scholarly journals The Influence of the Sign of NAO Phases during the Winter Period on the Water Balance and the Possibility of Drought Occurrence in the Warm Season in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 127-143
Author(s):  
Andrzej A. Marsz ◽  
Anna Styszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Drought Occurrence

scholarly journals Retention time of lakes in the Larsemann Hills oasis, East Antarctica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Shevnina ◽  
Ekaterina Kourzeneva ◽  
Yury Dvornikov ◽  
Irina Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Larsemann Hills ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Field Campaigns

Abstract. The study gives first estimates of water transport scale for five lakes located in the Larsemann Hills oasis (69º23' S, 76º20' E) in the East Antarctica. We estimated the lake retention time (LRT) as a ratio of the lake volume to the income and outcome terms of a lake water balance equation. The LRT was evaluated for lakes of epiglacial and land-locked types, and it was assumed that these lakes are monomictic with water exchange existing during a warm season only. We used hydrological observations collected in 4 seasonal field campaigns to evaluate the LRT from the outcome and income terms of the water balance equation. For the epiglacial lakes Progress/LH57 and Nella/Scandrett/LH72, the LRT was estimated of 12–13 and 4–5 years, respectively. For the land-locked lakes Stepped/LH68, Sara Tarn/LH71 and Reid/LH70, our results show a big difference in the LRT calculated from the outcome and income components of the water balance equation. The LRT for these lakes vary depending on the methods and errors inherent to them. We suggested to rely on the estimations from the outcome surface runoff since they are based on the hydrological measurements with better quality. Lake Stepped/LH68 exchange water within less then 1.5 years. Lake Sara Tarn/LH71 and Lake Reid/LH70 are the endorheic ponds with the water exchange through mostly evaporation, their LRT was estimated as 21–22 years and from 8–9 years, respectively. To improve the estimates of the LRT, the hydrological observations are needed to monitor the lakes and streams during the warm season with the uniform observational program.

scholarly journals The Methodological Study of Under-soil Heating System (USHS) for Warm-season Grass

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 521A-521
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Heating ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Pass Through

Recently, full-green turf on the sports fields in a winter period is highly required. The negative factor for warm-season grass pitch is its winter dormancy. Winter overseeding (WOS) is one of the successful methods to make them seem green. However, maintenance cost for winter overseeded turf is relatively expensive, and WOS itself involves some difficulties. On the other hand, under-soil heating (USHS) has been used only for cool-season grass pitch, but for warm-season grass pitch for the purpose to make them full green in a winter term. The objectives of this study are: 1) to confirm USHS's effectiveness for warm-season grass, 2) to make the specified system itself, and 3) to estimate the approximate heat demand. The results indicate that USHS can make warm-season grass green and maintain much higher turf quality, even in a severe winter period. The parameters needed to create the system are obtained. Those includes: heating pipe's spacing and depth, initial media temperature, and required soil temperature. In addition, USHS needs plastic cover for insulation, which light, air and water can pass through. Compared with WOS, this method can reduce maintenance fee and procedures such as preparation for WOS in a fall and transition in a spring. Thus, it can prolong total playing period. Moreover, it is easy to maintain the turf quality higher and maintenance cost can be less than WOS. The future subjects are to assess weed invasion, pests and diseases levels induced by USHS or by excess humidity, and to create a special maintenance program for this method.

scholarly journals Water balance and its intra-annual variability in a permafrost catchment: hydrological interactions between catchment, lake and talik

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 9271-9308 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bosson ◽  
T. Lindborg ◽  
S. Berglund ◽  
L.-G. Gustafsson ◽  
J.-O. Selroos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Water System ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Annual Variability

Abstract. Few hydrological studies have been made in Greenland with focus on permafrost hydrology rather than on the glacial hydrology associated with the Greenland ice sheet. Understanding permafrost hydrology, and its reflection and propagation of hydroclimatic change and variability, however, can be a key to understand important climate change effects and feedbacks in arctic landscapes. This paper presents a new extensive and detailed hydrological dataset, with high temporal resolution of main hydrological parameters, for a permafrost catchment with a lake underlain by a talik close to the Greenland ice sheet in the Kangerlussuaq region, western Greenland. The paper describes the hydrological site investigations and data collection, and their synthesis and interpretation to develop a conceptual hydrological model. The catchment and lake water balances and their intra-annual variability, and uncertainty intervals for key water balance components, are quantified. The study incorporates all relevant hydrological processes within the catchment and, specifically, links the surface water system to both supra-permafrost and sub-permafrost groundwater. The dataset enabled water balance quantification with high degree of confidence. The measured hydraulic gradient between the lake and the groundwater in the talik shows this to be a groundwater recharging talik. Surface processes, dominated by evapotranspiration during the active flow period, and by snow dynamics during the frozen winter period, influence the temporal variation of groundwater pressure in the talik. This shows the hydrology in the catchment as being rather independent from external large-scale landscape features, including those of the close-by ice sheet.

