scholarly journals A retrospective assessment of marine biodiversity: a critical analysis of integration and aggregation rules

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 16128
Author(s):  
Susanna Jernberg ◽  
Henrik Nygård ◽  
Ainars Aunins ◽  
Antti Lappalainen ◽  
Anna-Stiina Heiskanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Spatial Assessment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Integrated Assessments ◽  
The Impact

Oceans around the world are threatened by human pressures. Ecological indicators are useful tools in understanding complex systems and their changes caused by human pressures, and the information they offer is also needed for ecosystem-based management. Integrated assessments combine information produced by several indicators at different spatial scales and thus offer a more holistic view of the status of the ecosystem. In this study, we evaluate the integration of biodiversity indicators at different spatial scales in two study areas in the Baltic Sea: Gulf of Finland and Bothnian Sea. By producing time series of the indicators and integrated assessments, we study the historical changes in the overall marine biodiversity status, and the impact of data availability, indicator selection, and choice of spatial assessment units on the status assessment. The integrated assessments are produced using the Biodiversity Assessment Tool (BEAT 3.0) and following the procedure of the HELCOM integrated assessment of biodiversity. The analysis shows that the results of the integrated assessment depend strongly on which indicators are available for the assessment, and on the chosen spatial assessment units. While the integrated assessments are a strong communication tool, their interpretation needs to be accompanied by information of indicators to avoid misleading conclusions about the marine ecosystem status.

scholarly journals Marine bioinvasions: bivalve molluscs introduced in northeast Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 507-526
Author(s):  
Luan Lucas Cardoso Lima ◽  
Flávio Dias Passos
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Ecosystem Ecology ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Invasive Bivalves ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: Invasive alien species are those that, once introduced from other environments, adapt, starting to reproduce and proliferate in places they did not previously inhabit. The introduction of exotic marine species as a result of anthropic activity, whether intentionally or not, is a process that has been remote for centuries, which makes it difficult to assess the impact of these activities, making studies that address the status of knowledge about such organisms always important. Thus, this research aims to gather information about bivalve molluscs introduced into marine ecosystems in northeastern Brazil, in addition to discussing the knowledge of this invasive fauna for the Northeast, Southeast and South regions of Brazil. For that there was a search for bibliography in 5 databases - SciELO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceResearch.com and I3N Brazil Database of the Horus Institute for Environmental Conservation and Development. Three invasive bivalves for the northeastern region of Brazil were counted. When compared to the South and Southeast regions, the Northeast presents a significant amount of research on the ecology of the species Isognomon bicolor (C. B. Adams, 1845) and Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831), which is very important, because with these results it is possible to track and understand the pathways that make bioinvasions possible. Regarding Perna Perna (Linnaeus, 1758), although there is a discussion about its supposed introduction in Brazilian waters, the species can be considered invasive in Northeastern Brazil. KEYWORDS: Invasive species, marine ecosystem, ecology.

scholarly journals Linking risk factors to risk treatment in ecological risk assessment of marine biodiversity

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1116-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Astles
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Natural Resource Managers ◽  
Risk Treatment ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments ◽  
Specific Management

Abstract Implementing marine ecosystem-based management at regional and small spatial scales is challenging due to the complexity of ecosystems, human activities, their interactions and multilayered governance. Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) of marine biodiversity are often used to prioirtise issues but only give broad guidance of how issues might be addressed in the form of strategies. However, at small and regional spatial scales marine natural resource managers have to make decisions within these strategies about how to manage specific interactions between human uses and ecological components. By using the transition between risk characterization and risk treatment in ERA for marine biodiversity tractable ways through the complexity can be found. This paper will argue that specific management and research actions relevant to smaller spatial scales can be developed by using the linkage between risk factors and risk treatment in ERA. Many risk factors require risk treatments that extend beyond the boundary of local agencies or sector responsibilities. The risk factor-treatment platform provides a practical way that these boundaries can be opened up by providing a scientifically based and transparent process to engage all actors who need to be involved in addressing the issues raised by an ERA. First, the principles of the mechanism will be described. Second, how the mechanism is constructed will be introduced using examples from an urban estuary. Application of the mechanism reveals three different types of risk factors (stressor, ecological, and knowledge gap) that can be used to develop specific management and research actions to treat risks. The systematic approach enables the dual complexities of marine ecosystems and multiple human pressures to be unravelled to identify and target issues effectively. The risk factor treatment linkage provides a platform to negotiate and develop effective management and research actions across jurisdictional, disciplinary, community and stakeholder boundaries.

