CALCULATION OF INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING ENTERPRISES ON THE STATE OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Purpose. The aim of the work is to quantify the indicators of the environmental impact of mining enterprises on the state of the natural environment during the operation of a mining enterprise and after its liquidation. Method. The paper uses a computational and analytical research method. Results. Based on the calculations performed, it was established that the specific assessment of the environmental impact on the biosphere components of the Mining Enterprise PJSC "MM "Pokrovskoe" for the entire estimated period of the mine's existence: lithosphere – 0.071; hydrosphere – 0.02; atmosphere – 0.77; biota – 0.009; physical fields – 0.13. After the liquidation of the mine, due to the termination of coal mining operations from methane-free coal seams, the absence of emergency gas emissions, as well as a decrease in noise and heat pollution, the specific impact on the atmosphere (0) and physical fields (0.0004) is significantly reduced, but at the same time, the impact on the hydrosphere (0.26) and lithosphere (0.72) significantly increases, which is associated with changes in the hydrological regime of water and the deterioration of mine discharges of water quality in the hydrographic network due to pumping mine effluents to the daytime surface, with the dry method closing the mine, and waterlogging of the territory with a wet and combined method of closing the mine. The indicator of specific impact on the biota (0.009) does not change. Scientific novelty. A methodology for calculating indicators of the environmental impact of mining enterprises on the state of the natural environment is proposed. Practical significance. The obtained indicators of environmental impact on the components of the biosphere can serve as a basis for developing measures to reduce the negative manifestations of mining enterprises on the state of the natural environment. Key words environmental risk, mining enterprise, biosphere components, environmental impact.

Ensuring the eco safety of mixing departments steel melting shops

Introduction. Mixer branches of metallurgical enterprises are an intermediate link between blast furnace and steelmaking workshops. They are equipped with mixers – footer containers for storing cast iron melt. In Ukraine, mixers with a capacity of 1300 or 2500 tons are used. Technological operations are accompanied by emissions of finely dispersed brown smoke and large-dispersed graphite dust into the atmosphere. Problem. Mixer compartments of Ukrainian factories are equipped with aspiration systems that dimity emissions from cast iron pouring and draining units with the help of fume tubes, then emissions pass the dust collector and discharge into the atmosphere through a chimney. The main impact of mixer compartments on the environment is: disorganized emission through an aerodynamic dust lamp, which is not allotted by the aspiration system; organized emission through a smoke pipe of dust not caught by a dust collector; solid waste from gas cleaning and dust hoppers settling on the floor and structures of the mixer compartment from the disorganized ejection that did not come out through the lantern. The main problems are insufficient aspiration (disorganized emission) and low emission purification efficiency (emission through the chimney). A separate problem is the disposal of caught dust. The degree of aspiration in the factories of Ukraine is about 0.7 for the filling unit in the mixer and 0.8 for the drain unit from the mixer at the power of the aspiration system 150-250 thousand tons. This does not meet modern requirements. Results. Cyclones are used as a dust collector in most factories, which completely capture graphite, but are not effective enough for brown smoke. Therefore, it is proposed to use sleeve filters or electro filters. It is also possible to introduce the suppression of brown smoke with nitrogen. The use of nitrogen is possible in accordance with cyclones (for existing systems) or compatible with filters (during reconstruction or new construction). The use of suppression of brown smoke with nitrogen allows to solve the problem of disposal of caught dust, because nitrogen supply leads to enrichment of dust with graphite. The content of graphite increases from 15% to more than 30%, which converts dust from care to commodity product. Keywords: mixer, cast iron pouring, cast iron drainage, dust suppression by nitrogen, aspirational mixer compartment system.

PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION OF MINING ENTERPRISES AND THEIR CLEANING FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Introduction. In the process of coal mining and beneficiation, a large amount of wastewater is formed at enterprises. Sewage has a variety of origins, which can be classified into: natural (mine, quarry, drainage); technological (water for carrying out technological process, water for cooling of cars and devices); surface (water from rain, snow and maintenance of the enterprise); household (water is formed from showers, bathrooms, dining rooms). Wastewater from mines and factories is highly polluted and can have toxic effects on the environment. Problem Statement. Natural waters have a high rate of mineralization, salts of heavy metals, iron. Waters are polluted with organic matter, large and small particles of coal and rock. Surface and process effluents are contaminated with coal dust and petroleum products. Domestic waters are contaminated with surfactants, fats, animal and plant food residues, alkali, cadmium, nickel. Purpose. The aim is to study in detail the sources of pollution of mine effluents, to determine their composition and properties. Identify the seasonality of sources. Describe the method of water treatment and suggest possible improvements to existing technology. Materials and methods. The water must undergo some purification before it enters the environment. One of the main processes of wastewater treatment is filtration. This process is the most common and effective, so it should be part of the cleaning technology. The filter element can be a thin partition with pores or three-dimensional elements with a porous filler. This paper presents a technology with a granular filter, also called fast. The fast filter works on the principle of volume filtration, impurities are retained in the entire volume of the filter medium, in the pores and on the surface of the grains. Before filtration, the water is treated with coagulants. Types of granular materials: quartz sand, anthracite, expanded clay, expanded polystyrene, ceramic sand, mesoporous coal. Mesoporous coal is a promising material for filtration. Results. In the result of consideration of the composition and properties of wastewater, the appropriate technological scheme of mine wastewater treatment is selected and described. The technology provides purification from large impurities in open hydrocyclones, water treatment with flocculant, provides a filter and clarifier, enhanced purification from petroleum products in the oil trap and carbon filter. Filling the filter is sent to the coal warehouse, which is a cost-effective solution. Conclusions. The effluents of mining enterprises are saturated with pollutants and have a very aggressive composition, so it is unacceptable to release them into the environment without prior lighting. Should attention be paid to the purification of petroleum products that fall into the water as a result of the operation of machines and devices. As one of the possible methods, the technological scheme, improved by the department with oil trap and filter, is presented. Filter backfill is mesoporous coal, which is a very promising sorbent. Water treated with this technology can be used for recirculating water supply. This is justified not only by the economic aspect, but also by the environmental one. Keywords: mine drains, mining, pollution, petroleum products, filtration, technological scheme.

Efficiency of industrial enterprises energy services taking into account the environmental factor

Objective: to investigate the problem of environmentally friendly efficiency of energy services of an industrial enterprise in the management system of economic processes, which would be based on the assessment of financial, economic, social and environmental effects on the final activity of the industrial enterprise. Method. The following methods were used in the process of research: analysis and synthesis, logic, theoretical generalization, comparison, causation. Results. The article examines the environmental acceptability of energy production and energy consumption, which is the main component of energy security. The efficiency of energy consumption in Ukraine is analyzed. The total greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector have been studied. It is determined that the total greenhouse gas emissions are divided into four key areas: energy generation; extraction and processing of energy resources; transport; for consumption. It is determined that the only relatively universal and comparable for international and regional comparisons indicator of energy efficiency and environmentally oriented economy is the indicator of energy intensity of GDP, taking into account purchasing power parity (PPS). The problem of efficient ecologically oriented use of energy resources for industry is substantiated. The dynamics of energy consumption of machine-building enterprises of Ukraine and their energy intensity are analyzed. It is determined that machine-building enterprises have a significant resource of energy saving, and hence a significant resource of reducing the negative impact on the environment, the implementation of which is possible primarily due to structural changes and does not require significant financial resources. It is substantiated that the service of the chief power engineer is engaged in development and implementation of measures on energy saving, energy saving and environmental protection at the enterprises. Based on the specifics of the functioning of the energy sector, a chain of influence of the efficiency of energy services on the efficiency of the industrial enterprise is formed. The peculiarity of the proposed chain is the real requirements for taking into account the impact of energy on the functioning of the enterprise as a whole and on the external environment in both forward and reverse directions. Scientific novelty. The proposed chain of influence of efficiency of energy services on efficiency of the industrial enterprise allows to position efficiency of energy economy of the industrial enterprise in the general system of formation of efficiency of the enterprise and to specify its components through financial and economic, social and ecological effect. Practical significance. The study proved the need to clarify by taking into account the impact of the energy service in the form of emissions, discharges and wastes, which allows you to manage the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole taking into account the efficiency triad (environmental, social, economic component). as a strategic priority for the development of Ukraine. Key words: environmental factor, energy resources, energy intensity, environmental safety, energy saving.

