scholarly journals Nipah Virus: An Emergent Deadly Paramyxovirus Infection In Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farema Wahed ◽  
Syed Abdul Kader ◽  
Akhtarun Nessa ◽  
Md Mukti Mahamud
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Date Palm Sap ◽  
Human Infections

Nipah virus, a member of the genus Henipavirus, a new class of virus in the Paramyxoviridae family, has drawn attention as an emerging zoonotic virus in south east and south asian region. Case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 40-70% although it has been as high as 100% in some outbreaks. Many of the outbreaks were attributed to pigs consuming fruits partially eaten by fruit bats, and transmission of infection to humans. In Bangladesh, 7 outbreaks of Nipah virus infection were identified during the period 2001–2007. In Bangladesh, Nipah virus infection was associated with contact with a sick cow, consumption of fresh date palm sap (potentially contaminated with pteropid bat saliva), and person-to-person transmission. In the most recent epidemic at least 15 people died due to Nipah virus infection in Hatibandha, Lalmonirhat district in a remote northern Bangladesh town in 2011 adding to the previous death toll of 113 in the country . Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Infected people initially develop influenzalike symptoms of fever, headaches, myalgia , vomiting and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems. The virus is detected by ELISA, PCR, immunofluoroscent assay and isolation by cell culture. Treatment is mostly symptomatic and supportive as the effect of antiviral drugs is not satisfactory, and an effective vaccine is yet to be developed. So the very high case fatality addresses the need for adequate and strict control and preventive measures. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v6i2.9764 JBSP 2011 6(2): 134-139

scholarly journals Nipah Virus: A Public Health Concern

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Siddique ◽  
Jannatul Fardows ◽  
Nasreen Farhana ◽  
Maksud Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Date Palm Sap ◽  
Human Infections

Nipah virus, a member of the genus Henipavirus, a new class of virus in the Paramyxoviridae family, has drawn attention as an emerging zoonotic virus in South-East and South Asian region. Case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 40–70% although it has been as high as 100% in some outbreaks. Many of the outbreaks were attributed to pigs consuming fruits, partially eaten by fruit bats, and transmission of infection to humans. In Bangladesh, Nipah virus infection was associated with contact with a sick cow, consumption of fresh date palm sap (potentially contaminated with pteropid bat saliva), and person-to-person transmission. In 2014, 18 cases of Nipah virus infection have been reported in Bangladesh, of which 9 cases died. In the most recent epidemic at least 6 people died out of nine cases due to Nipah virus infection in the remote northern Bangladesh in 2015. Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems. The virus is detected by ELISA, PCR, immunofluoroscence assay and isolation by cell culture. Treatment is mostly symptomatic and supportive as the effect of antiviral drugs is not satisfactory, and an effective vaccine is yet to be developed. So the very high case fatality addresses the need for adequate and strict control and preventive measures.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 101-105

scholarly journals Nipah Virus Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. e01875-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. P. Ang ◽  
Tchoyoson C. C. Lim ◽  
Linfa Wang
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Date Palm Sap

ABSTRACT Nipah virus, a paramyxovirus related to Hendra virus, first emerged in Malaysia in 1998. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Malaysia has had no more cases since 1999, but outbreaks continue to occur in Bangladesh and India. In the Malaysia-Singapore outbreak, transmission occurred primarily through contact with pigs, whereas in Bangladesh and India, it is associated with ingestion of contaminated date palm sap and human-to-human transmission. Bats are the main reservoir for this virus, which can cause disease in humans and animals. There are currently no effective therapeutics, and supportive care and prevention are the mainstays of management.

scholarly journals A survey of Nipah virus infection among various risk groups in Singapore

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. CHAN ◽  
P. E. ROLLIN ◽  
T. G. KSIAZEK ◽  
Y. S. LEO ◽  
K. T. GOH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Past History ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Abattoir Workers

