paid to the follow-up of hospitalized patients on the basis of clinical setting and the expertise of clinical management. Methods In the present single-centered, retrospective, observational study, we reported findings from 87 consecutive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory syndrome hospitalized in an intermediate Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU), subdividing the patients in two groups according to the admission date (before and after March 29, 2020). Results With improved skills in the clinical management of COVID-19, we observed a significant lower mortality in the T2 group compared with the T1 group and a significantly difference in terms of mortality among the patients transferred in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from our intermediate RICU (100% in T1 group vs. 33.3% in T2 group). The average length of stay in intermediate RICU of ICU-transferred patients who survived in T1 and T2 was significantly longer than those who died (who died 3.3 ± 2.8 days vs. who survived 6.4 ± 3.3 days). T Conclusions The present findings suggested that an intermediate level of hospital care may have the potential to modify survival in COVID-19 patients, particularly in the present phase of a more skilled clinical management of the pandemic.

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A Scientometric Study on Industrial Effluent and Sludge Toxicity

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9080176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Amid Mostafaie ◽

Diogo N. Cardoso ◽

Mohammadreza Kamali ◽

Susana Loureiro

Keyword(s):

Industrial Wastewater ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Industrial Effluent ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Complex Compounds ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Scientometric Analysis ◽

Water Medium ◽

Before And After ◽

Scientometric Study

The growth of industrialization has led to an increase in the production of highly contaminated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains highly complex compounds varying in characteristics and required to be treated before its discharge into a water medium from various industries. However, the efficiency of the treated wastewater from the toxicity reduction perspective is unclear. In order to overcome this barrier, toxicity assessment of the industrial wastewater before and after treatment is crucial. Thus, in this study, a scientometric analysis has been performed on the toxicity assessment of industrial wastewater and sludges, which have been reported in the literature. Web of Science (WoS) core collection database has been considered the main database to execute this analysis. Via the search of pre-researched keywords, a total number of 1038 documents were collected, which have been published from 1951 to 2020. Via CiteSpace software and WoS analyser, these documents went under analysis regarding some of the scientometry criteria, and the detailed results obtained are provided in this study. The total number of published documents on this topic is relatively low during such a long period of time. In conclusion, the need for more detailed contributions among the scientific and industrial communities has been felt.

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Development and application of a simple procedure for toxicity testing using immobilized algae

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0089 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mohammad I. Abdel-Hamid

Keyword(s):

Simple Procedure ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Response Curves ◽

Response Parameter ◽

Test Alga ◽

Almost All ◽

Immobilized Algae

A simple microplate technique was adopted for toxicity assessment of a number of pesticides including six herbicides (Atrazine, Dichloroprop, Glyphosphate, Chlorsulfuron, MCPA, and Simazine), an insecticide (Dimethoate) and a fungicide (Propiconazol). Growth response of free and immobilized cultures of the green chlorococcal algae Selenastrum capricornumtum to different treatments of these pesticides was tested and compared. The biotests were carried out under conditions optimal for the growth of the test alga. Algal growth was exposed in terms of dry weight, and was employed as the toxicity-response parameter. Dose-response curves were used to calculate the toxicity of the tested compounds in terms of EC50. Based on EC50 values, the responses of both immobilized and free cultures were quite similar for almost all the treatments. The technique facilitated the visual detection of the lowest toxic concentration giving no detectable algal growth (EC100). The technique is quite simple, rapid, practical, accurate, and space saving. It suggested that batteries of immobilized algae could replace free cultures in studies of toxicity testing.

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The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-041 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 280-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jarmo K. Holopainen

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Frost Injury ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Before And After ◽

Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

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Consent for the discontinuation of life-prolonging treatment in cancer patients: a retrospective comparative analysis before and after the enforcement of the Life Extension Medical Decision law

10.21203/rs.3.rs-118257/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

YuJin Chung ◽

JinHo Beom ◽

JiEun Lee ◽

Incheol Park ◽

Junho Cho

Keyword(s):

Emergency Room ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Average Length ◽

Length Of Hospital Stay ◽

Life Extension ◽

Medical Decision ◽

Patient Consent ◽

Before And After ◽

The Law

Abstract Background The Life Extension Medical Decision law enacted on February 4, 2018 in South Korea was the first to consider the suspension of nonsensical life-prolonging treatment, and its enactment raised big controversy in Korean society. However, there is no study on whether the actual life-prolonging treatment for patients has decreased after enforcing the law. This study aimed to compare the provision of patient consent before and after the enforcement of the law among cancer patients who visited a tertiary university hospital's emergency room to understand the effects of the law on cancer patients' clinical care. Methods This retrospective single cohort study included advanced cancer patients over 19 years of age who visited the emergency room at a tertiary university hospital. The two study periods were as follows: from February 2017 to January 2018 (before) and from May 2018 to April 2019 (after). The primary outcome was the average length of hospital stay. The consent rate for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), intubation, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were the secondary outcomes. Results The average length of hospital stay decreased after the law was enforced, from 4 days to 2 days (p= 0.001). The rates of direct transfers to secondary and nursing hospitals increased from 8.2% to 21.2% (p=0.001) and from 1.0% to 9.7%, respectively (p<0.001). The rate of provision of consent for admission to the ICU decreased from 6.7% to 2.3% (p=0.032). For CPR and CRRT, the rate of provision of consent decreased from 1.0% to 0.0% and from 13.9% to 8.8%, respectively, but the differences were not significant (p=0.226 and p=0.109, respectively). Conclusion According to previous research, for patients wishing only conservative treatment, the reduction in hospital stays at tertiary hospitals ultimately reduces the physical, emotional, financial burdens and also improves the quality of end-of-life at home or in a hospice facility. In this context, this research ultimately show that the purpose of the LEMD law has been achieved. Further research in several hospitals including those patients who completed the consent after hospitalization is needed to generalize the clinical implication of the LEMD law.