Ecologization of economic relations in the system of economic process management

Objective: to investigate the problem of greening economic relations in the management of economic processes to determine the essential content of this category, to outline the main problems and identify existing obstacles to its greening of economic relations in the management of economic processes, as well as to try to develop an economic management mechanism. on the financial interests of the participants involved in the processes related to the use of natural resources. Method. The research led to the use of methods of scientific knowledge: formal logic, analysis and synthesis, systems approach, theoretical generalization, causation, scientific assumption, comparison, expert research methods. Results. The study showed that in defining the essence of the category of "greening" in scientific circles has not yet formed a single approach; scientists hold different views on this. It is established that quite a few of them understand the issues of integration of ecological and economic aspects of greening. The article defends the position on the need for such an integration combination. The interaction and relationships of participants in the process of greening, which the authors include society as a whole, the state and enterprises that use natural resources in their economic activities. The inclusion of economic incentives in the mechanism of environmental management, which is based on the economic interests of these entities, is justified. The main legislative acts regulating economic relations in the management system of economic processes taking into account the requirements of environmental nature are analyzed, a comparative analysis of the main provisions and identified imperfections of institutional tools for greening economic relations in the management system of economic processes in Ukraine. The author's definition of the concept of "greening" as a complex phenomenon formed on the basis of a combination of systems of processes and measures for the effective from the standpoint of economic and environmental criteria for the use of natural resources. The order of combination of economic interests in the system of greening of management of economic processes is specified. Scientific novelty. The essence of greening is defined as a system of processes and measures for the management and use of natural resources that meet the criteria of efficiency and savings, requirements for reducing the destructive impact on society and the environment, and are based on economic interests of all economic actors participation in the implementation of these processes and measures. The interaction of these economic entities is studied and the necessity of reforming the fiscal levers of influence on the users of natural resources is substantiated. Practical significance. The study proved the need to clarify the content of economic relations in management processes and increase the environmental and economic efficiency of the interests of business entities in modern conditions. The presented scheme creates preconditions for development of the effective mechanism of restoration of natural resource potential and increase of efficiency of managing. Key words: greening, natural resources, nature management, economic interests, management, integration, stimulation.

GROUND OF WAYS OF OVERCOMING OF EUTROPHICATION OF RESERVOIRS

Introduction. Increasingly, due to excessive growth of nutrients and decomposition of plants and animals in the reservoir, low turbulence, increased temperature, and due to this decrease in the solubility of oxygen in water, leads to eutrophication and as a consequence – “blooming” of the reservoir. It is the signal of trouble in a hydrosphere that needs immediate permission. Problem Statement. For today processes and conformities to law of growing speed of distribution of eutrophication of reservoirs, is studied not enough and there is not the only setting, the structural parameters of that will be able to provide optimal terms that will assist breeding of industrial fish, both in summer and in a winter period of year, and thus it is the issue of the day of present time. Purpose. Exposure on the basis of analysis of existing for today methods and facilities of prevention of excessive increase of reservoirs by cyanobacterias, to execute the review of methods airing of reservoir, that answer the requirements of seasonal temperature condition, the capable normalized necessary concentration of oxygen, as in a summer period of year so in winter. Id est creation of such terms an eutrophication will not develop at that. Materials and methods. Methods of analysis of literature sources, laboratory studies of the effect of nutrient concentration in water on the development of algae, microscopic control of the number of cyanobacteria in experimental vessels, chemical analysis of the presence of dissolved oxygen in water were used. Water samples from the Pokrovsk pond were selected as research material. Results. Excessive growth of cyanobacteria is observed at a water temperature of 15 ° C. And when exposed to elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the growth rate increases several times, as evidenced by a number of laboratory experiments. The results of the experiment showed that even a small concentration of fertilizers in the pond can lead to rapid flowering of algae, to a critical decrease in oxygen concentration, which in turn will lead to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. The general analysis of modern methods and methods of combating eutrophication allowed us to identify their main advantages and defects. Different methods of preventing and combating eutrophication have their advantages, but they mainly have a unidirectional effect, low efficiency, some use toxic reagents that are unacceptable in fisheries. Conclusions. A review of recent studies on the occurrence of eutrophication of water bodies and as a result – harmful algal blooms, investigated the main environmental factors that mediate the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms. At present, there is no single way or means to combat eutrophication processes that can completely clean the reservoir, but their use in the complex can be effective. Of particular interest is the deep aeration, which can be used both in the warm season and in winter. Eutrophication today is mainly a consequence of human activity, and which requires mainly a comprehensive solution. It includes both preventive and regulatory methods. Promising is the use of aeration, the result of which is achieved in the fight against “blooming” of the reservoir by cyanobacteria, including those that produce toxins, both in the warm season and cold, preventing the formation of ice crusts. Keywords: cyanobacteria, algae, eutrophication, aeration, oxygen saturation, conditioning.

