Method of tracking of close objects with different moving characteristics by a long-range radar station

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Smirnov ◽  
A.A. Pozdniakov
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Joint Detection ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Coordinate Basis ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Detection And Recognition

There is the necessary to design the method that will be allow to decide the existed uncertainty in using the radar for the tracking sophisticated and controlled movement targets as well as will be allow to estimate the performances to set up the measuring and extrapolated filter in terms of time and resource costs. The uncertainty lies in the fact that when tracking controlled movement targets, wide correlation strobes need to be formed, however, when tracking sophisticated targets, such strobes should be smaller. In accordance with the task of developing a methodology for calculating the trajectory of sophisticated and controlled movement targets, a method was developed by a radar. It allows for the joint detection and recognition of signals reflected from controlled movement targets, as well as linking spots to trajectories in conditions of working with sophisticated targets according to a new non-coordinate basis. This allows to resolve the uncertainty associated with the maintenance of sophisticated and controlled movement targets. Unlike existing solutions, the developed method proposes to produce parallel coherent and incoherent accumulation of the burst signal, which corresponds to taking into account the influence of fluctuations of each pulse in the burst and the entire signal. After this, the obtained values of the signal-to-noise ratios are compared with the threshold value. As a result, a decision is made on the nature of the movement of the target. The same data in conjunction with the used information is used when linking spots to trajectories to correct the parameters of the estimation and extrapolation filters, as well as when specifying the sizes of correlation gates for further tracking. We can say that to increase the effectiveness of tracking sophisticated and controlled movement targets, it is necessary to conduct joint detection and recognition of targets by their non-coordinate information, which is the difference in the signal-to-noise ratios from the outputs of the coherent and incoherent signal storage, characterizing the features of fluctuations, in the processing of information of one spot. A method has been developed that allows: constructing target tracking algorithms based on processing coordinate and noncoordinate information; to resolve the uncertainty associated with the maintenance of sophisticated and controlled movement targets; to increase the effectiveness of maintenance without attracting significant costs; the selection of sophisticated targets for the energy components of its components; to provide throughput at a given level; to reduce the errors of estimation and extrapolation of the coordinates of sophisticated targets. The practical significance of the developed technique lies in the ability of the radar to accompany sophisticated and controlled movement targets with a given value of the performance indicator. Solving the information processing problem using the joint detection and recognition method allows increasing the probability of the information of the first typical message by 15…20% while preserving the set throughput value.

scholarly journals A Framework for Assessing Benefits of Implemented Nature-Based Solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Watkin ◽  
Ruangpan ◽  
Vojinovic ◽  
Weesakul ◽  
Torres
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Selection Of

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are solutions that can protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems in urban and rural areas, while providing many benefits and co-benefits including stormwater mitigation, biodiversity enhancement, and human well-being. As such, NBS have the potential to alleviate many of the environmental, social, and economic issues that we face today. Grey infrastructure, such as lined trenches and catch basins, pipes, and concrete dikes are frequently used for stormwater management and flood protection, but they do not provide many of the co-benefits that are common with NBS. Grey infrastructure is designed to quickly collect and remove rainwater, whereas NBS keep rainwater where it falls, and where it can be used by the environment. Many stakeholders lack knowledge of the capabilities and benefits of NBS, and as a result, they continue to rely on grey infrastructure in their projects. When information is made available on the benefits and how they can be quantitatively measured, it is hoped that NBS will be promoted to a mainstream infrastructure choice. A valuable way to quantify and highlight the benefits of NBS is by using an evaluation framework. There are several evaluation frameworks that qualitatively assess the potential benefits of possible NBS, however there is a need for quantitative frameworks that can assess the actual benefits (or performance) of implemented (or existing) NBS. This article presents an evaluation framework that aims to quantify the benefits and co-benefits of implemented NBS. The framework involves five main steps: (1) selection of NBS benefit categories, (2) selection of NBS indicators, (3) calculation of indicator values, (4) calculation of NBS grade, and (5) recommendations. The outcome of the framework is a single numerical grade that reflects the benefit functioning for an NBS site and values for each performance indicator. This information may be used by decision makers to determine their budget allocations to expand or construct a new NBS site, to update maintenance plans that will improve the benefits of that site, to set up programs to monitor the NBS benefits and co-benefits over time, and to schedule labour and resources for other NBS projects. The framework was tested and validated on a case study of NBS in Thailand. Through conversations with stakeholders and knowledge of the case study area, relevant categories and indicators were chosen. Using data and information obtained through various means, values for each indicator and the overall NBS grade were calculated. The values revealed which benefits were pronounced, those that were weak, and where improvements were required.

