scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus patients’ fasting blood sugar levels and quality of life following brief pharmacist counseling with reminders and motivational messages

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Okta Muthia Sari ◽  
Ginanjar Zukhruf Saputri ◽  
Akrom .
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Fasting Blood Sugar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motivational Messages

Background:  For chronic disease patients, pharmacist counselling with motivating reminder messages has been developed throughout time to promote the success of patient treatment. Diabetes mellitus is a long-term condition. Blood sugar control and an improved quality of life are therapeutic goals in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in fasting blood sugar and quality of life occurred in individuals with diabetes mellitus who received pharmacist counselling coupled by motivating reminder messages.Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test-post-test design with control and intervention groups. Data on patients with type 2 diabetes were obtained prospectively at Jetis 1 primary health care in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Seventy-two respondents who met the inclusion criteria were separated into two groups: the control group (36 participants) and the intervention group (36 participants). The patients’ quality of life was assessed using the 36-item Short Form (SF-36) questionnaire.Results: Following pharmacist counselling coupled by motivating reminder messages, patients’ mean fasting blood sugar reduced significantly (∆ 34.85±63.36), while their mean quality of life score increased considerably (∆ 13.73±9.22).Conclusions: Pharmacist counselling combined with motivating reminder messages can help patients with type 2 diabetes lower their fasting blood sugar and enhance their quality of life. The provision of pharmacist counselling followed by brief reminders and motivational messages may be considered to improve type 2 diabetes patient management.

scholarly journals Detection of Anti-Helicopacter pylori IgG Antibody, Anti-GAD antibody, Anti-Beta islets cell in a sample of serum with type-2 Diabetes mellitus patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1157-1161
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Fasting Blood Sugar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
H Pylori

We have investigated twenty five patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus aged (35-60) years and fifteen healthy persons as control group to detect Anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody. All studied groups were carried out to measure fasting blood sugar, anti- Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), anti-? islets cells antibody by IFAT, Anti-H. pylori IgG antibody by ELISA technique. There was significant elevation in the concentration of fasting blood sugar than in control group (P < 0.05), the patients had negative results for anti-GAD antibody and anti- ? islets cells antibody, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) of anti-H. pylori IgG antibody in 28 % of patients had type-2 diabetes than control group. This lead to suggestion that type -2 diabetes mellitus patients are more susceptible to H. pylori .

scholarly journals Kepatuhan dan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit di Jawa Tengah

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Nurul Mutmainah ◽  
Muhammad Al Ayubi ◽  
Anggie Widagdo
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Chi Square Test

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires treatment for a long period of time. Adherence to consuming drugs is one of the most important things in achieving treatment goals. This study aims to determine the level of adherence and quality of life and determine the relationship to the quality of life of patients with type 2 DM in hospitals in Central Java. This study uses analytic design by asking cross-sectional. Samples were taken at two hospitals in Central Java. Sampling was purposive sampling with the criteria of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who are undergoing outpatient care in the hospital, have undergone therapy for at least 3 months, and can communicate well. As a measurement used the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) questionnaire while the quality of life measure used the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Score data received and quality of life that has been obtained was processed with the SPSS (Product Statistics and Service Solutions) chi-square test. Research results in 200 respondents found 9 people (4.5%) had low adherence, 46 people (23%) were moderately related and 145 people (72.5%) have high adherence. While the quality of life found 41 people (20.5%) had a poor quality of life and 159 people (79.5%) had a good quality of life. The lowest aspect of quality of life is physical limitations and the highest aspect of quality of life is mental health. From the results of the analysis on the chi square test, the p value was obtained: 0.00. This shows that there is a significant relationship between adherence and quality of life in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus at the hospitals and a Prevalence Ratio value of 23.47.

scholarly journals Using the Fasting Blood Sugar and Glycated Haemoglobin Models for Predicting the Personal Management of Type-2 Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahira Fulazzaky ◽  
Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Fasting Blood Sugar ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Personal Management

Purpose Personal management of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is very important in preventing complications of other diseases for infected patients. We aimed to develop the mathematical models for predicting the performance of personal T2DM management. Methods We proposed three hypotheses as the basic principles to develop the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) models. We tested and validated these two models using the FBS and HbA1c data collected from two clinical laboratories in Malaysia and one clinical laboratory in Indonesia from 16 March 2009 to 29 May 2016. Results Using the power FBS model permits us to predict the FBS level of below 6 mmol/L after 1277 days of the T2DM management. Using the logarithmic HbA1c model permits to predict the HbA1c level in blood of below 6.4% after 2553 days of the T2DM management but never reaches below 6%. We verified that correlation between the FBS and HbA1c data is able to get an excellent fit with linear regression. Conclusions Person with T2DM can set goals for managing his disease and lifetime metabolic control to get better health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and should pay attention to the main determinants of HRQoL. Using the FBS and HbA1c models as strategic analysis tool permits us to predict the effectiveness of T2DM management with an ultimate improvement in his quality of life to take care of himself.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jalan Sehat terhadap Kualitas Hidup Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ihsan Taufiq
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Post Test

