scholarly journals Prevalence and complications of hypothyroidism during pregnancy in western Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Karishma Chaudhary ◽  
Poonam Mani ◽  
Lalita Yadav ◽  
Mamta Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Timely Initiation ◽  
Entire Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
Complications Rate

Background: This study was designed to know the prevalence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy in western part of Uttar Pradesh and its potential complications. A prospective and comparative clinical study to know prevalence of thyroid disorder in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome was done.Methods: Eight Hundred eighty seven pregnant cases from Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chattrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital, Meerut were enrolled in the study from the year 2018 to 2020. Detailed history and physical examination was done. Thyroid Function test (FT3, FT4, TSH and Anti-TPO) were performed after the confirmation of pregnancy. Patients were followed up during entire pregnancy. Thirty seven patients dropped out from the study.Results: In this study, prevalence of thyroid disorder was 27.28% which was high when compared to other regions in India and in other parts of Asia. Subclinical hypothyroidism and Overt hypothyroidism was 16.57% and 10.71% respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism was more prevalent and hidden, leading to the poor obstetrical outcome and fetal complications. Rate of miscarriage was high in overt hypothyroid patients.Conclusions: Due to the immense impact that the maternal thyroid disorder has on maternal and fetal outcome, prompt identification of thyroid disorders and timely initiation of treatment is essential. Thus, universal screening of pregnant women for thyroid disorder should be considered especially in a country like India where there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disorder.

scholarly journals Study of thyroid function in pregnancy, its feto-maternal outcome; a prospective observational study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Mahadik ◽  
Payal Choudhary ◽  
P. K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thyroid Profile ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Pregnancy is a stress test of maternal thyroid function. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women is high. Subclinical hypothyroidism occurs in 10% of all pregnancies. Effects of hypothyroidism in pregnancy are anemia, low birth weight and mental retardation in neonate. This study is aimed to evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with deranged thyroid profile. The relevance of this study is to document the association of hypothyroidism and its adverse effects on mother and fetus. Methods This prospective observational study was carried out at R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India. Subjects of this study were 198 antenatal women in third trimester with singleton pregnancy admitted in the obstetric ward, and informed consent was obtained. Women were chosen irrespective of age, parity, residence and socioeconomic status. Women with multiple pregnancy, a known case of thyroid disorder, or any pre-existing medical disorder were excluded. Routine hematological parameters and estimation of T3, T4 and TSH was conducted. Patients with deranged thyroid profile were subsequently assessed for maternal and fetal complications. History of infertility, family history of thyroid disease, menstrual pattern, recurrent abortion, hemoglobin level and fetal outcome were the main study variables. Data was analysed in SPSS software for statistical co-relation. Results Prevalence of thyroid disorder is 11%; with subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism occurring in 5.6, 3.5 and 1.5% of subjects respectively. In women with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, anemia was present in 26.3% being significantly associated with hypothyroidism (p = 0.008). With respect to fetal outcome, LBW 31.6% (p = 0.001), NICU admission 42.1%, (p = 0.000) and low APGAR Score (21.1%, p = 0.042) were statistically associated with hypothyroidism. Risk of anemia, Low Birth weight, NICU admissions, and low APGAR score was 4.8, 6.3, 0.14 and 3.64 times higher respectively in women with hypothyroidism than in women who are euthyroid. Conclusion Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is 5.6% in 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Anemia, pre-eclampsia, high caesarean rates and neonatal morbidities is significantly associated with hypothyroidism.

scholarly journals Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism among Bangladeshi pregnant women and its effect on fetomaternal outcome

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sharmeen ◽  
PA Shamsunnahar ◽  
TR Laita ◽  
SB Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
In Pregnancy