Understanding the Distinct Impacts of MCS and Non-MCS Rainfall on the Surface Water Balance in the Central United States Using a Numerical Water-Tagging Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 2343-2357
Author(s):  
Huancui Hu ◽  
L. Ruby Leung ◽  
Zhe Feng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Infiltration Excess

ABSTRACTWarm-season rainfall associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the central United States is characterized by higher intensity and nocturnal timing compared to rainfall from non-MCS systems, suggesting their potentially different footprints on the land surface. To differentiate the impacts of MCS and non-MCS rainfall on the surface water balance, a water tracer tool embedded in the Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (WT-Noah-MP) is used to numerically “tag” water from MCS and non-MCS rainfall separately during April–August (1997–2018) and track their transit in the terrestrial system. From the water-tagging results, over 50% of warm-season rainfall leaves the surface–subsurface system through evapotranspiration by the end of August, but non-MCS rainfall contributes a larger fraction. However, MCS rainfall plays a more important role in generating surface runoff. These differences are mostly attributed to the rainfall intensity differences. The higher-intensity MCS rainfall tends to produce more surface runoff through infiltration excess flow and drives a deeper penetration of the rainwater into the soil. Over 70% of the top 10th percentile runoff is contributed by MCS rainfall, demonstrating its important contribution to local flooding. In contrast, lower-intensity non-MCS rainfall resides mostly in the top layer and contributes more to evapotranspiration through soil evaporation. Diurnal timing of rainfall has negligible effects on the flux partitioning for both MCS and non-MCS rainfall. Differences in soil moisture profiles for MCS and non-MCS rainfall and the resultant evapotranspiration suggest differences in their roles in soil moisture–precipitation feedbacks and ecohydrology.

Lucerne in crop rotations on the Riverine Plains. 1. The soil water balance

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
B. Christy ◽  
F. X. Dunin ◽  
P. J. Haines ◽  
K. F. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Annual Crops

Dryland salinity, caused largely by insufficient water use of annual crops and pastures, is increasing in southern Australia. A field experiment in north-eastern Victoria (average annual rainfall 600 mm) assessed the potential for lucerne grown in rotation with crops to reduce the losses of deep drainage compared with annual crops and pasture. Soil under lucerne could store 228 mm of water to 1.8 m depth. This compared with 84 mm under continuous crop (to 1.8 m depth), except in 1997–98 where crop dried soil by 162 mm. Between 1.8 and 3.25 m depth lucerne was able to create a soil water deficit of 78 mm. The extra water storage capacity was due to both the increased rooting depth and increased drying abiliy of lucerne within the root-zone of the annual species. Large drainage losses occurred under annuals in 1996 and small losses were calculated in 1997 and 1999, with no loss in 1998. Averaged over 1996–1999, drainage under annual crops was 49 mm/year (maximum 143 mm) and under annual pastures 35 mm/year (maximum 108 mm). When the extra soil water storage under lucerne was accounted for, no drainage was measured under this treatment in any year. Following 2 years of lucerne, drainage under subsequent crops could occur in the second crop. However, with 3 or 4 years of lucerne, 3–4 crops were grown before drainage loss was likely. Our calculations suggest that in this environment drainage losses are likely to occur under annual species in 55% of years compared with 6% of years under lucerne. In wet years water use of lucerne was higher than for crops due to lucerne’s ability to use summer rainfall and dry soil over the summer–autumn period. During the autumn–winter period crop water use was generally higher than under lucerne. The major period of increased soil water extraction under lucerne was from late spring to midsummer, with additional drying from deeper layers until autumn. Under both lucerne and crops, soil dried progressively from upper to lower soil layers. Short rotations of crops and lucerne currently offer the most practical promise for farmers in cropping areas in southern Australia to restore the water balance to a level which reduces the risk of secondary salinity.

