scholarly journals Parents’ perception on factors of early marriage among the Urhobos in Delta State of Nigeria

Author(s):  
Emmanuel A. Agege ◽  
Ezekiel Uba Nwose ◽  
Stella Odjimogho

Early marriage forces girls into adulthood before they are emotionally and physically matured, and it has harmful effects on their health, educational, economic and social development. In many countries, 18 years is the legal age of marriage and Nigeria has made a constitutional effort to establish same as a minimum age for marriage. This narrative review examined the causes and consequences of early marriage with a view to establish framework to assess the perception on factors among Urhobos in Nigeria. Unpublished stories are appraised alongside news media and published literature to illustrate scenarios that exemplify discussed causes. Several causes of early marriage were noted and gender discrimination, ignorance, and unexpected pregnancy appear salient or are under-discussed. There is evidence that men and women prefer husbands to earn higher wages than wives and females are less ambitious. Although there are public health concerns in the literature, data on perception of parents, especially those in low socioeconomic status, regarding public health is lacking. Critical appraisal posits that early marriage is not only shrouded in legalities, but is also caused by multiple factors. The factors that cause or lead to early marriages need to be identified for each society to appropriately address the associated ramifications. The lack of data on perception of parents suggests that educational intervention needs to start with community needs assessment. 

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Nur Wahid

This paper examines the minimum age requirement for marriage in Indonesian family law legislation in Indonesia historically. Determination of the minimum age for marriage in various countries is the result of ijtihad by considering the principle of physical and psychological maturity. In Indonesian marriage legislation sating that marriage is only permitted if the man reaches the age of 19 (nineteen) years and the woman has reached 16 (sixteen) years. Early marriage has several risks such as potential premature births, birth defects, maternal depression rates, maternal mortality rates, risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, the authors strongly agree that the minimum age of marriage in Indonesia changed to 19 years


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonca Buran ◽  
Hilmiye Aksu

Early marriage is a violation of human rights outside of the free will, which restricts many rights and freedoms of girls under 18 years of age. Cultural norms, traditional masculine society structure, poverty and wars are effective, and there is a question that remains unresolved despite the legitimacy. It is more prevalent in backward poor countries and developing societies. The country in the first place in the world is Central Africa and more than half (58%) of these women have to marry children. In Turkey, the rate is 5.2% of the total marriages in 2015. The most common province is Kars.When the literature is examined, the causes of early marriage are gender discrimination, low socioeconomic status, cultural factors, traditional assumptions and religious beliefs, male domination and patriarchal society.Children with global problems are threatening women's health. These children who are not ready for sexual life are vulnerable to inadequacy in family planning, unwanted pregnancy, excessive number of births, premature births, mother and infant deaths. In addition, early marriages also contain risks that adversely affect women's health, such as sexual violence, sexual health problems, sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer. The fact that these marriages are not legal makes it difficult to diagnose the risks that children may encounter and to provide nursing and counseling services by nurses.It is suggested that nurses should take an active role in raising awareness of traditional families and their children, to organize training programs and to build interdisciplinary business associations to raise social awareness. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetErken yaş evlilik, 18 yaş altı kızların birçok hak ve özgürlüğünü kısıtlayan, özgür iradeleri dışında gerçekleşen insan hakları ihlalidir. Kültürel normlar, geleneksel eril toplum yapısı, yoksulluk ve savaşların etkin olduğu, yasalara rağmen çözümsüz kalan bir sorundur. Geri kalmış yoksul ülkelerde ve gelişmekte olan toplumlarda daha yaygın görülmektedir. Dünyada ilk sırada yer alan ülke Orta Afrika'dır ve buradaki kadınların yarısından fazlası (%58) çocuk yaşta evlenmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise toplam resmi evlilikler içindeki oranı 2015 yılında %5.2’dir. En yaygın olan il Kars’tır.Literatür incelendiğinde erken yaş evlilik nedenleri, tolumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, düşük sosyo ekonomik durum, kültürel etmenler, geleneksel kabuller, dini inançlar, erkek egemenliği ve ataerkil toplum yapısıdır.Global sorun olan çocuk yaştaki evlilikler kadın sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Cinsel yaşama hazır olmayan bu çocuklar, aile planlamasında yetersizlik, istenmeyen gebelik, fazla sayıda doğum, erken doğum, anne ve bebek ölümlerine karşı savunmasız kalmaktadırlar. Ayrıca erken yaş evlilikler cinsel şiddet, cinsel sağlık sorunları, cinsel yolla bulaşan enfeksiyonlar ve serviks kanseri gibi kadın sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen riskleri de barındırmaktadır. Bu evliliklerin yasal olmaması çocukların karşılaşabilecekleri risklerin tanılanmasını, hemşire ve ebeler tarafından bakım ve danışmanlık hizmeti vermelerini güçleştirmektedir.Hemşirelerin toplumsal farkındalığın arttırılması konusunda geleneksel aileler ve çocuklarını bilinçlendirmede etkin rol almaları, eğitim programları düzenlemeleri ve disiplinler arası iş birliği yapmaları önerilebilir.


