scholarly journals Bacteriology of diabetic foot infections and their antibacterial susceptibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 3276
Author(s):  
Alex Aiswariya ◽  
Kalagara Pavani ◽  
Bhanudas Surpam Rajendra
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infections ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Background: Diabetic foot infections are the most common bacterial infections encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus and remain the leading complication requiring frequent hospitalization.  Hence, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bacteria in diabetic foot infections and their antibiogram which can help to inform therapeutic choices.Methods: A prospective study conducted on clinical specimens taken from patients with diabetic foot infections, over 3 years duration. The clinical specimens were processed by using the standard microbiological techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was studied by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Among 103 cases studied, 97 were culture positive. Out of these specimens, 25 (25.77%) had monomicrobial flora and 72 (74.23%) had polymicrobial flora. A total of 176 bacteria were obtained which include 62 gram positive cocci and 114 gram negative bacilli. All gram negative bacilli showed good sensitivity to imipenem (97.30%), followed by cefaperazone sulbactam (81.98%), piperacillin-tazobactam (75.68%) and amikacin (72.97%). All gram positive cocci remained 100% sensitive to Vancomycin and Linezolid followed by clindamycin (not tested for Enterococci Spp.) and gentamicin  in a range of  91.43 % to 72.88%. The prevalence of multidrug resistant organisms among aerobic isolates were 59.66%.Conclusions: Diabetic foot infections are polymicrobial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococus aureus were the most common isolates. The most sensitive antibiotics are imipenem for gram negative bacilli while vancomycin and linezolid were effective for gram positive cocci. The antibiogram of isolates will be helpful in determining the drugs for the empirical treatment of diabetic foot infection.

Increasing frequency of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alexopoulou ◽  
Nikolaos Papadopoulos ◽  
Dimitrios G. Eliopoulos ◽  
Apostolia Alexaki ◽  
Athanasia Tsiriga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

scholarly journals Bacteriological profile of surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Dharm Raj Bhatta ◽  
Abhijit Adhikari ◽  
Jampa Lhamo Gurung ◽  
Niroj Man Amatya ◽  
Niranjan Nayak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Introduction: Surgical site infections are one of the most commonly reported nosocomial infections resulting into significant morbidity and mortality. Hospital admission and surgical procedures increase the risk of infection with multidrug resistant pathogens. This study was aimed to determine the bacterial agents associated with surgical site infections and antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates. Methods: A total of 161 specimens from patients with surgical site infections were included in this study. Isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by standard microbiological techniques. Results: Out of 161 samples, 94 bacterial isolates were recovered. Gram positive bacteria were isolated in 57.4% (54/94) cases and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism (49/54) with 65.3% (32/49) methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Gram negative bacteria constituted 42.6% (40/94) of total isolates and Escherichia coli was the commonest organism (13/40). Majority of Gram negative isolates were susceptible to amikacin, imipenem and piperacillin-tazobactam. Resistance to imipenem was detected among isolates of E coli, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Conclusion: Gram positive isolates were more commonly associated with surgical site infections. High percentage of MRSA was detected among the S. aureus isolates but no vancomycin resistant S. aureus. High percentage of Gram negative isolates was susceptible to imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin and gentimicin.

scholarly journals Study of Aerobic Bacterial Etiology and Their Antibiogram from Pus Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-362
Author(s):  
T. Kanakadurgamba ◽  
Rama Lakshmi Koripella ◽  
B. Gowtham
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: The spread of multidrug resistant bacteria has added a new angel to the problem of wound infections which are a major cause of morbidity. To avoid difficulty in treatment of such infections it is mandatory for every pus sample to undergo Culture and sensitivity. Aim: To isolate and study the antibiogram of the aerobic bacteria from pus samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 426 pus samples received from various wards in the Microbiology department. Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam were processed as per standard guidelines in the laboratory. All the aerobic bacterial isolates obtained were kept for antibiogram by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method as per CLSI Guidelines. Results: Out of 426 samples 394 (92.4%) were culture positive. Among culture positive samples 90.6% were pure cultures and 9.4% were mixed isolates. Gram negative bacilli were 72.8% of the total isolates and 27.2% were Gram positive cocci. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were the predominant isolates (30.3% and 28.9%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Proteus species (9.7%) and Acinetobacter species (6.9%). Among Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (62.6%), Enterococci (20.5%) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (11.2%) and Streptococci (3.7%). GNB were more sensitive to Colistin (92%), Amikacin (86%), Imipenem and Meropenem (86% and 84.4%), Piperacillin Tazobactam (84%), Gentamycin (78%), Cefaperazone Sulbactam (76.2%) and Ciprofloxacin (56%). Gram positive cocci were sensitive to Linezolid and Teicoplanin (98% each), Vancomycin (96.2%), Clindamycin (84%), Gentamycin (79%), Azithromycin (76.4%), Ciprofloxacin (66%) and Amoxiclav (54%) out of 62.6% Staphylococcus aureus isolates 31.4% were MRSA and out of 72.8% of Gram negative bacilli 38.2% were ESBLS. Conclusion: As multidrug resistant bacterial strains are emerging in various infectious and pyogenic wound infection is most important cause of morbidity, it is important for a clinician to send all pus samples for microbiological analysis and their antibiogram before putting cases on antibiotics. Keywords: Pus samples, Multidrug resistance, Gram negative bacilli, Gram positive cocci, Antimicrobial sensitivity.

