scholarly journals Variación espacio-temporal de los procesos hidrológicos del suelo en viñedos con elevadas pendientes (Valle del Ruwer-Mosela, Alemania)

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rodrigo-Comino ◽  
M. Seeger ◽  
J. M. Senciales ◽  
J. D. Ruiz-Sinoga ◽  
J. B. Ries
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Guelph Permeameter

The vineyards of Ruwer-Mosel valley (Germany) cultivated on steep slopes showed a high spatial and temporal variability of hydrological dynamics. Forty two experiments were carried out using a Guelph permeameter in old and young vines to measure the infiltration rates, the hydraulic conductivity and the soil matrix flux potential. The essays were performed before (spring-summer) and after (autumn) the harvest with dry soil conditions and without soil tillage signals, and with humid soil conditions, signals of soil farming (wheel traffic and footprints) and a decrease of organic matter, respectively. In general, the results of the young vineyards were higher than the values of the old vineyards. Furthermore, all the rates increased after the harvest. For the young vineyards, the most elevated values were registered on the middle slope (398.5 mm h-1 infiltration rate, 89.2 mm h-1 hydraulic conductivity and 62.8 mm2 h-1 soil matrix flux potential). For its part, a decrease of the infiltration from the upper slope to the foot slope was observed (from 42.5 to 16.8 mm h-1). Hydraulic conductivity and soil matrix flux potential showed the same hydro-dynamic: from 13.2 to 5.4 mm h-1 and from 5.5 to 2.5 mm2 h-1, respectively. Finally, it was observed that the most correlated factor with these hydrological processes was the soil moisture content and the soil tillage practices.

scholarly journals Determination of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity for Urban Runoff Modelling

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matej Radinja ◽  
Ines Vidmar ◽  
Nataša Atanasova ◽  
Matjaž Mikoš ◽  
Mojca Šraj
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

Soil hydraulic conductivity has a direct influence on infiltration rate, which is of great importance for modelling and design of surface runoff and stormwater control measures. In this study, three measuring techniques for determination of soil hydraulic conductivity were compared in an urban catchment in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Double ring (DRI) and dual head infiltrometer (DHI) were applied to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and mini disk infiltrometer (MDI) was applied to measure unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K), which was recalculated in Ks in order to compare the results. Results showed significant differences between investigated techniques, namely DHI showed 6.8 times higher values of Ks in comparison to DRI. On the other hand, Ks values obtained by MDI and DRI exhibited the lowest difference. MDI measurements in 12 locations of the small plot pointed to the spatial variability of K ranging between 73%–89% as well as to temporal variability within a single location of 27%–99%. Additionally, a reduction of K caused by the effect of drought-induced water repellency was observed. Moreover, results indicate that hydrological models could be enhanced using different scenarios by employing a range of K values based on soil conditions.

Soil Quality in Vineyards

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. White
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Matrix Potential ◽  
Vineyard Soils

The soil must provide a favorable physical environment for the growth of vines—their roots and beneficial soil organisms. Some of the important properties con­tributing to this condition are infiltration rate, soil strength, available water ca­pacity, drainage, and aeration. Ideally, the infiltration rate IR should be >50 mm/hr, allowing water to enter the soil without ponding on the surface, which is predisposed to runoff and erosion. The range of infiltration rates for soils of different texture and structural condi­tion is shown in table 7.1. Typically, the soil aggregates should have a high de­gree of water stability so that when the soil is subjected to pressure from wheeled traffic or heavy rain, the aggregates do not collapse, nor do the clays deflocculate. Some of the problems associated with the collapse of wet aggregates and clay de-flocculation, and the formation of hard surface crusts when dry, are discussed in section 3.2.3. Pans that develop at depth in the soil profile, as a result of remolding of wet aggregates under wheel or cultivation pressure, can be barriers to root growth. Soil strength is synonymous with consistence, which is the resistance by the soil to deformation when subjected to a compressive shear force (box 2.2). Soil strength depends on the soil matrix potential m and bulk density BD, as illustrated in fig­ure 7.1. In situ soil strength is best measured using a penetrometer, as discussed in box 7.1. The soil strength at a ψm of −10 kPa (FC ) should be <2 MPa for easy root penetration and should not exceed 3 MPa at –1500 kPa (PWP). As shown in figure 7.1, when ψm is between −10 and −100 kPa, the soil strength increases with BD. The BD of vineyard soils can increase, particularly in the inter-row areas because of compaction by machinery, such as tractors, spray equip­ment, and harvesters. Typically, compaction occurs at depths between 20 and 25 cm and is more severe in sandy soils than in clay loams and clays (except when the clays are sodic; see section 7.2.3). Figure 7.2 shows the marked difference in soil compaction, measured by penetration resistance, under a wheel track and un­der a vine row on a sandy soil in a vineyard.