Author(s):  
Erum Hafeez ◽  
Luavut Zahid

This research aims to examine how sexism and gender discrimination impacts women journalists in Pakistan. The International Federation of Journalists (2018-19) ranks Pakistan as the fourth most dangerous country for journalists. The Coalition for Women in Journalism declares Pakistan as the sixth-worst for female journalists (2019). In 2018, the Global Gender Gap Report highlighted Pakistan as second from bottom, ranking it 148 out of 149 countries. Given these numbers, the country is an ominous space for women in news media. This study collects the data from women journalists working in the three largest cities of Pakistan, that is, Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. The aim is to investigate the issues faced by female journalists due to discrimination at the workplace including glass ceiling, pay gap, and lack of female leadership. Following the mixed-method approach, around 102 women journalists were surveyed, and 10 were interviewed. Findings indicate the rampant existence of sexism in Pakistani media and its detrimental effects on the growth of a gender-balanced news media industry.


Author(s):  
Ashwini Tambe

Chapter 4 returns to the intergovernmental arena to examine another effort to harmonize a common age of consent: a UN-led universal age of marriage. It documents how the trajectory of UN interest in setting a common age in the 1950s and 1960s was shaped by another commitment, that of abolishing slavery. In particular, it shows that antislavery discourse was mobilized in the context of geopolitical hierarchies: the focus on child marriage turned the discussion of slavery away from the United Kingdom, United States, and European states, which had historically been the principal perpetrators of the transatlantic slave trade, to former colonies. In displacing the gaze away from the British slave trade to newly independent states, the UN discourse on marriage shifted moral responsibility for enslavement from historically culpable nations to many of those oppressed by them. An imperial logic thus informed efforts to raise the age of marriage. Indian delegates played an obstructionist role throughout the process, claiming it compromised the power of parents. Ultimately, India refused to sign the 1962 Convention on Minimum Age of Marriage.


2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 766-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Enosh ◽  
Hani Nouman ◽  
Chana Schneck

Social workers are called upon as expert witnesses to assess risk to children and recommend interventions. It is hypothesized that risk assessments and decisions are influenced by the risk-to-child as well as personal attitudes and biases. We examined the role of the ethnic origin, religiosity, and child gender on assessments and recommendation. Methods: The current study used a survey-based balanced crossover experimental design. One hundred and twenty Israeli social workers responded to case descriptions of ambiguous risk cases of children from low socioeconomic status families. Design was based on eight vignettes. Manipulated factors included child’s gender, family religiosity, and ethnic origin. Participants assessed the child risk level and reported placement recommendation. Results: Male, ultraorthodox-Jewish child of Mizrahi origin had higher likelihood for risk assessment. Risk assessment predicted placement recommendation. Implications: Social workers tend to perceive child’s male gender, ultrareligiosity, and Mizrahi origin as risk factors. Such cultural biases indirectly affected the placement recommendation. Awareness of social workers regarding these potential biases may reduce the influence of heuristics on the professional decision-making process.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (14) ◽  
pp. 1989-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsui-o Tai ◽  
Chin-Chun Yi ◽  
Chia-Hua Liu

Using data from the TYP (Taiwan Youth Project) panel survey, we examine factors associated with early marriages in Taiwan and the subsequent risks for negative outcomes in family life and career trajectories. About 7% of Taiwanese people marry early, that is, before the age of 28 years. Among those who marry early, more than 60% report the birth of a child within the first 8 months of marriage (i.e., they form postconception “shotgun” marriages). Compared with the never married respondents, individuals in both preconception and postconception early marriages are likely to come from families of low socioeconomic status. Nonworking young adults and those experiencing parental divorce or parental death during adolescence are at higher risk of entering postconception marriages than those remaining single. Particularly for nonemployed young people and those from lower socioeconomic status background, early marriage means taking on adult responsibilities in a disadvantaged state.


2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Jones

Although the Indonesian Marriage Law of 1974 set a minimum age of marriage for females of 16, among some groups – notably Sundanese in West Java and Madurese in East Java – early marriage remained common well after the Marriage Law was promulgated. Early marriage has since declined but certainly not disappeared among these groups. This paper analyses trends in early marriage and reports on a field study among the Madurese.


2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Salem Szklo ◽  
James F. Thrasher ◽  
Cristina Perez ◽  
Valeska Carvalho Figueiredo ◽  
Geoffrey Fong ◽  
...  

Increasing the effectiveness of smoking cessation policies requires greater consideration of the cultural and socioeconomic complexities of smoking. The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between socioeconomic status and "selected midpoints" linked to smoking cessation in Brazil. Data was collected from a representative sample of urban adult smokers as part of the ITC-Brazil Survey (2009, N = 1,215). After controlling for age and gender, there were no statistically significant differences quit attempts in the last six months between individuals with different socioeconomic status. However, smokers with high socioeconomic status visited a doctor 1.54 times more often than those with low socioeconomic status (p-value = 0.017), and were also 1.65 times more likely to receive advice to quit smoking (p-value = 0.025). Our results demonstrate that disparities in health and socioeconomic status are still a major challenge for policymakers to increase the population impact of tabacco control actions worldwide.


1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Infante-Rivard ◽  
Gisele Filion ◽  
Mona Baumgarten ◽  
Madeleine Bourassa ◽  
Johanne Labelle ◽  
...  

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