Objectives: Thyroid disorders are among the common endocrine problems in pregnant women. It is now well established that not only overt but subclinical thyroid dysfunction also has adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome. There are few data from Bangladesh about the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. With this background, this study aims to find out thyroid dysfunction (both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism) in pregnancy and its impact on obstetrical outcome.Methods: We studied the evaluation of 50 admitted pregnancies corresponding to 29 women with subclinical hypothyroidism and rest 21 was overt hypothyroidism. Detailed history and examination were performed. Apart from routine obstetrical investigations, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) estimation was done. Their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes were noted.Results: Overt hypothyroidism was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 25 to 44 years age group. However two and three abortions were significantly (p<0.05) higher in overt hypothyroidism patients. In sub clinical hypothyroidism 86.2% conceived firstly within 2 years and 66.7% in overt hypothyroidism patients conceived firstly in between 3 to 5 years after marriage. Overt hypothyroids were prone to have pregnancy-induced hypertension 42.9%, intrauterine growth restriction (P=0.001) and gestational diabetes (38.1%) as compared to subclinical cases. Neonatal complications were significantly more in overt hypothyroidism group. Mean TSH level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in overt hypothyroidism patients but mean FT4 level was almost similar in both groups. Majority of the patient underwent caesarean section in both groups due to associated medical and obstetrical complications. None of the babies showed hypothyroidism by cord blood tests. In this analysis our results showed that overt hypothyroidism among Bangladeshi pregnant women are associated with more maternal complication & adverse parental outcome than subclinical hypothyroidism. The adequate treatment of hypothyroidism during gestation minimizes risks and generally, makes it possible for pregnancies to be carried to term without complications. Significant adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome were seen emphasizing the importance of routine antenatal thyroid screening.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (2): 52-57

scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its effects on fetomaternal outcome in pregnant women of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4379
Author(s):  
Ankita Kumari ◽  
Reena Srivastav ◽  
Shaila Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Screening ◽  
Fetal Complications ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Background: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and its impact on obstetrical outcome in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.Methods: This was a prospective observational study undertaken at antenatal clinics and indoor of BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur. Total 720 antenatal women, ≤20 weeks of gestation were recruited for the study. In all patients’ routine obstetrical investigations and thyroid function tests were done. All patients were followed up to delivery. Maternal and perinatal outcome were ascertained.Results: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant was found to be 21.1% and subclinical hypothyroidism (15.9%) was the commonest thyroid disorder. Most common complication observed in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was preeclampsia (9.56 % versus 20%) followed by preterm labour (7.82% versus 10%). Major fetal complications in hypothyroid mothers included intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight and stillbirth.Conclusions: Prevalence of hypothyroidism was found to be high in our study and was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; hence, thyroid screening should be included in routine antenatal investigations.

scholarly journals Thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on the maternal and fetal outcome

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Aditi Jain ◽  
Raksha M. ◽  
Kanakalatha D. Nakum
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Thyroid Disorder

Background: Screening of thyroid disorders in antenatal women during first trimester, to recommend management of thyroid disorder during pregnancy and to know the maternal and fetal outcome of such pregnancy.Methods: This is a prospective study for the incidence of thyroid disorder in early pregnancy and the outcome of such pregnancy. 100 cases were randomly selected from the antenatal clinic at a tertiary care hospital in India and after fulfilling the inclusion criteria they were subjected to screening for thyroid disorder till 13 weeks of pregnancy. TSH is often considered the “gold standard” for assessing thyroid function. If the participant had normal value then she was not subjected to follow up, but if abnormal, then follow up was done after 4-8 weeks, thyroid profile was repeated and if values were altered, they were medically managed and closely monitored. The obstetric and perinatal outcome of the pregnancy was noted.Results: In this screening study to detect and manage thyroid disorder, 100 antenatal women were selected randomly, from which 49 women where primigravidae and 51 women were multi-gravidae, 17 of them were of <20years, 54 were between 21 to 25 years. There was 5 percent incidence of thyroid disorder in the study group. There were 3 cases of hyperthyroidism and 2 cases of overt hypothyroidism which had poor fetal and maternal outcome on follow up.Conclusions: Our study shows that the evaluation of thyroid disorders in early pregnancy and timely intervention will lead to a decrease in the complications thereby improving the maternal and fetal outcome.