scholarly journals Impacts of Tillage Technologies on Soil, Plant, Environment and Its Management: A Short Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Aqarab Husnain Gondal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Water Holding

Tillage is the physical manipulation of soil to improve physical soil conditions. In Pakistan, various tillage technologies such as primary and secondary tillage affect plant growth, incorporate organic matter residues into the soil, eradicate weeds, and prepare the bed for seed germination preventing soil erosion and preparing the ground for irrigation. Furthermore, tillage practices change soil water holding capacity, temperature, aeration, and the mixing of crop residues within the soil matrix. Today's real agricultural problems are resource depletion with declining production, decreased human resources, and rising prices and societal shifts due to different anthropogenic activities (tillage). These changes in the physical environment and the food supply of the organisms affect different groups of organisms in different ways. In addition, they are also affecting the environment health. Therefore, its management, including conservation tillage and other includes cover crop, organic residues, and direct sowing of rice seedling is necessary to mitigate the problems. The present review discusses the tillage systems effects on soil, plants, environment and their possible solutions.

scholarly journals Evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1431-1457
Author(s):  
G. Lilbæk ◽  
J. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Meltwater ion concentration and infiltration rate into frozen soil both decline rapidly as snowmelt progresses. Their temporal association is highly non-linear and a covariance term must be added in order to use time-averaged values of snowmelt ion concentration and infiltration rate to calculate chemical infiltration. The covariance is labelled enhanced infiltration and represents the additional ion load that infiltrates due to the timing of high meltwater concentration and infiltration rate. Previous assessment of the impact of enhanced infiltration has been theoretical; thus, experiments were carried out to examine whether enhanced infiltration can be recognized in controlled laboratory settings and to what extent its magnitude varies with soil moisture. Three experiments were carried out: dry soil conditions, unsaturated soil conditions, and saturated soil conditions. Chloride solution was added to the surface of frozen soil columns; the concentration decreased exponentially over time to simulate snow meltwater. Infiltration excess water was collected and its chloride concentration and volume determined. Ion load infiltrating the frozen soil was specified by mass conservation. Results showed that infiltrating ion load increased with decreasing soil moisture as expected; however, the impact of enhanced infiltration increased considerably with increasing soil moisture. Enhanced infiltration caused 2.5 times more ion load to infiltrate during saturated conditions than that estimated using time-averaged ion concentrations and infiltration rates alone. For unsaturated conditions, enhanced infiltration was reduced to 1.45 and for dry soils to 1.3. Reduction in infiltration excess ion load due to enhanced infiltration increased slightly (2–5%) over time, being greatest for the dry soil (45%) and least for the saturated soil (6%). The importance of timing between high ion concentrations and high infiltration rates was best illustrated in the unsaturated experiment, which showed large inter-column variation in enhanced ion infiltration due to variation in this temporal covariance.

The association of E. coli and soil particles in overland flow

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Muirhead ◽  
R.P. Collins ◽  
P.J. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Saturation Excess

The removal of E. coli from overland flow under saturation-excess runoff conditions was investigated in experimental field plots that were 1 m wide and 5 m long. Variation in the attenuation of bacteria and distance transported was quantified under contrasting flow conditions. In addition, the impact of soil tillage upon microbial attenuation was examined by comparing results derived from grassed plots (intact) with those subject to tillage with the soil left bare (cultivated). For intact plots subjected to a flow of 2 L/min, 27% of the E. coli in the flow was removed after 5 m with removal following a logarithmic function with respect to distance. For the higher flow rates of 6 L/min and 20 L/min, no attenuation trend was observed over this distance. E. coli removal during flow across the cultivated plots was significantly greater compared to the intact plots. This was attributed to a greater infiltration rate in the cultivated plots (due to the tillage) which promoted a greater volume of flow to pass through the soil matrix, providing the opportunity for filtration and adsorption of microbes. Logarithmic trends with respect to distance were observed for all flow rates tested on the cultivated plots (2, 6 and 20 L/min). Total removal after 5 m at a flow rate of 2 L/min was 41% and again removal efficiency decreased as the flow rate increased. Analysis of the transported state of the E. coli revealed that the bacteria were being transported predominantly in particles less than 20 μm in diameter and were not attached to large (dense) soil particles. The limited removal (&lt;50%) of bacteria from overland flow under saturation-excess runoff conditions in these experiments appeared, therefore, to be primarily due to a lack of settling or deposition. Instead, most bacteria remained entrained within the overland flow down the length of the plots.