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) causes a decrease in quality of life in all domains. The most often overlooked cause of DM patients is not carrying out physical activity regularly. </em><strong><em>Purpose:</em></strong><em> </em><em>The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of healthy pathways on the quality of life of type 2 D</em><em>M</em><em> patients in the Health Center in Kotabumi North Lampung in 2017.</em><em> </em><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> </em><em>This study used quasi-experimental pre-post test design with a control group. The number of samples consisted of treatment groups and control groups, each group of 22 respondents. The treatment group was the respondents who carried out healthy walks of intervention, then measured the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, while the control group did not carry out healthy walking activities. Data analysis uses t test dependent. </em><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> </em><em>The results showed that there was an effect of healthy pathways on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the health centers in Kotabumi, North Lampung (p = 0.007). <strong>Conclusions</strong></em><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> Healthy paths improve the quality of life for patients with type 2 diabetes, including aspects of physical health, psychological health, social and environmental relations. </em></p><p><strong>Latar Belakang:</strong> Penyakit Diabetes Mellitus (DM) menyebabkan penurunan kualitas hidup disemua domain. Penyebab yang paling sering diabaikan penderita DM adalah tidak melaksanakan aktivitas fisik secara teratur. <strong>Tujuan: </strong>Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh jalan sehat terhadap kualitas hidup penderita DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas wilayah Kotabumi Lampung Utara Tahun 2017. <strong>Metode:</strong> Penelitian ini menggunakan <em>kuasi eksperimen pre post test design </em> dengan kelompok kontrol. Jumlah sampel terdiri atas kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol masing-masing kelompok 22 responden. Kelompok perlakuan adalah responden yang dilakukan intervensi jalan sehat, kemudian dilakukan pengukuran kualitas hidup penderita DM tipe 2, sedangkan kelompok kontrol tidak melakukan kegiatan jalan sehat. Analisis data menggunakan <em>t </em><em>test dependent</em>. <strong>Hasil:</strong> Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh jalan sehat terhadap kualitas hidup penderita DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas wilayah Kotabumi Lampung Utara (p=0,007). <strong>Simpulan:</strong> Jalan sehat meningkatkan kualitas hidup penderita DM tipe 2 meliputi aspek kesehatan fisik, kesehatan psikologis, hubungan sosial dan lingkungan.</p>

scholarly journals Pengaruh Terapi Progressive Muscle Relaxation Terhadap Kecemasan Dan Kualitas Hidup Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Di RS Muhammadiyah Lamongan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Adbul Rokhman ◽  
Lilik Supriati
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Progressive Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Therapy

ABSTRAKPenyakit diabetes mellitus yang tidak bisa disembuhkan secara total sering berdampak pada terjadinya kecemasan dan penurunan kualitas hidup. Untuk menurunkan kecemasan dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien dapat dilakukan terapi progressive muscle relaxation. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi PMR (Progressive Muscle Relaxation) terhadap kecemasan dan kualitas hidup pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di RS Muhammadiyah Lamongan. Metode quasi eksperimental dengan pendekatan pre-post test control group design dengan simple random sampling. Jumlah sampel 50 orang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol masing-masing 25 orang. Alat ukur menggunakan kuisioner HARS untuk kecemasan dan DQOL (Diabetes Quality of Life) untuk kualitas hidup. Hasil analisis kecemasan dengan uji t pada kelompok perlakuan p 0,000, kelompok kontrol p 0,746. Analisis kualitas hidup pada kelompok perlakuan nilai p 0,000 dan kelompok kontrol p 0,098. Perbedaan kecemasan pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol p 0,019. Perbedaan kualitas hidup pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol p 0,076. Pengaruh faktor pendidikan terhadap kualitas hidup pada pasien DM tipe 2 sesudah diberikan terapi progressive muscle relaxation sebesar 4,9 % setelah dikontrol variabel lain. Terapi progressive muscle relaxation efektif untuk menurunkan kecemasan dan efektif untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2. Terapi progressive muscle relaxation dapat dimasukkan kedalam intervensi keperawatan pada pelayanan rumah sakit. Kata Kunci: Diabetes Mellitus tipe 2, Kecemasan, Kualitas Hidup, Terapi Progressive Muscle Relaxation ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus which cannot be cured completely often have an impact on the occurrence of anxiety and reduced quality of life. To reduce anxiety and improve the quality of life of patients can use progressive muscle relaxation therapy. This study aims to determine the effect of PMR therapy (Progressive Muscle Relaxation) in anxiety and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lamongan Muhammadiyah Hospital. Quasi-experimental method with the approach of pre-posttest control group design with simple random sampling. Number of samples 50  people  were   divided  into   two   treatment   groups  and   control  each   25   people.  HARS questionnaire instrument used for measuring anxiety and DQOL (Diabetes Quality of Life) for measuring quality of life. Results of the analysis by the t-test anxiety in the experimental group p0.000, 0.746 p control group. Analysis of the quality of life in the treatment group p values of 0.000 and 0.098 p control group. Anxiety differences in the treatment group and the control p0.019. Differences in the quality of life in the treatment group and the control p 0.076. Results of the analysis by the t-test anxiety in the experimental group p 0.000, 0.746 p control group. Analysis of the quality of life in the treatment group p values of 0.000 and 0.098 p control group. Anxiety differences in the treatment group and the control p 0.019. Differences in the quality of life in the treatment group and the control p 0.076. Educational factors influence the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after progressive muscle relaxation therapy by 4.9% after controlling other variables. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy is effective to reduce anxiety and effective to improve the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy can be incorporated into nursing interventions on hospitals.Keyword : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, anxiety, quality of life, progressive muscle relaxation therapy