Comparing treatment means correctly and appropriately

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1142-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W. Mize ◽  
Richard C. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Multiple Comparison ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Major Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Multiple Comparison Procedures ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Selection Of

Many researchers set up an experiment, make measurements, do an analysis of variance, calculate the mean response for each treatment, and then try to decide if the treatment means are significantly different and why. Duncan's multiple-range test is frequently used to test the difference among treatment means. It is, however, only one of a number of techniques that can be used to examine treatment means. Some researchers are unaware of the different techniques and that the interpretation of the results of an experiment can be strongly influenced by the technique used. In fact, using an inappropriate technique can lead to making incorrect recommendations and to completely missing major treatment effects. Selection of the appropriate technique to use for a particular experiment depends upon the nature of the treatments and the objectives of the research. This paper discusses four techniques (ranking treatment means, multiple comparison procedures, fitting response models, and using contrasts to make planned comparisons) that can be used to examine treatment means and presents examples of each one.

scholarly journals Comparison of expectations between veterinarians and veterinary nurses in tasks and responsibilities in clinical practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Harvey ◽  
Kristie Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Selection Of

Background: It is reported that expectations from veterinary nurses and veterinarians on the clinical tasks veterinary nurses undertake in practice vary widely. Aims: To understand the difference in tasks and responsibilities reported by veterinary nurses in comparison to veterinarian expectations. Methods: Using an online survey, expectations regarding the capability of veterinary nurses undertaking clinical tasks in New Zealand veterinary clinics, were measured. Respondents were provided with a list of clinical tasks veterinary nurses are routinely trained to perform as part of formal veterinary nursing education, and two tasks veterinary nurses legally are currently not able to perform (cat neuters and dental extractions). Results: There were 288 responses from a veterinary nurse population of 1479 (19%), and 37 responses from a veterinarian population of 2425 (1.5%). Of respondents, 80% took blood samples, 78% placed intravenous (IV) catheters, 95% set-up of IV fluids, 72% carried out veterinary nurse consultations, 62% carried out clinical examinations, many carried out diagnostic testing (e.g. iDEXX/Vetscan (86%), urinalysis (88%), microscopy (51%), taking radiographs (81%)), 54% carried out dental scale and polish, 86% assisted with surgery, and 97% monitored anaesthetics. Veterinary nurses in New Zealand legally are currently not able to perform cat neuters and dental extractions — of these tasks, 25% and 26% of veterinary nurses reported having had training (either formal or informal) on performing cat neuters and dental extractions, with 12% and 16% of veterinary nurses reporting that they undertake this clinical procedure in practice. Conclusions: When looking at a selection of these tasks, comparing how many veterinarians report that veterinary nurses should be undertaking them, results show support for veterinary nurses undertaking these tasks. 100% of veterinarians support veterinary nurses placing IV catheters, with only 78% of veterinary nurses reporting completing this task, and 96% of veterinarians support veterinary nurses undertaking microscopy. In conclusion, veterinary nurses are trained in tasks they are not performing in clinical practice. The justification for this discrepancy is the subject of a future study with the aim of designing practical support for veterinary clinics to utilise the skills of veterinary nurses.

On the evolution of dominance, over-dominance and balanced polymorphism

1967 ◽  
Vol 168 (1011) ◽  
pp. 216-228 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Recurrence Relations ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Balanced Polymorphism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Selection Of

Recurrence relations are derived for the natural selection of a selective coefficient that is subject to additive genetic variations. Mathematical models are set up of the natural selection of the selective coefficient of the heterozygote. A general computer model of genetical populations is described and populations are set up to simulate genetic variation of the heterozygote. The theoretical models are applied to the spread of a gene under natural selection. If the heterozygote is initially intermediate between the two homozygotes, the evolution of semi-dominance, dominance or over-dominance depends on the genetic variance in fitness. Over-dominance evolves if the standard deviation in fitness due to genetic causes is about 0.7 times the difference between the initial heterozygote and homozygote fitnesses. The heterozygote will then continue to increase in fitness until the characters that determine the fitness are at their optimum values. Thus the polymorphism tends to become more stable. The fitness of the heterozygote of a recurrent mutation will also be raised by natural selection. Dominance still evolves though it takes many thousands of generations. Eventually over-dominance, too, evolves and a balanced polymorphism is thus established. This will explain many polymorphisms, like the sickle cell trait in man, which have a highly deleterious homozygote. Selection slowly raises the fitness of the heterozygote to an optimum above that of the wild-type.