GROUND OF WAYS OF OVERCOMING OF EUTROPHICATION OF RESERVOIRS

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Maryna Tavrel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Low Efficiency

Introduction. Increasingly, due to excessive growth of nutrients and decomposition of plants and animals in the reservoir, low turbulence, increased temperature, and due to this decrease in the solubility of oxygen in water, leads to eutrophication and as a consequence – “blooming” of the reservoir. It is the signal of trouble in a hydrosphere that needs immediate permission. Problem Statement. For today processes and conformities to law of growing speed of distribution of eutrophication of reservoirs, is studied not enough and there is not the only setting, the structural parameters of that will be able to provide optimal terms that will assist breeding of industrial fish, both in summer and in a winter period of year, and thus it is the issue of the day of present time. Purpose. Exposure on the basis of analysis of existing for today methods and facilities of prevention of excessive increase of reservoirs by cyanobacterias, to execute the review of methods airing of reservoir, that answer the requirements of seasonal temperature condition, the capable normalized necessary concentration of oxygen, as in a summer period of year so in winter. Id est creation of such terms an eutrophication will not develop at that. Materials and methods. Methods of analysis of literature sources, laboratory studies of the effect of nutrient concentration in water on the development of algae, microscopic control of the number of cyanobacteria in experimental vessels, chemical analysis of the presence of dissolved oxygen in water were used. Water samples from the Pokrovsk pond were selected as research material. Results. Excessive growth of cyanobacteria is observed at a water temperature of 15 ° C. And when exposed to elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the growth rate increases several times, as evidenced by a number of laboratory experiments. The results of the experiment showed that even a small concentration of fertilizers in the pond can lead to rapid flowering of algae, to a critical decrease in oxygen concentration, which in turn will lead to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. The general analysis of modern methods and methods of combating eutrophication allowed us to identify their main advantages and defects. Different methods of preventing and combating eutrophication have their advantages, but they mainly have a unidirectional effect, low efficiency, some use toxic reagents that are unacceptable in fisheries. Conclusions. A review of recent studies on the occurrence of eutrophication of water bodies and as a result – harmful algal blooms, investigated the main environmental factors that mediate the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms. At present, there is no single way or means to combat eutrophication processes that can completely clean the reservoir, but their use in the complex can be effective. Of particular interest is the deep aeration, which can be used both in the warm season and in winter. Eutrophication today is mainly a consequence of human activity, and which requires mainly a comprehensive solution. It includes both preventive and regulatory methods. Promising is the use of aeration, the result of which is achieved in the fight against “blooming” of the reservoir by cyanobacteria, including those that produce toxins, both in the warm season and cold, preventing the formation of ice crusts. Keywords: cyanobacteria, algae, eutrophication, aeration, oxygen saturation, conditioning.

The climatic trends of temperature and salinity in the Bering straight in the last decades

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Т.Р. Кильматов ◽  
А.С. Попов
Keyword(s):  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Climatic Trend ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Flux Increase

Представлены результаты расчетов линейных климатических трендов температуры и солености поверхностных вод Берингова пролива и прилегающих акваторий за временной период 1950 – 2020 гг., отдельно за август и февраль месяцы. Отмечается нагрев поступающей тихоокеанской воды в Чукотское море в летний период на +0,120С/10лет, в зимний период +0,140С/10лет. Одновременно происходит временной тренд в сторону уменьшения солености поступающих вод, это ‒0,060/00/10лет в летний сезон и ‒0,03 S0/00/10лет в зимний сезон. Таким образом в случае инерционного изменения климата через 100 лет вода в Беринговом проливе будет на 1,30С теплее и на 0,450/00 менее соленой. Сделаны оценки роста потока тепла через Берингов пролив в Чукотское море вследствие климатического тренда, который составляет +2,4*1019Дж/10лет. Отмечено, что направления трендов температуры и солености в Беринговом море и Беринговом проливе в сторону нагрева и уменьшения солености совпадают, а в Чукотском море климатические тенденции противоположные. The calculation of the climatic linear trends of the surface waters temperature and salinity in the Bering Strait and nearby water areas are presented. The time period is 1950 – 2020 years. The Time data for the warm season - August and the cold season - February series are shown separately. The heating of the incoming Pacific water into the Chukchi Sea is note. There is the summer period +0.120C/decade, in the winter period +0.140C/decade. At the same time, there is some trend towards decrease in salinity the straight water, this is ‒0.06psu/decade in the summer season and this is ‒0.03psu/decade in the winter season. Following of an inertial climate change in 100 years there is the Bering Strait water will be +1.30Cwarmer and ‒0.45psu/decade salty less. The estimate of the heat flux increase through the Bering Strait to the Chukchi Sea due to the climatic trend is +2.4*1019J/decade. There is a peculiarity that the time trends of temperature and salinity in the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait have the same direction to the heating and the salinity decrease, but at the same time the Chukchi Sea has the opposite tendency. An explanation of this discrepancy is given.