scholarly journals Parallels of infections of diabetic foot syndrome at inpatient and outpatient stages of treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
A. B. Zemlianoi ◽  
T. A. Zelenina ◽  
V. V. Salukhov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diabetic Foot Syndrome ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infection ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Introduction. Long-lasting ulcerative defects in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) are prone to reinfection, persistence of primary and hospital-acquired infection, and the infectious process is often caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO).Aim of the study: to compare the prevalence and specific characteristics of the severe diabetic foot infection pathogens during the inpatient and outpatient stages of treatment.Materials and methods. We included 62 type 2 diabetic inpatients (group 1) with severe foot infection and 102 diabetic foot outpatients (group 2) with postoperative wounds, who had been operated on and discharged from the hospital, in to the study.Cultures were obtained after surgery interventions immediately and on 14 days of hospitalization in group 1 of patients and in group 2 of patients with clinical signs of infection. Microbe species and resistant of pathogens to antibiotic were assessed.Results and discussion. Severe infection connected with polymicrobe pathogens in both groups of patients. However, the prevalence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacilli was different. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Gram-positive bacteria in the wound samples of group 1 of patients with acute infection obtained after surgery interventions immediately. In the wound cultures of group 1 on 14 day of hospitalization and group 2 the prevalence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacilli was the same. It should be noted that there is still a high total frequency of isolation of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli among Gram-negative pathogens in complicated diabetic foot infection both at the inpatient and outpatient stages of treatment.Conclusion. The great finding of the study is the identification of a parallel of the same prevalence of Gram-positive and Gramnegative pathogens in a prolonged infection at the inpatient and outpatient stages of treatment. The role of Enterobacterales increased with duration of infection. The prevalence of multidrug resistant Enterobacterales makes this group of microorganisms as important as Staphylococcaceae in the complicated course of the infectious process. Polyvalent microbial spectrum of pathogens significantly reduces the effectiveness of treatment.

scholarly journals Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Microorganisms Isolated from Diabetic Foot Infections in Nemazee Hospital, Southern Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Anvarinejad ◽  
Gholamreza Pouladfar ◽  
Aziz Japoni ◽  
Shahram Bolandparvaz ◽  
Zeinab Satiary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infections

Background. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a major public health issue and identification of the microorganisms causing such polymicrobial infections is useful to find out appropriate antibiotic therapy. Meanwhile, many reports have shown antibiotic resistance rising dramatically. In the present study, we sought to determine the prevalence of microorganisms detected on culture in complicated DFIs in hospitalized patients and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 24 months from 2012 to 2014 in Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. The demographic and clinical features of the patients were obtained. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to different agents was carried out using the disc diffusion method.Results. During this period, 122 aerobic microorganisms were isolated from DFIs. Among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,Staphylococcusspp. andE. coliwere the most frequent organisms isolated, respectively. Of the isolates, 91% were multidrug while 78% ofS. aureusisolates were methicillin resistant. 53% of Gram-negative bacteria were positive for extended-spectrumβ-lactamase.Conclusion. Given the involvement of different microorganisms and emergence of multidrug resistant strains, clinicians are advised to consider culture before initiation of empirical therapy.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus Aureus isolates in Clinical specimens collected from local patients of Chittagong, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
SU Khan ◽  
MN Mahmud ◽  
MA Chowdhury ◽  
MA Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

To observe the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus a total of 1078 blood, pus and miscellaneous samples (sputum, swab and body fluids) were collected among which 478 samples exhibited bacterial growth on agar medium. Out of growth positive 300 pus samples, 116(38.67%) showed the growth of Gram positive cocci, of which 30(25.86%) were Staphylococcus aureus positive. In case of blood, the number of growth positive samples were 116(28.45%), of which 33(12.12%) showed the presence of Gram positive cocci including 4 Staphylococcus aureus. Among the 62 growth positive miscellaneous samples, the number of Gram positive cocci and Staphylococcus aureus positive samples were 22(35.48%) and 4(18.18%), respectively. From the antibiogram of 38 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 26 were found multidrug resistant, showing resistance against two or more of the antibiotics used namely ampicillin, cefradine, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, whereas all the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. The MIC and MBC of these antibiotics against different Staphylococcus aureus isolates were determined, which were found to range from 2?g/ml to 8?g/ml and 4?g/ml to 16?g/ml, respectively, in case of vancomycin. The rate of resistance against ampicillin, cefradine, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were 92.1%, 60%, 58.1% and 59.35%, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v6i1-2.17242 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 6(1&2):175-185, 2011