IMPROVING THE LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF TERRITORIES IN THE CONTEXT OF DECENTRALIZATION REFORM

Substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles and practical recommendations for ensuring a high level of environmental safety of territories in the context of decentralization reform. Defining approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "environmental safety", analysis of the state of environmental safety in the regions of Ukraine, development of possible measures and activities to ensure a high level of environmental safety in decentralized areas. Method. The study of theoretical approaches to the interpretation of environmental safety was carried out using the methods of analysis and synthesis. Statistical and graphical methods, as well as the method of comparison were used to analyze the level of environmental safety in the regions of Ukraine. A structurally logical method and a method of formalization were used to develop measures and directions to ensure a reliable level of ecological safety of territories. Results. The study allowed to single out certain aspects of the concept of "environmental safety", in particular, it is established that it is a system of certain measures, a component of national security, an integral part of environmental protection, a component of the production process, a certain degree of danger. Based on the generalization of different points of view, it is proposed to use a comprehensive approach to the interpretation of environmental safety. It is proposed to use the volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources of pollution as the main criterion that measures the level of environmental safety of territories, as well as on the basis of which environmental recovery measures are developed. Based on the calculation and analysis of relative indicators per unit area and per capita, the regions of Ukraine with the highest level of environmental danger are identified. The system of the basic measures and directions of activity on increase of level of environmental safety of the united territorial communities which are contained in ecological programs of their sustainable development is developed. The concept of waste management, which is used in the EU countries and is aimed at ensuring the environmental safety of the territories, and also allows to solve the most pressing environmental problems of the inhabitants of a particular area, is justified to adapt to domestic practice. Scientific novelty. The definition of environmental safety is defined as a result of interaction and coordinated interaction of measures for the use, protection and restoration of the environment, which achieves ecological balance that ensures sustainable socio-economic development of relevant territories – countries, regions, districts, united territorial communities. The use of absolute and relative criteria for the analysis of the level of environmental safety by regions of Ukraine is substantiated. Measures and directions of activity on maintenance of a high level of environmental safety of territories in the conditions of decentralization are developed. Practical significance. The conducted research on the issues of increasing the level of environmental safety of territories gives an opportunity to realize the catastrophic consequences in case of inefficient management of these processes. Achieving a high level of environmental safety is that the latter is one of the components of the concept of sustainable development, thus ensuring the socio-economic development of territories. Key words: environmental safety, ecology, ecological balance, territory, region, decentralization, territorial reform.

SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF PRELIMINARY MECHANICAL TREATMENT METHOD OF FINELY-DISPERSED FRACTION OF SOLID WASTE BEFORE DISPOSAL