Platelet Anti-Aggregating Activity and Tolerance of Clopidogrel in Atherosclerotic Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (06) ◽  
pp. 0939-0943 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Boneu ◽  
G Destelle ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Antithrombotic Activity ◽  
Ambulatory Patients ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ischemic Events ◽  
Large Scale Clinical Trial ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThe anti-aggregating activity of five rising doses of clopidogrel has been compared to that of ticlopidine in atherosclerotic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the dose of clopidogrel which should be tested in a large scale clinical trial of secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients suffering from vascular manifestations of atherosclerosis [CAPRIE (Clopidogrel vs Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events) trial]. A multicenter study involving 9 haematological laboratories and 29 clinical centers was set up. One hundred and fifty ambulatory patients were randomized into one of the seven following groups: clopidogrel at doses of 10, 25, 50,75 or 100 mg OD, ticlopidine 250 mg BID or placebo. ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation tests were performed before starting treatment and after 7 and 28 days. Bleeding time was performed on days 0 and 28. Patients were seen on days 0, 7 and 28 to check the clinical and biological tolerability of the treatment. Clopidogrel exerted a dose-related inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and bleeding time prolongation. In the presence of ADP (5 \lM) this inhibition ranged between 29% and 44% in comparison to pretreatment values. The bleeding times were prolonged by 1.5 to 1.7 times. These effects were non significantly different from those produced by ticlopidine. The clinical tolerability was good or fair in 97.5% of the patients. No haematological adverse events were recorded. These results allowed the selection of 75 mg once a day to evaluate and compare the antithrombotic activity of clopidogrel to that of aspirin in the CAPRIE trial.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

Efficient Steganography Algorithm Based On DCT And Entropy Thresholding Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Satvir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Relative Entropy ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Random Function ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Confidential Information

Steganography is the special art of hidding important and confidential information in appropriate multimedia carrier. It also restrict the detection of  hidden messages. In this paper we proposes steganographic method based on dct and entropy thresholding technique. The steganographic algorithm uses random function in order to select block of the image where the elements of the binary sequence of a secret message will be inserted. Insertion takes place at the lower frequency  AC coefficients of the  block. Before we insert the secret  message. Image under goes dc transformations after insertion of the secret message we apply inverse dc transformations. Secret message will only be inserted into a particular block if  entropy value of that particular block is greater then threshold value of the entropy and if block is selected by the random function. In  Experimental work we calculated the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR), Absolute difference , Relative entropy. Proposed algorithm give high value of PSNR  and low value of Absolute difference which clearly indicate level of distortion in image due to insertion of secret message is reduced. Also value of  relative entropy is close to zero which clearly indicate proposed algorithm is sufficiently secure. 

STUDY OF INACCURACY IN THE OPERATION OF THE MAIN CONTROLLER OF STB MACHINE

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Stable Process ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Experimental Data Processing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Transmission Gear ◽  
Selection Of

At production of fabrics, including fabrics for agricultural purpose, an important role is played by the cor-rect adjustment of operation of machine main regulator. The quality of setup of machine main controller is determined by the proper selection of rotation angle of warp beam weaving per one filling thread. In the pro-cess of using the regulator as a result of mistakes in adjustment, wear of transmission gear and backlashes in connections of details there are random changes in threads length. The purpose of the article is the research of property of random errors of basis giving by STB machine regulator. Mistakes can be both negative, and positive. In case of emergence only negative or only positive mistakes operation of the machine becomes im-possible as there will be a consecutive accumulation of mistakes. As a result of experimental data processing for stable process of weaving and the invariable diameter of basis threads winding of threads it is revealed that the random error of giving is set up as linear function of the accidental length having normal distribution. Measurements of accidental deviations in giving of a basis by the main regulator allowed to construct a curve of normal distribution of its actual length for one pass of weft thread. The presented curve of distribution of random errors in giving of a basis is the displaced curve of normal distribution of the accidental sizes. Also we define the density of probability of normal distribution of basis giving errors connected with a margin er-ror operation of the main regulator knowing of which allows to plan ways of their decrease that is important for improvement of quality of the produced fabrics.

Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qaly Threshold ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.

Experimental Investigation into Driver Behavior along Curved and Parallel Diverging Terminals of Exit Interchange Ramps

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199742
Author(s):  
Alberto Portera ◽  
Marco Bassani
Keyword(s):  
Design Stage ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Current Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Safety Countermeasures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Curve Radius

Current design manuals provide guidance on how to design exit ramps to facilitate driving operations and minimize the incidence of crashes. They also suggest that interchanges should be built along straight roadway sections. These criteria may prove ineffective in situations where there is no alternative to terminals being located along curved motorway segments. The paper investigates driving behavior along parallel deceleration curved terminals, with attention paid to the difference in impact between terminals having a curvature which is the same sign as the motorway segment (i.e., continue design), and those having an opposite curvature (i.e., reverse design). A driving simulation study was set up to collect longitudinal and transversal driver behavioral data in response to experimental factor variations. Forty-eight drivers were stratified on the basis of age and gender, and asked to drive along three randomly assigned circuits with off-ramps obtained by combining experimental factors such as motorway mainline curve radius (2 values), terminal length (3), curve direction (2), and traffic conditions (2). The motorway radius was found to be significant for drivers’ preferred speed when approaching the terminal. Terminal length and traffic volume do not have a significant impact on either longitudinal or transversal driver outputs. However, the effect of curve direction was found to be significant, notably for reverse terminals which do not compel drivers to select appropriate speeds and lane change positions. This terminal type can give rise to critical driving situations that should be considered at the design stage to facilitate the adoption of appropriate safety countermeasures.

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