Substitution of Non-Protein Nitrogen for True Protein Increases Microbial Growth and Degradation of Fibrous Carbohydrates from Buffel Grass

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sources of nitrogenous compounds on the in vitro utilisation of neutral detergent fibre from buffel grass in advanced phenological stage, the experiment consisted of testing five levels of substitution of urea for casein: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The effects of the substitution levels were evaluated by in vitro incubation at different times: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF increased up to the replacement level of 50%, but declined by 6.53 and 13.57% in the treatments with 75 and 100% substitution of urea for casein, respectively, as compared with the treatment without substitution. Discrete lag time was reduced by 1.31 h in the treatment with 50% substitution and by 2.7 h at 100% substitution, as compared with 0% substitution. The substitution of up to 50% non-protein nitrogen for true protein increased microbial growth efficiency by 16.1% as compared with the treatment without substitution. Acetate and propionate concentrations were not affected by the substitution of urea for casein. The use of 50% non-protein nitrogen and 50% true protein as nitrogen sources for rumen microorganisms favour microbial growth and optimise the degradation of neutral detergent fibre from low-protein buffel grass. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas69-022 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 135-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. P. Milligan ◽

A. R. Robblee ◽

J. C. Wood ◽

W. C. Kay ◽

S. K. Chakrabartty

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Dietary Supplement ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Short Term ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Rumen Microorganisms ◽

Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

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Methionine Substitutes in Ruminant Nutrition I: Stability of Nitrogenous Compounds Related to Methionine during In Vitro Incubation with Rumen Microorganisms

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1002/jps.2600630520 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 745-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G.A. Digenis ◽

H.E. Amos ◽

K. Yang ◽

G.E. Mitchell ◽

C.O. Little ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ruminant Nutrition ◽

Rumen Microorganisms ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

In Vitro Incubation

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Use of different carbohydrate sources associated with urea and implications for in vitro fermentation and rumen microbial populations

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18633 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. C. Santos ◽

F. F. R. Carvalho ◽

M. M. Carriero ◽

A. L. R. Magalhães ◽

A. M. V. Batista ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Microbial Profile ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Nellore Cattle ◽

True Protein

Context Alternative feed sources have been investigated as replacements for green forages and cereal grains traditionally used in ruminant feed. We hypothesised that, when replacing sources of true protein with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the ruminant diet, the efficiency of utilisation of the NPN may be affected by the source of energy and that different energy resources used as alternatives to maize may improve efficiency and maximise ruminal fermentation characteristics. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different carbohydrate sources associated with urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial profile. Methods Four diets based on Tifton 85 Bermuda grass hay (584 g/kg dry matter) were tested as substrates: cornmeal + soybean meal (C + SM, typical diet), cornmeal + urea (C + U), cassava scraping + urea (CS + U), and spineless cactus + urea (SC + U). The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks with four treatments and five blocks. Five adult Nellore cattle with permanent fistula in the rumen were used as inoculum donors. The semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique was used in two experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the changes in the rumen microbial community. Key results The diets containing C + U and CS + U decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate after 24 h of incubation, and all diets containing urea decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate after 96 h and increased (P < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio. After 96 h of incubation, the diets containing CS + U and SC + U resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens than the C + U diet, and a lower (P < 0.05) population of Streptococcus bovis than the C + SM diet. Conclusions From our results, a diet containing cassava scraping produces more methane per unit of degraded organic matter, which reduces fermentation efficiency. Diets that contain corn with either soybean meal or urea result in greater degradability with lower gas production rates than diets that contain either cassava scrapings or spineless cactus with urea. Diets containing urea as a total substitution for soybean meal alter the production of short-chain fatty acids and reduce the populations of S. bovis and R. flavefaciens. Implications Use of urea to replace soybean meal in the ruminant diet alters ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial population.