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Bioaktivitas ekstrak biji bintaro terhadap kutu daun Aphis gossypii GLOVER dan pengaruhnya terhadap tanaman cabai

Jurnal Agro ◽

10.15575/8380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 179-192

Author(s):

Rial Mustiarif ◽

Djamilah Djamilah ◽

Nanik Setyowati ◽

Agustin Zakarni

Keyword(s):

Insect Pest ◽

Aphis Gossypii ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Aphis Gossypii Glover ◽

Before And After ◽

Two Factors

Aphis gossypii Glover hama penting tanaman cabai, dapat dikendalian dengan menggunakan pestisida nabati. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi waktu aplikasi dan konsentrasi ekstrak kasar biji bintaro (Cerbera odollam G.) dalam mengendalikan A. gossypii Glover serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman cabai. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap, dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah waktu aplikasi ekstrak (waktu sebelum dan waktu setelah infestasi A. gossypii Glover). Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi ekstrak bintaro (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% dan 5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi 1% ekstrak biji bintaro menyebabkan mortalitas kutu daunnya 68% sedangkan pada konsentrasi 3% mortalitasnya mencapai 90%. Ekstrak biji bintaro yang diberikan sebelum hama diinfestasikan menyebabkan mortalitas kutu daun 59,5% sedangkan jika diberikan setelah hama diinfestasikan mortalitasnya meningkat menjadi 77,6%. Nilai LC50 dan LC90 ekstrak biji bintaro diaplikasikan sebelum dan setelah hama diinfestasikan secara berurutan adalah 1,8%; 4,4%; 0,57% dan 2,8%. A. gossypii Glover yang diinfestasikan pada tanaman berumur 4 minggu dan disemprot dengan ekstrak biji bintaro pada konsentrasi 1% dapat menurunkan intensitas kerusakan pada hari ke tujuh setelah infestasi dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah daun, bobot segar maupun bobot kering tanaman cabai. Ekstrak biji bintaro dapat dikembangkan sebagai pestisida nabati untuk mengendalikan hama A. gossypii Glover pada tanaman cabai. Aphis gossypii Glover is an important sucking insect pest of the pepper (Capsicum annum L.), Can be controlled by using natural pesticides. The study aimed to evaluate the application time and concentration of Cerbera odollam G. seed extract in controlling A. gossypii and their effects on pepper, C. annum. Complete randomized design was used in this experiment, with two factors, and was repeated three times. The first factor was the time of application of the extract, consisting of before and after A. gossypii infestation. The second factor was the concentration of C. odollam extract (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%). The results indicated the C. odollam seed extract affected the mortality of A. gossypii. At a concentration of 1% of C. odollam seed extract, the mortality of A. gossypii was 68% while at a concentration of 3% the mortality reached up to 90%. C. odollam seed extract applied before infestation, the mortality of A. gossypii was 59.5% whereas, after the infestation, the mortality increased up to 77.6%. LC50 and LC90 extract of C. odollam seeds applied before and after infestation were 1.8%; 4.4%; 0.57% and 2.8% respectively. A. gossypii infested at 8 weeks old pepper and sprayed with C. odollam seed extract at a concentration of 1% lowered the crop damage on the seventh day after infestation. On the other hand, the application of C. odollam seed extract did not affect the number of leaves, fresh weight, and dry weight of pepper. This study indicate that C. odollam seed extract can be developed as a natural pesticide to control A. gossypii on pepper..

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Phytotoxic effects of Cerbera manghas L. leaf extracts on seedling elongation of four monocot and four dicot test species

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1720 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ichsan Nurul Bari ◽

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Test Species ◽

Phytotoxic Effects ◽

Cerbera Manghas

Exploration of allelochemicals with phytotoxic effects is intended to minimize a current dependency on synthetic herbicides in weed management. Several allelochemicals from the tropical tree Cerbera manghas (sea mango) have been reported as termiticides and bactericides. The present study investigated possible phytotoxic effects of C. manghas leaf extracts under laboratory conditions. Four monocots: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and timothy (Phleum pratense) and four dicots: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), garden cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and rapeseed (Brassica napus) were used as test species. Elongation of both shoots and roots of seedlings was measured to assess any phytotoxic effects. The results showed that the sensitivities of shoots and roots were different between the test species, and the inhibition of seedling elongation significantly increased with increasing concentration of leaf extracts of C. manghas for all the test species. The IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values showed that 8.50–32.30 and 4.26–34.67 mg dry weight equivalent extract mL−1 of C. manghas inhibited seedling elongation by 50%, for shoots and roots respectively. Isolation and identification of the phytotoxic substances from C. manghas are suggested for future investigation.

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