scholarly journals Design and Development of Optical Waveguide Architectures for Real-Time Temperature Monitoring in Extreme Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Badamchi
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Optical Waveguide ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Chalcogenide Glasses ◽  
List Item ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Item List

This dissertation prompts on the research and development of a new real-time, reusable, and reversible optical sensor for integrated temperature monitoring in harsh environments. This is achieved through integrating the photonic properties of optical waveguides/optical fiber and the phase change properties of chalcogenide glasses (ChGs). ChG materials have very specific crystallization temperatures beyond which these materials transform from being a dielectric material to a metallic material. When such ChG material is coated over a dielectric optical waveguide, in the crystalline phase, highly localized surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes are generated at the waveguide: metallic ChG interface. In this case, the modes are characterized by very large propagation losses compared to that when the ChG is in its amorphous phase. By monitoring the output power in the two different phases of ChG, ambient temperature can be determined. In ChG materials, the crystalline state of ChGs can be reverted back to its initial amorphous condition through the application of a short intense voltage pulse that melts the material, facilitating multiple time use of the sensors. Based on the phase change property of ChG glasses, and light confinement offered by optical waveguides, we proposed to construct two types of sensor architectures for sensing temperature: Architecture 1: An optical fiber based reflection mode sensor. Architecture 2: An integrated silicon waveguide:ChG based compact plasmonic temperature sensor. These sensors are typically suitable for the real-time monitoring of component temperatures up to 500 ˚C, although with specific adjustment of the composition of the ChG material, these sensors can become useful for metallic or ceramic SFR reactors where the cladding temperature can reach 650 ˚C. This will provide a temperature monitoring method for multiple components in the reactor design domain of multiple reactors. It can be further employed as in a number of hybrid electron/photonic tandem ChG/Si solutions (for example, when non-volatile memory is necessary to be introduced based also on the phase changes in the ChG) in the nuclear facilities since the chalcogenide glasses are radiation hard materials.

Real-Time Optical Fiber-Based Distributed Temperature Monitoring of Insulation Oil-Immersed Commercial Distribution Power Transformer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 3013-3019
Author(s):  
Mudabbir Badar ◽  
Ping Lu ◽  
Qirui Wang ◽  
Thomas Boyer ◽  
Kevin P. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Commercial Distribution ◽  
Insulation Oil

scholarly journals Power-Based Non-Intrusive Condition Monitoring for Terminal Device in Smart Grid

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoming Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Ji ◽  
Yanjie Li ◽  
Wenyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Dsp Processors

As a critical component in the smart grid, the Distribution Terminal Unit (DTU) dynamically adjusts the running status of the entire smart grid based on the collected electrical parameters to ensure the safe and stable operation of the smart grid. However, as a real-time embedded device, DTU has not only resource constraints but also specific requirements on real-time performance, thus, the traditional anomaly detection method cannot be deployed. To detect the tamper of the program running on DTU, we proposed a power-based non-intrusive condition monitoring method that collects and analyzes the power consumption of DTU using power sensors and machine learning (ML) techniques, the feasibility of this approach is that the power consumption is closely related to the executing code in CPUs, that is when the execution code is tampered with, the power consumption changes accordingly. To validate this idea, we set up a testbed based on DTU and simulated four types of imperceptible attacks that change the code running in ARM and DSP processors, respectively. We generate representative features and select lightweight ML algorithms to detect these attacks. We finally implemented the detection system on the windows and ubuntu platform and validated its effectiveness. The results show that the detection accuracy is up to 99.98% in a non-intrusive and lightweight way.

scholarly journals Introduction of Chalcogenide Glasses to Additive Manufacturing: Nanoparticle Ink Formulation, Inkjet Printing, and Phase Change Devices Fabrication

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ahmed Simon ◽  
B. Badamchi ◽  
H. Subbaraman ◽  
Y. Sakaguchi ◽  
L. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Inkjet Printing ◽  
Chalcogenide Glasses ◽  
Dip Coating ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Nanoparticle Ink ◽  
Ink Formulation

AbstractChalcogenide glasses are one of the most versatile materials that have been widely researched because of their flexible optical, chemical, electronic, and phase change properties. Their application is usually in the form of thin films, which work as active layers in sensors and memory devices. In this work, we investigate the formulation of nanoparticle ink of Ge–Se chalcogenide glasses and its potential applications. The process steps reported in this work describe nanoparticle ink formulation from chalcogenide glasses, its application via inkjet printing and dip-coating methods and sintering to manufacture phase change devices. We report data regarding nanoparticle production by ball milling and ultrasonication along with the essential characteristics of the formed inks, like contact angle and viscosity. The printed chalcogenide glass films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The printed films exhibited similar compositional, structural, electronic and optical properties as the thermally evaporated thin films. The crystallization processes of the printed films are discussed compared to those obtained by vacuum thermal deposition. We demonstrate the formation of printed thin films using nanoparticle inks, low-temperature sintering and proof for the first time, their application in electronic and photonic temperature sensors utilizing their phase change property. This work adds chalcogenide glasses to the list of inkjet printable materials, thus offering an easy way to form arbitrary device structures for optical and electronic applications.

scholarly journals Design of a Real-Time Breakdown Voltage and On-Chip Temperature Monitoring System for Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Shijie Deng ◽  
Alan P. Morrison ◽  
Yong Guo ◽  
Chuanxin Teng ◽  
Ming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Chip Temperature ◽  
Avalanche Diodes ◽  
On Chip

The design and implementation of a real-time breakdown voltage and on-chip temperature monitoring system for single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) is described in this work. In the system, an on-chip shaded (active area of the detector covered by a metal layer) SPAD is used to provide a dark count rate for the breakdown voltage and temperature calculation. A bias circuit was designed to provide a bias voltage scanning for the shaded SPAD. A microcontroller records the pulses from the anode of the shaded SPAD and calculates its real-time dark count rate. An algorithm was developed for the microcontroller to calculate the SPAD’s breakdown voltage and the on-chip temperature in real time. Experimental results show that the system is capable of measuring the SPAD’s breakdown voltage with a mismatch of less than 1.2%. Results also show that the system can provide real-time on-chip temperature monitoring for the range of −10 to 50 °C with errors of less than 1.7 °C. The system proposed can be used for the real-time SPAD’s breakdown voltage and temperature estimation for dual-SPADs or SPAD arrays chip where identical detectors are fabricated on the same chip and one or more dummy SPADs are shaded. With the breakdown voltage and the on-chip temperature monitoring, intelligent control logic can be developed to optimize the performance of the SPAD-based photon counting system by adjusting the parameters such as excess bias voltage and dead-time. This is particularly useful for SPAD photon counting systems used in complex working environments such as the applications in 3D LIDAR imaging for geodesy, geology, geomorphology, forestry, atmospheric physics and autonomous vehicles.

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