The impact of type D personality on the quality of life and on microangiopathic and macroangiopathic complications in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S491-S492
Author(s):  
V.R. Enatescu ◽  
I. Papava ◽  
R.S. Romosan ◽  
A. Grozavu ◽  
V. Enatescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Type D Personality ◽  
Type D ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionIn 2015, the worldwide point prevalence for diabetes mellitus was 8.8%. Type D personality was found as being more prevalent in type 2 diabetes than in the general population.ObjectivesWe aimed to reveal the frequency of type D personality and to analyze the impact of type D personality on both quality of life and angiopathic complications, in patients with type 2 diabetes from our region.MethodsA cross-sectional research was performed on 79 outpatients that were monitored for diabetes mellitus at Timisoara diabetes, nutrition and metabolic diseases clinic. Type D personality was assessed with the DS-14 scale. Quality of life was quantified by using the Q-LES-Q-SF scale (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form). The angiopathic complications were abstracted from medical records.ResultsType D personality was present in 38 subjects with diabetes mellitus (48.10%). Compared to those without type D personality, patients with type D personality and diabetes had significant lower mean scores for the following domains of the Q-LES-Q-SF scale: social relationships (P < 0.001), daily life function (P = 0.027), sexual activity (P = 0.005), to get around physically (P < 0.001), work or hobbies (P = 0.008) and raw score (P = 0.003). Type D personality did not make any difference regarding micro and macroangiopathic complications of type 2 diabetes patients.ConclusionsType D personality, a highly frequent entity, did not make the difference with respect to diabetic complications; however, it may interfere significantly with several facets of the quality of life of these patients. These results should be taken into account for an interdisciplinary approach to these patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Illness Perception and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Lampung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Hasanul K. Al-Kayyis ◽  
Dyah A. Perwitasari
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Illness Perception ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sf 36

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between illness perception and QoL in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients.MATERIAL & METHODS: We used cross-sectional design. The subjects were recruited from the Pringsewu Government Hospital in Lampung, Indonesia, and underwent T2DM treatment from May-July 2016. The subjects have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were patients age 15-65 with a diagnosis of T2DM with complications for more than 3 months prior and who consented to participate in the study. Participants used the self-reported questionnaire BIPQ (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire) to measure illness perception and the SF-36 (Short Form-36) questionnaire to measure QoL. Statistical analysis used in this study were Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression to test between illness perception and quality of life (QoL) domains. The correlation between variable were statistically significant if p value < 0.05.RESULTS: The domain of treatment management had the highest score among all BIPQ domains (mean: 8.55; SD: 1.99). Emotional well-being had the highest scores among the SF-36 domains (mean: 72.69; SD: 17.33). The energy domain in QoL was significantly predicted by consequence, personal management, and identity in the BIPQ illness perception components (p <0.0001). Moreover, the role limitation component was significantly predicted by emotional response, coherence and random blood glucose levels (p <0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: This study significantly showed weak positive correlations between illness perception and QoL in T2DM patients. An education strategy aimed at changing these negative emotional responses to improve patients’ role limitations due to emotional function should be considered.

scholarly journals Correlation of Fasting Blood Glucose With IL-6 Levels in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Ethnic Minangkabau

BioScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Elsa Yuniarti ◽  
Syam Syamsurizal ◽  
Yuni Ahda ◽  
Puja Delfi Sonata
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Fasting Blood Sugar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Dm Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2 is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells or intrusion of insulin function. Hyperglycemia tends to cause oxidative stress where free radical formation exceeds the body's antioxidant defense system resulting in microvascular and macrovascular disorders. Some ethnic groups have a tendency to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus because of differences in diet, lifestyle and physical activity. In addition, ethnicity is also suspected to affect the levels of IL-6. This study aims to determine the correlation of fasting blood sugar levels with IL-6 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus ethnic Minangkabau. This research is cross sectional comparative research design. The subjects of two groups: DM type 2 and control group (non-DM) who went to the Polyclinic of State University of Padang, Minangkabau ethnic and each consisted of 35 people. Blood glucometer examination with blood sample and IL-6 measurement using ELISA technique with serum sample. Fasting blood sugar levels in patients with Type 2 DM Minangkabau ethnic average 286.2 ± 80.46 mg / dl while non DM 101.26 ± 9.70 mg / dl. Mean IL-6 levels in type 2 DM patients were 16.23 ± 30.12 pg / ml while non-DM of 3.41 ± 1.91 pg / ml was an increase of about 4.7 in patients with type 2 DM Compared to non-ethnic minority of Minangkabau with p value <0,05. The result of research that have been done there is a positive correlation between fasting blood sugar level with IL -6 in patients with Type 2 DM Minangkabau ethnic with r value = 0,44 at p <0.05 which means interpretation of medium correlation strength. Keywords: Type 2 DM, IL-6, ethnic Minangkabau

scholarly journals Self Care Application In Improving The Quality Of Care And Management Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Clients

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Andi eka pranata Andi ◽  
Rizki Eko Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Control Group

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease (CD) in Indonesia that contributes to high mortality. This disease poses a limitation to self-care. Good self-care prevents complications and improves the quality of life. Self-care application (SCA) is a way to increase understanding of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) clients and their families to improve the quality of care and good management of T2DM clients.  Objective: To determine the effect of SCA on improving the quality of care and management of T2DM clients which include blood sugar levels, nutrition management, activity/ exercise management, self aesthetics, and personal hygiene. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. The population of this study was patients with type 2 diabetes with a total sample size of 50 patients with type 2 diabetes who were evenly divided into 2 research groups. The sampling method used was proportional sampling. The interventions are in the form of SCA with training and mentoring patterns of T2DM clients and their families. Data analysis using independent t-test.  Result: The application of self-care had no significant impact on blood sugar stability (p 0.540), was able to improve the quality of nutritional management (p 0.018), improve activity/ exercise management (p 0.000), improve self-esthetic behavior (p 0.000), and increase personal hygiene behavior (p 0.000). Conclusion: Improving the quality of care and management of T2DM due to SCA is directly related to the understanding and awareness of T2DM clients.

scholarly journals Communication Of Quality Of Life Indicators, Functional Methods Of Research And Neuromarker BNDF In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus 2 With Diabetic Foot Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Alimkhanov Olimkhon Omilkhonovich ◽  
◽  
Kamalov Telman Tulyaganovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Diabetic Foot Syndrome ◽  
Control Group

The purpose of the study is to study the correlation rate of the quality of life, electroneuromyography, doppler and neuro markers BNDF in the blood in patients with a type 2 of type with diabetic foot syndrome. Methods: The following 2 groups of patients were formed: 1 gr. - SDS patients, neuropathic form -37 patients, 2 gr. - SDS patients, neuroichmic form -35 patients, 3 gr. - Control group, these are 20 healthy persons of the appropriate age and gender. Results: In all groups of patients, the quality of life is significantly different in the FSHC questionnaire compared with the control group (p <0.05). In patients with a neuroecemic form of diabetic foot syndrome, a significant decrease was found (p <0.05). All indicators of doppler song vessels of legs compared with patients with neuropathic shape. Revealed significant correlations of FSHK and laboratory and instrumental indicators. A correlation connection with the duration of the disease, the duration of the disease, the levels of glycemia of an empty stomach, the level of the glycated haemoglobin, BNDF in the blood, the speed of blood flow in the femoral artery, in the lower leg, is discovered. The definition of neuromuscular transmission showed that the patients of the 1st and 2nd groups have a weak reduction in muscle contraction involuntarily. This confirmed the impairment of neuromuscular transmission in both groups. Conclusions: 1) A questionnaire to determine the quality indicators - FSHK is the most sensitive and informative to determine the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with neuropathic and neuroecemic forms 2) FSHP questionnaire can be used for dynamic assessment of type 2 diabetes patients with neuropathic and neuroecemic forms in outpatient clinical practice. 3) Revealed significant correlations of FSHK and laboratory and instrumental indicators. A correlation connection with the duration of the disease, the duration of the disease, the levels of glycemia on an empty stomach, the level of the glycated haemoglobin, BNDF in the blood, the speed of blood flow in the femoral artery, in the shin, M-answer when stimulating a tibial nerve.

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