scholarly journals Climate, nitrogen and grass. 6. Comparison of yield and chemical composition of some temperate and tropical grass species grown at different temperatures.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Deinum ◽  
J.G.P. Dirven
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis

For part 5 see NAR 43, 148. 6. Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and 2 tropical grasses, Axonopus compressus and Brachiaria ruziziensis, were grown in pots under day/night temperatures of 19 deg /12 deg , 24 deg /18 deg , 28 deg /23 deg and 34 deg /30 deg C and regrowth was cut after 18 and 35 days. The stemmy Brachiaria was much more productive than the others which remained vegetative. The optimum production temperature was 24 deg or less for the temperate grasses but >30 deg for the others. Yield was greatest after 35 days and with high N fertilization. Lolium had the highest average content of N, soluble carbohydrates and digestibility in vitro and Brachiaria the lowest. Digestibility declined with increase in temperature and age, most for Brachiaria. These effects were caused by an increase in content of cell-wall constituents and a decrease in their digestibility. N fertilization had no effect on digestibility. Results support the hypothesis that the low digestibility of tropical grasses is mainly due to the high temperature during growth but may be improved appreciably if stem formation is suppressed. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Axonopus compressus and Brachiaria ruziziensis were grown in pots in a glasshouse under day/night temperatures of 19/12, 24/18, 28/23 or 34/30 deg C with intermediate or high N and regrowth was harvested after 18 and 35 days. Reproductive B. ruziziensis was much more productive than the other vegetative species. Optimum day temperature for production was 24 deg or lower for temperate grasses but >30 deg for tropical species. L. perenne had the highest contents of N and soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility and B. ruziziensis the lowest, differences being smallest at the low temperature. There was a consistent decline in digestibility of all species with increase in temperature and age which was correlated with an increase in cell wall constituents but was not related to amount of N applied. [For Part 5 see HbA 43, 1557] (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and in Vitro Digestibility of Five Heavily Fertilized Tropical Grasses in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
S. Tessema ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
P. J. Van Soest ◽  
A. Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis

Samples from five tropical grass species: Guinea (Panicum maximum), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens), Congo (Brachiaria ruziziensis), Merker (Pennisetum purpureum), and Star (Cynodon nlemfuensis), were harvested during nine weeks at ages from 7 to 63 days in southwestern Puerto Rico. The grasses were fertilized at the rate of 4480 kg/ha per year with a 15-5-10 fertilizer. The crude protein content of all grasses exceeded 10 percent up through 28 days of regrowth. Grasses declined in crude protein from a mean of 18.1 percent at 7 days to 5.6 percent at 63 days. A narrower range was observed between grasses from 42 to 63 days. The five tropical grasses possessed high contents of structural carbohydrates, principally cellulose and lignin, which increased with age, except in Pangola grass. Silica did not change uniformly with age in any of the grasses while hemicellulose was characterized by marked fluctuations. Digestibility values were lower at all stages of growth than in temperate forages of similar ages. Cellulose was negatively correlated with in vitro digestibility in all grasses except Pangola. Lignin appeared to be the predominant factor in determining digestibility. The relationship of silica to digestibility varied between species, being positive in some (Guinea and Congo) and negative in others (Star, Pangola, and Merker). The grasses may be ranked as follows with regard to their chemical composition and digestibility: Merker > Congo > Star > Guinea > Pangola. Pangola grass, though lowest in in vitro digestibility, declined least with advancing age, thus maintaining a more constant quality for a longer period of time.

scholarly journals Climate, nitrogen and grass. 4. The influence of age on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of maize (Zea mays L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.).

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Deinum ◽  
J.G.P. Dirven
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Age

In a field experiment with maize it was found that in vitro digestibility of leaves decreased somewhat during undisturbed growth, whereas digestibility of stems decreased appreciably. This decrease in leaf digestibility was caused by a lower digestibility of later-developed leaves and by a slight decrease in digestibility during ageing of each individual leaf. In a pot experiment with tall fescue grown at 15/10, 20/15 and 25/20 deg C, it was found that a higher temperature resulted in higher concentrations of cell-wall constituents and lower digestibility, whereas during ageing the percentage of cell-wall constituents remained constant or even decreased, digestibility decreasing slightly. Results suggested that in a constant climate the effect of age on digestibility would be small, and that the great effect of age on forage quality in spring is mainly due to rising temperature and stem formation. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Temperature influences on the in vitro digestibility and soluble carbohydrate accumulation of tropical and temperate grasses

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
CW Ford
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Stage Of Development

Thirteen tropical or subtropical and 11 temperate grasses were grown in controlled environment under daylnight temperatures of 21/13, 27/19, and 32/24�C. Each plant was harvested 2 days after the fifth leaf on the main stem reached maximum length; other plants of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume and Lolium perenne cv. S.24 grown under the same conditions were also harvested 4, 8, 12, and 18 days after this stage of development. There was a consistent decline in the in vitro digestibility of most of the temperate grasses with increase in temperature from 21/13 to 32/24�C. This decline averaged about 5 digestibility units and was associated with a fall in the percentage of soluble carbohydrates. In contrast, temperature had little effect on the digestibility of most of the tropical grasses. However, in later harvests of Panicum the digestibility at 27/19 and 32/24� was consistently lower than at 21/13�. This was attributed to the more advanced growth stages at the higher temperatures. The temperate grasses accumulated much higher concentrations of soluble carbohydrate than the tropical grasses.

