scholarly journals Nipah virus infection: a deadly disease emerging in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4172
Author(s):  
Ramesh Verma ◽  
Mukesh Dhankar ◽  
Avneet Singh ◽  
Vinod Chayal ◽  
Raj Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Syndrome Surveillance ◽  
Primary Focus

Nipah virus infection is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by a virus called Nipah virus (NiV). First outbreak was occurred among pig farmers in Malaysia and Singapore in the year 1998-99 with 30% case fatality rate. In India, two outbreaks of Nipah virus have been reported in the eastern state of West Bengal in the years 2001 and 2007 where nearly 70% deaths were occurred. Recently, third outbreak of Nipah virus infection has been reported in India from two districts Kozhikode and Mallapuram of Kerala on 19 May 2018 and 17 patients were died from 19 reported cases (18 laboratory confirmed cases) from these two affected districts. Till now, no reasons of the outbreak in Kerala have been identified and situation was controlled immediately because of taking stringent containment and preventive measures like enhancement of acute fever and acute encephalitis syndrome surveillance system and strengthening of Hospital and community surveillance. There is no effective treatment or vaccine available that’s why the primary focus should be on the prevention like avoidance of drinking of raw palm sap (palm toddy) contaminated by bat excrete, don’t consumed partially eaten fruits by bats and water from wells infested by bats and avoid exposure to bats in endemic areas and sick pigs. The WHO suggests that health care professionals should wear gloves and other protective clothing during any pig slaughtering and culling procedures.

scholarly journals Clinical profile and predictors of outcome in children admitted to PICU with acute encephalitis syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekambaranath Sambasivam ◽  
Jayakumar Muthaiyan ◽  
Sreedivya Mohan ◽  
Aravind Malayappan Ayyavoo ◽  
Ganesh Jayachandran
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Predictors Of Outcome ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis

Background: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is defined as the acute onset of fever and change in mental status (including symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, coma or inability to talk) and/or new onset seizures (excluding febrile seizures) in a person of any age at any time of the year. AES is reported mainly from Assam, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh contributing approximately to 80% cases with case fatality rate of 20-25%. In view of paucity of clinical studies from Tamil Nadu, this study was undertaken to have a better insight on the clinical profile and prognostic indicators of AES in children. Objective of present work was to study the clinical profile and predictors of outcome of Acute encephalitis syndrome patients admitted in PICUMethods: This retrospective study was conducted in children with AES admitted to PICU, Stanley medical college over a period of 1year (May 2015-May 2016). 30 cases were studied. Clinical features, demography, immunisation status, and outcome were recorded. Results of blood investigations, peripheral smear, neuroimaging, CSF analysis and IgM ELISA for HSV, JE, CMV, Dengue were recorded and analysed.Results: Mean age of cases was 3.5±3.3years. Male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Etiology included HSV (6.67%), malaria (3.33%), dengue (3.33%), tubercular meningitis (3.33%), AES of unknown origin (83.3%) 11, Most common presentation was seizures 21 (70%). 17 (56.6%)presented with GCS <8. 11 (36.6%) required inotrope support, 16 (53.4%) were ventilated. Laboratorial findings included, leukocytosis in 17 (66.7%), dysglycemia in 12 children (39.99%), hyponatremia in 10 (33.33%), hypernatremia in 8 (26.67%) Mortality was observed in 11 cases (36.67%). Hyponatremia (p=0.02) and cases requiring ionotrope support on admission (p=0.0003) were significantly associated with mortality.Conclusions: There was no case of Japanese encephalitis. Hyponatremia being significantly associated with mortality among children with AES, warrants detailed evaluation to define the etiology which will aid in appropriate management. Maintaining euvolemia, prompt identification of shock and appropriate use of inotropes is of utmost importance. Varied and changing etiologies of AES poses a diagnostic challenge. 

scholarly journals Evidence of hepatitis A virus infection in the patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Gorakhpur region, North India

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (02) ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
M. S. JOSHI ◽  
B. V. TANDALE ◽  
M. M. GORE ◽  
S. BHALLA ◽  
Y. K. GURAV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
North India ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis

scholarly journals Study of acute encephalitis syndrome in children

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
YR Khinchi ◽  
A Kumar ◽  
S Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Supportive Interventions

Objective: To determine the profile and outcome of children admitted with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) and to find out the prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) IgM antibodies positive cases among these patients with their case fatality rate (CFR). Materials and methods: Study consist of retrospective analysis of hospital records of children up to 15 years of age admitted with diagnosis of AES in pediatric wards of College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur from January 2007 to December 2008. Results: During two years, 61 patients of AES were admitted. Male and female patients were 33 and 28 respectively. Meningitis accounted for 29 and encephalitis for 32 patients. JE IgM seropositive cases contributed for 18% of all AES cases. Case fatality for JE was 16.6%. Conclusions: Japanese Encephalitis is endemic in catchment area of the hospital. JE has significant morbidity and mortality which can be prevented by immunization and mortality can be reduced if supportive interventions are provided in time. Key words: AES; JE; CFR. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3596 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 7-13  

scholarly journals Analysis of outcome of acute encephalitis syndrome after inclusion of coverage against scrub typhus