Introduction. Every year in Ukraine about 40-50 million tons are dumped in landfills. household waste, of which only no more than 2 million tons are processed and disposed of. To date, more than 15 billion tons of waste have been accumulated in landfills. Insufficient number of official, registered and equipped landfills, lack of modern landfills, as well as insufficient level of waste disposal are the reasons for the emergence of so-called unauthorized landfills, often located within the city. Problem Statement. To date, the processes of utilization of fine fractions of waste, which include the decomposition products of organic waste, remain the least developed. In various methods of waste disposal there are problems when working with large volumes of dispersed waste at almost all stages of their processing. Thus, to increase the efficiency of waste disposal, it is necessary to increase the relative size of the material being processed. This can be done at the stage of preliminary preparation of raw materials. The right choice of pre-treatment method will reduce the negative impact on humans and the environment of harmful elements contained in household waste, as well as increase the efficiency of their disposal Purpose. Carrying out of theoretical and experimental researches of ways of granulation of dispersed fraction and products of disintegration of solid household waste as a stage of their preliminary preparation for utilization. Substantiation on the basis of the received parameters of technology of mechanical processing of waste by various methods of granulation and preparation of the recommendation to a choice of a way of preliminary preparation of dispersed waste for their effective utilization by thermolysis and energy recovery. Carrying out the analysis of ecological danger of formation of dioxins in the course of processing of waste, and also giving practical recommendations concerning their minimization. Materials and methods. As the main stage of preliminary preparation of the dispersed fraction of waste for further processing, three methods of compounding the decomposition products of household waste were considered. Two methods that do not directly affect the particle density - fluidization and granulation in a fluidized bed, as well as pressing. The process of encapsulation of fine waste was studied in an open-type plate granulator; fluidized bed granulation was performed in a laboratory unit-granulator of periodic action with a fluidized bed; compression of dispersed waste was carried out using a screw stamp press with a detachable matrix. Results. Peculiarities of granulation of the dispersed fraction of household waste by different methods have been established. Improving adjustments have been made to the existing developed scheme of thermolysis and energy recovery on the basis of the conducted methods of preliminary preparation of dispersed waste. The economic effect of the introduction of the method of thermolysis and energy recovery of waste into production on the territory of Ukraine, which is planned to be 8 million USD / year, was also calculated. Conclusions. The research results presented in the paper will facilitate the choice of method and means of preliminary preparation of waste for various existing types of their utilization. An experimental method of thermolysis-energy recovery is proposed as an effective method of waste utilization. Adjustments in the existing scheme of TERW on the basis of the conducted researches are planned to essentially increase efficiency of such processing. The ecological danger of formation and emissions of dioxins in the process of thermal processing of waste is considered, as well as practical recommendations for their minimization are given. Key words: solid household waste, decomposition, granulation, thermolysis recovery, dioxins

COMBINATION OF MINING ROCK AND BOTTOM DEPOSITS FOR CREATION OF COMPOSITE SOILS

Introduction. The coal industry is a supplier of a large mass of waste. In Ukraine, more than 1,000 waste heaps have been formed, the number of which is increasing every year. Waste heaps pollute the environment and can have a toxic effect on its condition. Such objects occupy areas of fertile land, pollute the atmosphere, water resources and flora. Problem Statement. The active work of the coal industry has led to the accumulation of large amounts of waste rock. Dumps occupy large areas of land, can pollute the atmosphere during combustion, emitting more than 500 thousand tons of harmful substances. The use of mine rock today is quite low, although such vivals can be considered as a valuable raw material resource. The waste rock has high filtration rates, for effective use it is necessary to be able to regulate the characteristics of the substance created on the basis of the rock. At the same time, water resources in Ukraine are in a difficult situation due to the development of blue-green algae, which causes the accumulation of a large amount of silty masses. Purpose. Creation of composite soils by a combination of empty mine rock and silty masses that will allow their effective use in various spheres of activity. Physico-chemical characteristics of such soils can be adjusted depending on the given conditions. Materials and methods. A comprehensive approach was used in the work, which includes a critical analysis of literature sources, a study of the characteristics of waste heaps of the coal industry, silty masses from reservoirs. Results. As a result of studying and analyzing the literature, it was found that composite soils can help solve a number of current problems. These include: the use of composites as a basis for roads, provided that the composites act as waterproofing; the use of composites to improve agricultural land, by improving soil properties. Conclusions. It is set that creation of composite soils positively will affect the state of environment and economy of country. Composites will allow the effective use of substances that are currently considered waste. This will reduce the amount of industrial waste, as well as solve a number of problems, such as erosion and degradation of agricultural land and asphalt defects. Keywords: mine dumps, coal industry, pollution, silty masses, composite soils.