scholarly journals Laboratory evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lilbæk ◽  
J. W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Meltwater ion concentration and infiltration rate into frozen soil both decline rapidly as snowmelt progresses. Their temporal association is highly non-linear and a covariance term must be added in order to use time-averaged values of snowmelt ion concentration and infiltration rate to calculate chemical infiltration. The covariance is labelled enhanced ion infiltration and represents the additional ion load that infiltrates due to the timing of high meltwater concentration and infiltration rate. Previous assessment of the impact of enhanced ion infiltration has been theoretical; thus, experiments were carried out to examine whether enhanced infiltration can be recognized in controlled laboratory settings and to what extent its magnitude varies with soil moisture. Three experiments were carried out: dry soil conditions, unsaturated soil conditions, and saturated soil conditions. Chloride solutions were added to the surface of frozen soil columns; the concentration decreased exponentially over time to simulate snow meltwater. Infiltration excess water was collected and its chloride concentration and volume determined. Ion load infiltrating the frozen soil was specified by mass conservation. Results showed that infiltrating ion load increased with decreasing soil moisture as expected; however, the impact of enhanced ion infiltration increased considerably with increasing soil moisture. Enhanced infiltration caused 2.5 times more ion load to infiltrate during saturated conditions than that estimated using time-averaged ion concentrations and infiltration rates alone. For unsaturated conditions, enhanced ion infiltration was reduced to 1.45 and for dry soils to 1.3. Reduction in infiltration excess ion load due to enhanced infiltration increased slightly (2–5%) over time, being greatest for the dry soil (45%) and least for the saturated soil (6%). The importance of timing between high ion concentrations and high infiltration rates was best illustrated in the unsaturated experiment, which showed large inter-column variation in enhanced ion infiltration due to variation in this temporal covariance.

Estimation of effective infiltration rates in cracked soils

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Pandey ◽  
R. S. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Special Problem ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Extensive Field

Infiltration is the most important aspect in the hydraulics of surface irrigation, since the design of irrigation systems depends to a large extent upon the infiltration characteristics of the soil. Many workers have contributed to the theoretical understanding of the infiltration phenomenon (Kirkham & Powers, 1972). However, very little work is available on the evaluation of infiltration into cracked soils. Measurement of infiltration into these soils poses a special problem. Depending on the degree of cracking, a fraction of the water added on the soil surface flows down through cracks and goes to waste. The water flowing through the cracks does not contribute to the moisture storage of the soil profile which may subsequently be used by the crops. Also, infiltration rates measured using ring infiltrometers are erroneous. In order to have an efficient design for an irrigation system, realistic estimates of infiltration characteristics for this type of soil are essential. In the present paper an attempt has been made to estimate the effective infiltration rate into such cracked soils. The procedvire suggested has been tested under limited conditions and found useful under field conditions. However, extensive field testing under various soil conditions is necessary before it can be recommended for general use.

scholarly journals Effect of period of sugarcane cultivation on the abundance and distribution of weed seeds in the soil profile

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-513
Author(s):  
R.O. Adereti ◽  
F.O Takim ◽  
Y.A. Abayomi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Screen House

An experiment was laid down in a screen house to determine the distribution of weed seeds at different soil depths and periods of cultivation of sugarcane in Ilorin, Nigeria. Soil samples from different depth levels (0-10 cm, 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm) were collected after harvesting of canes from three different land use fields (continuous sugarcane cultivation for > 20 years, continuous sugarcane cultivation for < 10 years after long fallow period and continuous sugarcane cultivation for < 5 years after long fallow period) in November, 2012. One kilogram of the sieved composite soil samples was arranged in the screen house and watered at alternate days. Germinating weed seedlings were identified, counted and then pulled out for the period of 8 months. Land use and soil depth had a highly significant (p £ 0.05) effect on the total number of weeds that emerged from the soil samples. The 010 cm of the soil depth had the highest weed seedlings that emerged. There was an equal weed seed distribution at the 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm depths of the soil. Sugarcane fields which have been continuously cultivated for a long period of time with highly disturbing soil tillage practices tend to have larger seed banks in deeper soil layers (11-20 cm and 21-30 cm) while recently opened fields had significantly larger seed banks at the 0-10 cm soil sampling depth.

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