scholarly journals Hygienic health risk distribution due to atmospheric air pollution in low-lying cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 06008
Author(s):  
A.V. Kosarev ◽  
N.E. Komleva ◽  
S.V. Raikova ◽  
V.N. Dolich ◽  
I.V. Zaikina
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Risk Distribution ◽  
The City

The total excess of components which pollute the atmospheric air of the city of Saratov has been increasing from May to October and is most evident for the locations of transport interchanges. The allocation of polluting components of atmospheric air corresponds to the distribution model of structural basin cities. The hazardous level of non-carcinogenic health risk caused by inhalation of substances polluting the atmospheric air of Saratov (HQ>1) is determined by the existence of nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and formaldehyde. Non-carcinogenic risk of hazard has a tendency to increase in the warm season – from May to July), as well as in the winter period (January-February). The carcinogenic health risk associated with the existence of formaldehyde in the air exceeds the upper limit of the permissible risk. The highest values of the carcinogenic risk match the monitoring points situated near motorways. This may be due to photochemical processes involving the results of incomplete fuel combustion in engines, in which formaldehyde is formed. The anticipated increase in respiratory morbidity due to chronic inhaled exposure to NO2 in children aged 6-7 years ranges from 44 to 79 percent, while the grow-up rates are higher in girls.

scholarly journals Climate trends and behaviour of drought indices based on precipitation and evapotranspiration in Portugal

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1481-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Paulo ◽  
R. D. Rosa ◽  
L. S. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Standardised Precipitation Index ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Drought Occurrence ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract. Distinction between drought and aridity is crucial to understand water scarcity processes. Drought indices are used for drought identification and drought severity characterisation. The Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) are the most known drought indices. In this study, they are compared with the modified PDSI for Mediterranean conditions (MedPDSI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). MedPDSI results from the soil water balance of an olive crop, thus real evapotranspiration is considered, while SPEI uses potential (climatic) evapotranspiration. Similarly to the SPI, SPEI can be computed at various time scales. Aiming at understanding possible impacts of climate change, prior to compare the drought indices, a trend analysis relative to precipitation and temperature in 27 weather stations of Portugal was performed for the period 1941 to 2006. A trend for temperature increase was observed for some weather stations and trends for decreasing precipitation in March and increasing in October were also observed for some locations. Comparisons of the SPI and SPEI at 9- and 12-month time scales, the PDSI and MedPDSI were performed for the same stations and period. SPI and SPEI produce similar results for the same time scales concerning drought occurrence and severity. PDSI and MedPDSI correlate well between them and the same happened for SPI and SPEI. PDSI and MedPDSI identify more severe droughts than SPI or SPEI and identify drought occurrence earlier than these indices. This behaviour is likely to be related with the fact that a water balance is performed with PDSI and MedPDSI, which better approaches the supply-demand balance.

scholarly journals Retention time of lakes in the Larsemann Hills oasis, East Antarctica

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2667-2682
Author(s):  
Elena Shevnina ◽  
Ekaterina Kourzeneva ◽  
Yury Dvornikov ◽  
Irina Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Larsemann Hills ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Field Campaigns

Abstract. This study provides first estimates of the water transport timescale for five lakes located in the Larsemann Hills oasis (69∘23′ S, 76∘20′ E) in East Antarctica. We estimated lake retention time (LRT) as a ratio of lake volume to the inflow and outflow terms of a lake water balance equation. The LRT was evaluated for lakes of epiglacial and landlocked types, and it was assumed that these lakes are monomictic, with water exchange occurring during the warm season only. We used hydrological observations collected in four seasonal field campaigns to evaluate the LRT. For the epiglacial lakes Progress and Nella/Scandrett, the LRT was estimated at 12–13 and 4–5 years, respectively. For the landlocked lakes Stepped, Sarah Tarn and Reid, our results show a great difference in the LRT calculated from the outflow and inflow terms of the water balance equation. The LRTs for these lakes vary depending on the methods and errors inherent to them. We relied on the estimations from the outflow terms, since they are based on hydrological measurements with better quality. Lake Stepped exchanged water within 1.5 years. Sarah Tarn and Lake Reid are endorheic ponds, with water loss mainly through evaporation. Their LRTs were estimated as 21–22 and 8–9 years, respectively. To improve the LRT estimates, special hydrological observations are needed to monitor the lakes and streams during the warm season with a uniform observational programme.

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