scholarly journals BENOA BAY RECLAMATION: THE IMPACT OF POLICY-MAKING FOR SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1227-1239
Author(s):  
Yulinda Adharani ◽  
Nadia Astriani ◽  
Siti Sarah Afifah
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of this article to discover how policy-making that made by the Indonesia government related to the development of Bali Benoa Bay reclamation so that the environment around Benoa Bay stays sustain and the local community does not feel threatened by the development of Benoa Bay Reclamation, especially the Adat community. Methodology: This article is a result of legal studies using the normative juridical method. First, a complete, thorough, and comprehensive approach becomes the base in identifying the subject matter of the problem. Second, it is made to know and understand the policy in settling the problems in spatial planning from the legal aspect of (Seokanto & Mamudji, 1994). Main Findings: Policy change on Benoa Bay status affected social and environmental aspects. The policy that the Indonesia government made was led to a huge environmental impact on Benoa Bay. The status changed of Benoa Bay from a conservation area to an exploitation area can be a threat to the marine ecosystem and the migratory species, because in Presidential Regulation Number 54 the Year 2014 stated that it can develop reclamation in Benoa Bay. Implications/Applications: This study discusses theories about environmental law, and analyzes them against cases so that sustainable development can be achieved. Policy or decision making must base on the use of the best information and the best science available, and in some situations, it is appropriate regarding environmental, social, and cultural factors. Novelty/Originality of this study: As far as we are concerned, an environmental problem in Bali not particularly noticed in the development plan of the reclamation of Benoa Bay that caused by policy-making and the effect to the society and environment, this article is an attempt to viewed from a different side in addition to tourism in Bali.

scholarly journals Marine soundscape and fish biophony of a Mediterranean marine protected area

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12551
Author(s):  
Gabriella La Manna ◽  
Marta Picciulin ◽  
Alessia Crobu ◽  
Francesco Perretti ◽  
Fabio Ronchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Acoustic Monitoring ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
Fish Sounds ◽  
The Impact

Background Marine soundscape is the aggregation of sound sources known as geophony, biophony, and anthrophony. The soundscape analysis, in terms of collection and analysis of acoustic signals, has been proposed as a tool to evaluate the specific features of ecological assemblages and to estimate their acoustic variability over space and time. This study aimed to characterise the Capo Caccia-Isola Piana Marine Protected Area (Italy, Western Mediterranean Sea) soundscape over short temporal (few days) and spatial scales (few km) and to quantify the main anthropogenic and biological components, with a focus on fish biophonies. Methods Within the MPA, three sites were chosen each in a different protection zone (A for the integral protection, B as the partial protection, and C as the general protection). In each site, two underwater autonomous acoustic recorders were deployed in July 2020 at a depth of about 10 m on rocky bottoms. To characterise the contribution of both biophonies and anthrophonies, sea ambient noise (SAN) levels were measured as sound pressure level (SPL dB re: 1 μ Pa-rms) at eight 1/3 octave bands, centred from 125 Hz to 16 kHz, and biological and anthropogenic sounds were noted. Fish sounds were classified and counted following a catalogue of known fish sounds from the Mediterranean Sea based on the acoustic characteristic of sound types. A contemporary fish visual census had been carried out at the test sites. Results SPL were different by site, time (day vs. night), and hour. SPLs bands centred at 125, 250, and 500 Hz were significantly higher in the daytime, due to the high number of boats per minute whose noise dominated the soundscapes. The loudest man-made noise was found in the A zone, followed by the B and the C zone, confirming that MPA current regulations do not provide protection from acoustic pollution. The dominant biological components of the MPA soundscape were the impulsive sounds generated by some invertebrates, snapping shrimps and fish. The vast majority of fish sounds were recorded at the MPA site characterized by the highest sound richness, abundance, and Shannon-Wiener index, coherently with the results of a fish visual census. Moreover, the acoustic monitoring detected a sound associated with a cryptic species (Ophidion spp.) never reported in the study area before, further demonstrating the usefulness of passive acoustic monitoring as a complementary technique to species census. This study provides baseline data to detect future changes of the marine soundscapes and some suggestions to reduce the impact of noise on marine biodiversity.

The International Seabed Authority and the Enterprise: How Africa is reinvigorating the principle of the common heritage of mankind

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Mehdi Remaoun
Keyword(s):  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
Common Heritage Of Mankind ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
African Group ◽  
The Common ◽  
International Seabed Authority ◽  
Deep Seabed Mining ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses primarily on a submission made by the African Group of States to the International Seabed Authority (ISA) on the operationalisation of the Enterprise. The latter is one of the organs established under Part XI of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and guided by the principle of the common heritage of mankind (CHM). Following several years of the status quo remaining unchanged, the start of the development of the exploitation regulations for deep seabed mining has led to louder calls to operationalise the Enterprise. This article first outlines the origins and legal foundations of the concept ‘Enterprise’. This is followed by discussions on the status of this organ prior to the African Group’s submission, the main elements contained in the submission as well as the reactions to, and the impact of, the submission. Beyond the issue of the Enterprise, this article also considers other attempts of the African Group to give full effect to the CHM principle in the ISA as well as the Group’s attempts to enshrine the CHM principle in a potential third LOSC implementing agreement on marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. It concludes with critical observations that put the various aspects discussed into perspective.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