scholarly journals In vitro ruminal degradation of carbohydrate fractions in tropical grasses fertilized with nitrogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-282
Author(s):  
Erika Andrea Hernández ◽  
Francisco Indalecio Juárez Lagunes ◽  
Alice N. Pell ◽  
Maribel Montero Lagunes ◽  
Juan Manuel Pinos Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus

Our goal was to determine the digestion rates of carbohydrate fractions A (sugars, oligosaccharides and organic acids), B1 (starch and soluble fiber), NSC (non-structural carbohydrates) and B2 (available NDF) in four tropical grasses using the gas production technique. Samples of whole forage (WF), residue insoluble in 90% ethanol (EIR) and isolated NDF (ND) were fermented in vitro and gas production measured. Gas volumes determined from the following fractions, A = WF minus EIR; B1 = EIR - ND; NSC = WF - ND; and B2 = ND.  Grasses were Andropogon gayanus, Urochloa brizantha, Cynodon plectostachyus, and Megathyrsus maximum each grown in Veracruz, Mexico on four plots (5×5 m), fertilized (relationship equivalent to 0 and 100 kg N/ha) and clipped 35 d after the N fertilization. A complete randomized block design with factorial arrangement 4×2 and two replicates per treatment was used. Factors were grass species and N fertilization. Data were fit using a single-pool exponential model with lag. The volume (mL gas/100 mg OM), rate (%/h) and lag (h) were: WF (22.8; 5.3; 2.1); A (3.2; 15.7; 0.5); B1 (1.5; 15.7; 0.2); and B2 (18.3; 6.6; 5.2). Andropogon and Urochloa had higher NSC content compared to Megathyrsus and Cynodon but lower gas yield per unit of NSC. Rates of digestion for the B2 fraction ranged from 4 to 8 %/h; and NSC digestion rate averaged 15.7 %/h. Nitrogen fertilization reduced carbohydrate pool sizes but did not affect rates of digestion. It is concluded that ruminally available energy from SC and NSC in tropical forages should be revised more extensively.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

scholarly journals Can pasture persistence be improved through the use of nonryegrass species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Recent Discussion

Recent discussion about pasture persistence concentrates on pastures based on perennial ryegrass, the most commonly used grass species. This paper raises the question as to whether some of the causes of poor pasture persistence are due to perennial ryegrass being used in environments to which it is not suited. The adaptation to environmental stresses, particularly water, temperature and nutrient deficiencies, in different regions of New Zealand of tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris, and lucerne are discussed, and how this impacts on persistence advantages over perennial ryegrass. Keywords: persistence, pasture, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica

Relationship betweenin vitrogas production and neutral detergent fibre disappearance in three tropical grasses

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 219-219
Author(s):  
M. Herrero ◽  
N.S. Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Gas Volume

In vitrogas production techniques have been used to nutritionally characterise feedstuffs for ruminants. Consideration of both the soluble and insoluble fractions has recently been shown to be essential for adequate description of cell wall disappearance (Jessop and Herrero, 1996). This study investigates how gas production measurements can be used to predict neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance by correcting for the gas volume produced in the early stages of fermentation from neutral detergent solubles (NDS). The study was carried out using three tropical grasses.

Cell-Wall Constituents and In Vitro Digestibility of Napier Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum)

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Johnson ◽  
Javier Guerrero ◽  
Danilo Pezo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility

Temperature influences on the growth, digestibility, and carbohydrate compositions of two tropical grasses, Panicum maximum var Trichoglume and Setaria sphacelata, and two cultivars of the temperate grass Lolium perenne

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
CW Ford
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Structural Cell

Two tropical grasses, Panicunl maximum var. trichoglume and Setaria spliacelata cv. Nandi were compared with two cultivars of Lolium perenne, S.24 and Kangaroo Valley, grown in controlled environment at day/night temperatures of 15.6/10, 21 .1/15.6,26.7/21.1, and 32.2/26.7�C. The plants were harvested when still vegetative. The tropical grasses grew faster than the L. perenne cultivars at all but the lowest temperatures, and had a generally higher relative water content. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the L. pereiine cultivars appeared inherently higher than that of the tropical grasses, but for each species digestibility Mtas modified by the environment and was highest at the lower growth temperatures. The tropical grasses were lower in alcohol- and cold water-soluble sugars, and higher in starch and structural (cell wall) carbohydrates than the L. perenne cultivars. For all grasses, as temperature increased from 15.6/10 to 26.7/21.1�C the concentration of the structural carbohydrates increased whilst that of the total non-structural carbohydrates changed relatively little. A further increase in temperature to 32.2/26.7� resulted in a marked decline in the concentration of simple sugars and structural carbohydrates whilst polymeric sugars increased. At this latter temperature the starch content in Setaria and Panicurn increased to as high as 16 and 13% of dry weight respectively. The differences in digestibility appeared to be associated with the differences in the proportions of the different carbohydrate fractions.

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