scholarly journals Assessment of gonadal functions in women with subclinical hypothyroidism in western Uttar Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Manish Srivastav ◽  
Alankar Tiwari ◽  
Nihit Kharkwal ◽  
Keshav Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
P Value ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Healthy Females

Background: In females, hypothyroidism can cause menstrual disturbances mainly oligomenorrhea. Thyroid dysfunction has also been linked to reduced fertility and pregnancy complications. Several studies have been done to evaluate gonadal dysfunctions in overt hypothyroidism but very few studies are there regarding subclinical hypothyroidism. Present study evaluates the gonadal functions of women with subclinical hypothyroidism.Methods: Total 20 females of age 18 to 35 years with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism were taken as cases and 20 age and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy females were taken as controls. Both in cases and controls, basal FSH, LH, estradiol were measured on 3rd or 4th day of menstrual cycle at 8 AM on fasting. Thereafter Leuprolide 20 mcg/kg was given subcutaneously on the same day. One hour after injection, LH and estradiol were measured. Basal and stimulated values were compared between both groups.Results: Basal LH was significantly higher in controls (6.63±2.38 m IU/ml) when compared to cases (6.06±2.10 m IU) with a p value 0.01 (<0.05). No significant differences were found between stimulated LH and estradiol in both the groups.Conclusions: In mild thyroidal failure the response of pituitary gonadotrophs to leuprolide is normal in contrast to overt hypothyroidism where the response is sluggish. This is the first study to be done in subclinical hypothyroid subjects to asses both basal and stimulated gonadotropin levels. Further studies are required in large samples to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3493
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Pahwa ◽  
Sabia Mangat
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Screening ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Thyroid disorders are among the common endocrine problems in pregnant women. Often overlooked in pregnancy due to nonspecific symptoms and hyper-metabolic state of pregnancy. Western literature shows prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy as 2.5% and hypothyroidism as 0.1-0.4%. There is paucity of data on prevalence of thyroid disorders in India pregnant population. This study was carried out to know prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women in Indian population.Methods: One hundred pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in first trimester were registered. Detailed history and examination was done. Apart from routine basic and obstetrical investigations, TSH, FT3 and FT4 level estimation was done.Results: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was high in this study in first trimester pregnant women, with subclinical hypothyroidism in 6%, overt hypothyroidism in 2%, subclinical hyperthyroidism 2 % and overt hyperthyroidism 0%.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid disorders, especially subclinical hypothyroidism (6%), overt hypothyroidism (2%) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (2%) was high. To prevent adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome, we are emphasizing the importance of routine antenatal thyroid screening.

scholarly journals Maternal Thyroid Disease and Preterm Birth: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 4325-4331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Sheehan ◽  
Alison Nankervis ◽  
Edward Araujo Júnior ◽  
Fabricio Da Silva Costa
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
Control Study

Context: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is increasing with rising average maternal ages in developed countries. The evidence for an association between preterm birth and thyroid disease has been confounded by small studies with varying outcomes and methodology. Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis is to review the literature regarding thyroid disease including subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and isolated hypothyroxinemia and the specific outcome of preterm birth. Data Sources: A search of PubMed and Embase databases was performed in May 2015. A fixed-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined odds ratio (OR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to evaluate the relationship between thyroid disease and preterm delivery. Study Selection: Studies were considered eligible if they met the following criteria: prospective cohort study or a case control study; the exposure of interest was maternal thyroid disease, including subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or isolated hypothyroxinemia; the outcome of interest was preterm delivery; and data regarding numbers of preterm births in each cohort were reported. Data Extraction: Data were recorded in a database evidence table including any incidence data for maternal thyroid disease and preterm birth compared to a reference group. Data Synthesis: Fourteen cohort studies and one case control study involving 2 532 704 participants were included. The combined OR of preterm delivery for pregnant women with overt hypothyroidism compared with the reference group was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.12–1.26; P &lt; .00001). There was also a significant risk of preterm birth in women with hyperthyroidism (OR, 1.24 [95%, CI 1.17–1.31]; P &lt; .00001). Subclinical hypothyroidism and isolated hypothyroxinemia showed no significant increase in OR. Sensitivity analysis made no change to these results. Conclusion: Both overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with a small but statistically significant increase in OR for preterm birth not seen in subclinical hypothyroidism or isolated hypothyroxinemia.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Anjana jose ◽  
J.K. Mukkadan* ◽  
Manju kamal
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Low T3