Contemporary Qur'anic Studies in Iran and its Relationship with Qur'anic Studies in the West

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Morteza Karimi-Nia
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The West ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Religious Learning ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The status of tafsīr and Qur'anic studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed significantly during recent decades. The essay provides an overview of the state of Qur'anic studies in Iran today, aiming to examine the extent of the impact of studies by Western scholars on Iranian academic circles during the last three decades and the relationship between them. As in most Islamic countries, the major bulk of academic activity in Iran in this field used to be undertaken by the traditional ʿulamāʾ; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century and the establishment of universities and other academic institutions in the Islamic world, there has been increasing diversity and development. After the Islamic Revolution, many gradual changes in the structure and approach of centres of religious learning and universities have occurred. Contemporary advancements in modern sciences and communications technologies have gradually brought the institutions engaged in the study of human sciences to confront the new context. As a result, the traditional Shīʿī centres of learning, which until 50 years ago devoted themselves exclusively to the study of Islamic law and jurisprudence, today pay attention to the teaching of foreign languages, Qur'anic sciences and exegesis, including Western studies about the Qur'an, to a certain extent, and recognise the importance of almost all of the human sciences of the West.

Euratom and Brexit: Could the United Kingdom Maintain One Foot in the European Union? Current Scenarios and Future Prospects of British withdrawal from the EAEC

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
Andrea Circolo ◽  
Ondrej Hamuľák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Independent Solution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper focuses on the very topical issue of conclusion of the membership of the State, namely the United Kingdom, in European integration structures. The ques­tion of termination of membership in European Communities and European Union has not been tackled for a long time in the sources of European law. With the adop­tion of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), the institute of 'unilateral' withdrawal was intro­duced. It´s worth to say that exit clause was intended as symbolic in its nature, in fact underlining the status of Member States as sovereign entities. That is why this institute is very general and the legal regulation of the exercise of withdrawal contains many gaps. One of them is a question of absolute or relative nature of exiting from integration structures. Today’s “exit clause” (Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union) regulates only the termination of membership in the European Union and is silent on the impact of such a step on membership in the European Atomic Energy Community. The presented paper offers an analysis of different variations of the interpretation and solution of the problem. It´s based on the independent solution thesis and therefore rejects an automa­tism approach. The paper and topic is important and original especially because in the multitude of scholarly writings devoted to Brexit questions, vast majority of them deals with institutional questions, the interpretation of Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union; the constitutional matters at national UK level; future relation between EU and UK and political bargaining behind such as all that. The question of impact on withdrawal on Euratom membership is somehow underrepresented. Present paper attempts to fill this gap and accelerate the scholarly debate on this matter globally, because all consequences of Brexit already have and will definitely give rise to more world-wide effects.

The Status of Mind and Intellect in Digital Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-143
Author(s):  
Elena I. Yaroslavtseva
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Connection To Nature ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Natural Foundation ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the impact of digitalization on human life and intellectual experience. The development of computer technology demands an understanding of new aspects of human development and requires a capability to overcome not only external conditions but also ourselves. Entering a new level of development cannot imply a complete rejection of previous dispositions, but should be accompanied by reflection on personal experience and by the quest for new forms of interaction in society and with nature. Communicative and cognitive activity of a person has an ontological basis and relies on processes that actually evolve in nature. Therefore, the creation of new objects is always associated with the properties of natural material and gives rise to new points of support in the development of man. The more audacious his projects, the more important it is to preserve this connection to nature. It is always the human being who turns out to be the initiator who knows how to solve problems. The conformity of complex technical systems to nature is not only a goal but also a value of meaningful construction of development perspectives. The key to the nature orientation of the modern digital world is the human being himself, who keeps all the secrets of the culture of his natural development. Therefore, the proposed by the Russian philosopher V.S. Stepin post-non-classical approach, based on the principle of “human-sizedness,” is an important contribution to contemporary research because it draws attention to the “human – machine” communication, to the relationship between a person and technological systems he created. The article concludes that during digital transformation, a cultural conflict arises: in an effort to solve the problems of the future, a person equips his life with devices that are designed to support him, to expand his functionality, but at the same time, the boundaries of humanity become dissolved and the forms of human activity undergo simplification. Transhumanism engages society in the fight against fears of vulnerability and memory loss and ignores the flexibility and sustainability of natural foundation.

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