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ruchi Jha ◽  
Anil Kumar Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Management Of Complications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Background: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) has emerged as a major epidemic in Bihar and is associated with high mortality. Owing to the increasing burden of disease and its associated morbidity and mortality, studies were undertaken to evaluate specific etiology of AES. Some studies suggested emergence of scrub typhus as a major cause of AES accounting for about 25% of the cases1. A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) was developed for treatment of AES cases in Bihar which included addition of Injection Azithromycin (@ 10 mg/kg for 7 to 10 days in case of suspected mycoplasma/rickettsial infection. The objective of the study is to compare the outcome of AES before and after the inclusion of coverage against rickettsial infection.Methods: It is a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna from January 2016 to August 2018.Results: Total number of patients enrolled in both the groups were 127 and 88 respectively. No significant difference were seen in the baseline socio- demographic characteristics of the two groups. Case Fatality Rate in the 1st group (without inclusion of Azithromycin) was 39.3% while in the 2nd Group (with Azithromycin) was 12.5%.Conclusions: Due to the emergence of scrub typhus as a major etiological factor for AES, inclusion of coverage against it along with measures like widespread immunization against Japanese Encephalitis and prompt management of complications and euglycemia, can result in steady decline in the death rates due to AES.

scholarly journals Incidence of Japanese encephalitis virus among patients presenting with acute encephalitis syndrome in a tertiary care hospital, West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5947
Author(s):  
Arup Roy ◽  
Poulami Saha ◽  
Asraful Islam ◽  
Rajdeep Saha ◽  
Abhishek Sengupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis

Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses, and is spread by mosquitoes. JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68000 clinical cases every year. Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%. Permanent neurologic or psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30-50% of those with encephalitis. This study was conducted to find the incidence of JEV IgM in patients presenting with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in Raiganj govt. medical college and hospital, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.Methods: Blood and CSF samples were collected from patients presenting with AES. IgM antibody capture ELISA was performed on the CSF and serum samples by JE virus MAC ELISA kit.Results: The overall prevalence of JEV IgM was 13.8%. Among the positive cases male comprised of 71.4% and female 28.5%. The most common age group affected was above 16 years of age. JEV prevalence was present throughout the year with high number of cases between the monsoon and post monsoon seasons.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the endemicity of JEV in Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India. As most of the JE cases are asymptomatic strengthening the existing surveillance system is required to find out the actual scenario of JEV in West Bengal. Control of vectors, early diagnosis and treatment, vaccinations are the key to decrease the morbidity and mortality caused by JEV. 

scholarly journals Nipah Virus: An Emergent Deadly Paramyxovirus Infection In Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farema Wahed ◽  
Syed Abdul Kader ◽  
Akhtarun Nessa ◽  
Md Mukti Mahamud
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Date Palm Sap ◽  
Human Infections

Nipah virus, a member of the genus Henipavirus, a new class of virus in the Paramyxoviridae family, has drawn attention as an emerging zoonotic virus in south east and south asian region. Case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 40-70% although it has been as high as 100% in some outbreaks. Many of the outbreaks were attributed to pigs consuming fruits partially eaten by fruit bats, and transmission of infection to humans. In Bangladesh, 7 outbreaks of Nipah virus infection were identified during the period 2001–2007. In Bangladesh, Nipah virus infection was associated with contact with a sick cow, consumption of fresh date palm sap (potentially contaminated with pteropid bat saliva), and person-to-person transmission. In the most recent epidemic at least 15 people died due to Nipah virus infection in Hatibandha, Lalmonirhat district in a remote northern Bangladesh town in 2011 adding to the previous death toll of 113 in the country . Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Infected people initially develop influenzalike symptoms of fever, headaches, myalgia , vomiting and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems. The virus is detected by ELISA, PCR, immunofluoroscent assay and isolation by cell culture. Treatment is mostly symptomatic and supportive as the effect of antiviral drugs is not satisfactory, and an effective vaccine is yet to be developed. So the very high case fatality addresses the need for adequate and strict control and preventive measures. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v6i2.9764 JBSP 2011 6(2): 134-139

Viral aetiology and clinico-epidemiological features of acute encephalitis syndrome in eastern India

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
pp. 2514-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. RATHORE ◽  
B. DWIBEDI ◽  
S. K. KAR ◽  
S. DIXIT ◽  
J. SABAT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Viral Aetiology ◽  
Cranial Nerve Palsies ◽  
Simultaneous Infection ◽  
Simplex Virus

SUMMARYThis study reports clinico-epidemiological features and viral agents causing acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in the eastern Indian region through hospital-based case enrolment during April 2011 to July 2012. Blood and CSF samples of 526 AES cases were investigated by serology and/or PCR. Viral aetiology was identified in 91 (17·2%) cases. Herpes simplex virus (HSV; types I or II) was most common (16·1%), followed by measles (2·6%), Japanese encephalitis virus (1·5%), dengue virus (0·57%), varicella zoster virus (0·38%) and enteroviruses (0·19%). Rash, paresis and cranial nerve palsies were significantly higher (P < 0·05) with viral AES. Case-fatality rates were 10·9% and 6·2% in AES cases with and without viral aetiology, respectively. Simultaneous infection of HSV I and measles was observed in seven cases. This report provides the first evidence on viral aetiology of AES viruses from eastern India showing dominance of HSV that will be useful in informing the public health system.

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