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a major public health problem in India. Diabetic nephropathy have higher prevalence of thyroid disorder when compared with diabetes mellitus. The present study compared the levels of thyroid hormones between type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without diabetic nephropathy. Among 192 diabetes mellitus patients those who have nephropathy, euthyroid was 124(64.6%), low T3 was 14(7.3%), subclinical hypothyroidism was 36(18.8%) and overt hypothyroidism was 18(9.4%) and other 192 patients those who haven't nephropathy, euthyroid was 159(82.8%), low T3 was 7(3.6%), subclinical hypothyroidism was 11(5.7%) and overt hypothyroidism was 15(7.8%). We found a statistically signicant correlation between TSH and urine protein creatinine ratio (urine PCR). Routine assessment of thyroid hormones in patients will help to improve general wellbeing and reduce the mortality risk.

scholarly journals Study on thyroid function test in pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Ajit Kumar Nayak ◽  
Manorama Swain ◽  
Sujata Misra ◽  
Manju Kumari Jain
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Free T4

Thyroid disorder is a very common endocrine problem encountered by pregnant women. Maternal thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse outcome both in mother and fetus. The aim of the study: to find out the prevalence of various thyroid disorders in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Materials and methods. This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, F.M. Medical College & Hospital, Balasore, Odisha from June 2020 to May 2021. 220 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancy were included. Serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) were estimated by using electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay technique. Results. Out of 220 pregnant women screened for thyroid dysfunction, 68 were found to have thyroid disorders. 27.3 % of pregnant women had subclinical hypothyroidism, 1.4 % had overt hypothyroidism, 1.8 % had subclinical hyperthyroidism and 0.5 % had overt hyperthyroidism. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 6.36 % when the upper reference limit of TSH level taken as 4 mIU/L. Prevalence of thyroid disorder among pregnant women in the age groups 18–25 years, 26–30 years and 31–40 years were 28.9 %, 32.1 % and 38.9 % respectively. There were 35.5 %, 28 % and 26 % pregnant women with thyroid disorders in the first, second and third trimester respectively. Prevalence of both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism were more in multigravida compared to primigravida. Conclusion. Our study revealed high prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women and maternal subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common pattern.

scholarly journals Prevalence and complications of Hypothyroidism during pregnancy in western Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Upadhyaya ◽  
A KC ◽  
S Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Entire Pregnancy

Background: This study was designed to know the prevalence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy in western part of Nepal and its potential complications. Methods: One Hundred seven pregnant cases from Gandaki Medical college teaching hospital and Diabetes thyroid and Endocrinology care center, two of the tertiary care centers in Pokhara were enrolled in the study from the year 2011 January to 2012 December. Detailed history and physical examination was done. Thyroid Function test (FT3, FT4 andTSH) were performed after the confirmation of pregnancy. Patients were followed up during entire pregnancy. Seven patients dropped out from the study. Results: Out of 107 patients 56 patients had TSH below 6 mIU/L,31patients had TSH between 6mIU/L - 10 mIU/L and 13 patients had TSH more than 10 mIU/L. Seven patients dropped out from the study. There was1 miscarriage, 1 still birth from hypothyroid mother and 11 hypothyroid and subclinical hypothyroid mothers had preterm delivery. Conclusion: Prevalence of overt hypothyroidism is around 13% and subclinical hypothyroidism is around 31% in pregnant ladies in western Nepal. Also complications like stillbirth should be prevented by detecting and treating hypothyroidism early. So we recommend all patients with pregnancy to perform thyroid function test at the start of pregnancy. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 48-50 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10358

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