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Colloidal Silver against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Vila Domínguez ◽  
Rafael Ayerbe Algaba ◽  
Andrea Miró Canturri ◽  
Ángel Rodríguez Villodres ◽  
Younes Smani
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Kill Curve

Due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, new alternative therapies are needed. Silver was used to treat bacterial infections since antiquity due to its known antimicrobial properties. Here, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of colloidal silver (CS) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A total of 270 strains (Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 45), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 25), Escherichia coli (n = 79), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 58)], Staphylococcus aureus (n = 34), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 14), and Enterococcus species (n = 15)) were used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CS was determined for all strains by using microdilution assay, and time–kill curve assays of representative reference and MDR strains of these bacteria were performed. Membrane permeation and bacterial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined in presence of CS. CS MIC90 was 4–8 mg/L for all strains. CS was bactericidal, during 24 h, at 1× and 2× MIC against Gram-negative bacteria, and at 2× MIC against Gram-positive bacteria, and it did not affect their membrane permeabilization. Furthermore, we found that CS significantly increased the ROS production in Gram-negative with respect to Gram-positive bacteria at 24 h of incubation. Altogether, these results suggest that CS could be an effective treatment for infections caused by MDR Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

scholarly journals Emerging Treatment Options for Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Roberto Giurazza ◽  
Maria Civita Mazza ◽  
Roberto Andini ◽  
Pasquale Sansone ◽  
Maria Caterina Pace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains one of the top public health issues of global concern. Among the most important strategies for AMR control there is the correct and appropriate use of antibiotics, including those available for the treatment of AMR pathogens. In this article, after briefly reviewing the most important and clinically relevant multi-drug-resistant bacteria and their main resistance mechanisms, we describe the emerging antimicrobial options for both MDR Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli, including recently marketed agents, molecules just approved or under evaluation and rediscovered older antibiotics that have regained importance due to their antimicrobial spectrum. Specifically, emerging options for Gram-positive cocci we reviewed include ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, tedizolid, dalbavancin, and fosfomycin. Emerging treatment options for Gram-negative bacilli we considered comprise ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, aztreonam-avibactam, minocycline, fosfomycin, eravacycline, plazomicin, and cefiderocol. An exciting scenario is opening today with the long awaited growing availability of novel molecules for the treatment of AMR bacteria. Knowledge of mechanisms of action and resistance patterns allows physicians to increasingly drive antimicrobial treatment towards a precision medicine approach. Strict adherence to antimicrobial stewardship practices will allow us to preserve the emerging antimicrobials for our future.

scholarly journals Microbiological and clinical characteristics of diabetic foot infections in northern India

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalbha Tiwari ◽  
Daliparthy D Pratyush ◽  
Awanindra Dwivedi ◽  
Sanjiv K Gupta ◽  
Madhukar Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infection ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infections ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Introduction:  India has the largest diabetic population of 50.8 million that could reach an epidemic proportion by 2030. Diabetic foot infection is one of the dreaded complications of diabetes.  Only a few studies that focus on patterns of diabetic foot infection in our region, where diabetic foot care is inadequate, are available. This study evaluated microbial and clinical characteristics of diabetic foot infections that will be helpful in taking appropriate measures for their management. Methodology: In this prospective study conducted during 2008-2009, sixty-two diabetic foot patients underwent detailed history, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations including parameters of systemic infections. Microbial culture and sensitivity were performed at the time of presentation. Results: Among 62 cases, 43.5% had mono-microbial infection, 35.5% had poly-microbial infections, and 21% had sterile culture. Among 82 bacteria isolated, 68% were Gram negative and 32% were Gram positive. Leukocyte counts were higher (16928±9642 versus 14593±6687 cells/mm3) and haemoglobin (7.9±2.4 versus 9.2±2.2 mg/dl) lower in poly-microbial compared to mono-microbial infections. Haemoglobin counts were lower and leukocyte counts higher in Gram-negative compared to Gram-positive infections. Patients with sterile cultures also had clinical evidence of persistent infection. Escherichia coli were the most common isolate and piperacillin/tazobactam showed highest sensitivity. Conclusions: Gram-negative bacteria were most prevalent in diabetic foot infection. It is not uncommon to have culture reports negative despite clinical evidence of infection. This study suggests that piperacillin/tazobactam should be the treatment of choice on an empirical basis prior to a definitive bacteriological study and in cases with negative culture reports.

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