Following the Nipah virus (NV) outbreak in March 1999 in Singapore, a serological survey was undertaken to screen individuals potentially exposed to NV. Blood samples were tested for NV IgM, IgG and neutralizing antibodies. Twenty-two (1·5%) of 1469 people tested had antibodies suggesting NV infection. Although 12 of the 22 infected people (54·6%) were symptomatic, the remaining 10 (45·4%) were clinically well and had no past history of compatible pulmonary or neurological disease. Clinical and serological findings suggested three people had been infected with NV before the outbreak was recognized. All those who were infected were male abattoir workers. None of the people who had contact with horses, and no healthcare workers exposed to infected patients and their specimens had detectable antibodies. This study provides evidence that NV causes asymptomatic infection. All of the antibody positive individuals had direct contact with pigs and there was no evidence of human to human transmission.

scholarly journals Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Naomi Hauser ◽  
Alexis C. Gushiken ◽  
Shivakumar Narayanan ◽  
Shyam Kottilil ◽  
Joel V. Chua
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus of the Henipavirus genus first identified in Malaysia in 1998. Henipaviruses have bat reservoir hosts and have been isolated from fruit bats found across Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Bat-to-human transmission is thought to be the primary mode of human NiV infection, although multiple intermediate hosts are described. Human infections with NiV were originally described as a syndrome of fever and rapid neurological decline following contact with swine. More recent outbreaks describe a syndrome with prominent respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. Nearly annual outbreaks have been described since 1998 with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90%. The ubiquitous nature of the reservoir host, increasing deforestation, multiple mode of transmission, high case fatality rate, and lack of effective therapy or vaccines make NiV’s pandemic potential increasingly significant. Here we review the epidemiology and microbiology of NiV as well as the therapeutic agents and vaccines in development.

scholarly journals Piloting the use of indigenous methods to prevent Nipah virus infection by interrupting bats' access to date palm sap in Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazmun Nahar ◽  
Utpal Kumar Mondal ◽  
Rebeca Sultana ◽  
M. Jahangir Hossain ◽  
M. Salah Uddin Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Date Palm Sap ◽  
Indigenous Methods

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of COVID-19 virus infection in Guilan province, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Shakiba ◽  
Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari ◽  
Fardin Mehrabian ◽  
Seyed Mahmoud Rezvani ◽  
Zahra Ghasempour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Population Weight

AbstractBackgroundThe extent of infection by coronavirus disease 2019 has not been well known. In this study we aimed to determine seropositivity of COVID-19 virus infection in population of a highly affected area in north of Iran.MethodsIn a population-based cluster random sampling design through phone call invitation, a total of 196 household including 551 subjects agreed to participate in this study. Each participant were taken 50ml blood sample at health care center. Rapid test kits were used to detect antibody against COVID-19. Crude, population-weight adjusted and test performance adjusted prevalence of antibody seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 were reported.ResultsThe prevalence of antibody seropositivity was 22% (95%CI: 19-26%). The population weight adjusted estimate was 21% (95%CI: 14-29%) and test performance adjusted prevalence was 33% (95%CI: 28-39%). Based on these estimates the range of infected people in this province would be between 518000 and 777000.ConclusionThe population seropositivity prevalence of COVID-19 virus infection indicated that the asymptomatic infection is much higher than the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. This estimate can be used to better detect infection fatality rate and decide for public policy guidelines.

scholarly journals Agricultural intensification, priming for persistence and the emergence of Nipah virus: a lethal bat-borne zoonosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (66) ◽  
pp. 89-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet R. C. Pulliam ◽  
Jonathan H. Epstein ◽  
Jonathan Dushoff ◽  
Sohayati A. Rahman ◽  
Michel Bunning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Index Site ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Human Infections