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Growth and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from rumen fluid according to energy or nitrogen source

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982011000600014 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1260-1265 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Isabela Pena Carvalho de Carvalho ◽

Edenio Detmann ◽

Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani ◽

Mário Fonseca Paulino ◽

Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Protein Substrates ◽

Fermenting Bacteria ◽

True Protein ◽

Different Sources

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different sources of energy and nitrogenous compounds on the in vitro growth and production of bacteriocin of lactic acid bacteria. Incubations were performed by using ruminal fluid from a rumen-fistulated Holstein-Zebu steer. The animal was kept on a Brachiaria decumbens pasture receiving 200 g/day of supplemental crude protein. Substrates and inoculum were placed in glass flasks considering eight treatments: cellulose, cellulose and casein, cellulose and soy peptone, cellulose and urea, starch, starch and casein, starch and soy peptone and starch and urea. Successive incubations were conducted to select microorganisms according to the energy sources and nitrogenous compounds. Starch favoured growth of lactic acid bacteria when compared to cellulose. Supplementation with true protein (soy peptone and casein) stimulated the growth of these bacteria when compared to the control (without supplementation with nitrogenous compounds). The addition of urea did not stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria. No antimicrobial activity was detected from colonies of isolated lactic acid bacteria. Sources of true protein increase the competition between non-structural and structural carbohydrates fermenting bacteria.

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In vitro evaluation of nutritional quality of ensiled rice offal enhanced with nonprotein nitrogen sources and soybean meal residue

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i1.2496 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 236-245

Author(s):

A. Y. Abdullahi ◽

A. S. Muhammad ◽

M. H. Zango ◽

S. Madaki ◽

M. A. Dambatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Energy Content ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design

An experiment was conducted to assess the appearance, smell, texture, pH, temperature, chemical composition and energy content of ensiled Rice offal (RO) treated with non-protein nitrogen sources and soybean meal residue in a completely randomized design. Rice offal was treated with different proportions of Urea, Poultry litter (PL) and Soybean meal residue (SBMR) and ensiled. The treatment combinations were; A (100%RO), B (100%RO + Urea), C (75%RO + 25%PL), D (50%RO + 50%PL), E (75%RO + 25%SBMR) and F (50%RO + 50%SBMR). The treatments were ensiled for 21 days in triplicates. The results showed that silages were adequately fermented with sweet aroma. The silages were acidic (4.70 – 5.80) except for treatments C and D which had pH of 7.20 and 7.00, respectively. The temperatures of the silages were significantly (P<0.05) different. The proximate composition of silages differed significantly (P<0.05), being highest for %CP, %EE and ash in treatment B. Dry matter contents were also significantly different (P<0.05) with treatment A having the highest (90.25%). Rice offal and Urea mixtures resulted in silages with highest NDF, HEM and Energy. Lowest NDF was obtained in treatment without additive (Treatment A) compared to all other treatments. Least ADF was obtained in Treatment E (75% RO + 25% SBMR). Enhancement of rice offal with urea, poultry litter and soybean meal residue has shown improvement in the silage physiochemical quality

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The Effect of Amino Acids and Sulfur Compounds on the Utili-zation of Non-Protein Nitrogen by Rumen Microorganisms in Vitro, with Special Remark to L-Methionine

Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho ◽

10.2508/chikusan.45.9_494 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 494-501

Author(s):

Fumio TAKAHASHI ◽

Masao KAMETAKA ◽

Makoto KANDATSU

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Sulfur Compounds ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Rumen Microorganisms

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In vitro degradation of neutral detergent fiber of high-quality tropical forage according to supplementation with different nitrogenous compounds

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982009000500025 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 964-971 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Karina Zorzi ◽

Edenio Detmann ◽

Augusto César de Queiroz ◽

Mário Fonseca Paulino ◽

Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

High Quality ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

In Vitro Degradation ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Tropical Forage

The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of high-quality tropical forage according to supplementation with different nitrogenous compounds sources. A signal grass sample harvested during rainy season was used as basal forage. Casein was used as true protein source and urea:ammonium sulfate (U:AS, 9:1) mixture (urea) as non-protein nitrogen source. The first three supplements were the addition of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg of casein per mL of final incubation solution. The urea was added to the same amount of protein supplied by equivalent levels 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL of casein. In total, seven treatments were evaluated, including a control (only grass). The supplements were evaluated in a simulated rumen environment by in vitro incubation, and submitted to different incubation times: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The procedure was repeated four times, making a total of four evaluations per incubation time for each treatment. The incubation residues were evaluated for NDF contents and interpreted through a non-linear logistic model. Casein supplementation of 0.5 mg/mL increased the degradation rate of potentially digestible NDF (kpdNDF) by 1.1%. The addition of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL of casein provided an inhibitory effect on the estimates of this parameter in comparison to the control (-6.4 and -9.1% respectively). Moreover, the addition of urea, regardless the supplementation level, increased kpdNDF around 7.6%. The ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration in the medium was increased by supplementation. However, supplementation with urea, even based on the same crude protein levels used with the supplementation with casein, has given higher ammonia nitrogen values in the incubation medium.

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