Emerging zoonoses threaten global health, yet the processes by which they emerge are complex and poorly understood. Nipah virus (NiV) is an important threat owing to its broad host and geographical range, high case fatality, potential for human-to-human transmission and lack of effective prevention or therapies. Here, we investigate the origin of the first identified outbreak of NiV encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore. We analyse data on livestock production from the index site (a commercial pig farm in Malaysia) prior to and during the outbreak, on Malaysian agricultural production, and from surveys of NiV's wildlife reservoir (flying foxes). Our analyses suggest that repeated introduction of NiV from wildlife changed infection dynamics in pigs. Initial viral introduction produced an explosive epizootic that drove itself to extinction but primed the population for enzootic persistence upon reintroduction of the virus. The resultant within-farm persistence permitted regional spread and increased the number of human infections. This study refutes an earlier hypothesis that anomalous El Niño Southern Oscillation-related climatic conditions drove emergence and suggests that priming for persistence drove the emergence of a novel zoonotic pathogen. Thus, we provide empirical evidence for a causative mechanism previously proposed as a precursor to widespread infection with H5N1 avian influenza and other emerging pathogens.

scholarly journals Knowledge and attitude about Nipah virus infection among medical students, Mysuru, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3213
Author(s):  
Preetha Susan George ◽  
Narayana Murthy Mysore Ramaiah
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Good Attitude

Background: As the deadly Nipah virus, which took the life of 18 people in 2018, resurfaces in Kerala, Karnataka being nearby state is put on high alert, among which Mysore is one such district. Even with a case fatality rate of 94.7%, early treatment and prompt control activities by medical professionals can save more lives. So with this background and relevance, the study intends to assess the knowledge and attitude about Nipah virus infection among the medical students of JSS Medical College, Mysuru district, as medical students must have a good insight about the effect of diseases on communities and individuals.Methods: The study was conducted among 4th term and 8th term MBBS students of JSS Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka. The study sample of 271 was obtained by convenient sampling method. The study was done over a period of 3 months (April 2019 to June 2019). Data regarding knowledge and attitude was collected using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS-24. Appropriate statistical tests were applied to find out association and was expressed statistically significant at a p value<0.05.Results: Majority of the students were aware about the Nipah virus infection and 97% were aware about the recent outbreak in Kerala. 43.5% of the students had good knowledge regarding the epidemiology and treatment of Nipah virus infection and 47.20% had acceptable knowledge on Nipah virus. 33.60% of the students had good attitude regarding the preventive aspects of Nipah virus infection.Conclusions: Majority of the students 97% were aware about the recent outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Kerala. Around 43.5% of the students had good knowledge regarding the epidemiology and treatment of Nipah virus infection and 33.6% of the students had good attitude regarding the preventive aspects of Nipah virus infection. Students from previously affected places had good knowledge and attitude regarding Nipah virus.

scholarly journals Learning from COVID-19 Pandemic: In Silico Vaccine and Cloning Design Against Nipah Virus by Studying and Analyzing the Whole Nipah Virus Proteome.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Habib
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Primary Mode ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Abstract Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus of the Henipavirus genus first identified in Malaysia in 1998. Henipavirus have bat reservoir hosts and have been isolated from fruit bats found across Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Bat-to-human transmission is thought to be the primary mode of human NiV infection, although multiple intermediate hosts are described. Human infections with NiV were originally described as a syndrome of fever and rapid neurological decline following contact with swine. More recent outbreaks describe a syndrome with prominent respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. Nearly annual outbreaks have been described since 1998 with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90%. To prevent the spreading of the Nipah virus and turning it into a new pandemic, we must be armed with a ready-made vaccine to save the time consuming that vaccine takes until production. Here we in this paper, we analyzed the whole Nipah virus proteome to find out the most antigenic, non-allergic, and immune inducing epitopes to construct different vaccines that undergone deep investigation to reveal the most appropriate vaccine to immunize humanity from this probably pandemic.

scholarly journals Nipah virus infection: a deadly disease emerging in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4172
Author(s):  
Ramesh Verma ◽  
Mukesh Dhankar ◽  
Avneet Singh ◽  
Vinod Chayal ◽  
Raj Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Syndrome Surveillance ◽  
Primary Focus

Nipah virus infection is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by a virus called Nipah virus (NiV). First outbreak was occurred among pig farmers in Malaysia and Singapore in the year 1998-99 with 30% case fatality rate. In India, two outbreaks of Nipah virus have been reported in the eastern state of West Bengal in the years 2001 and 2007 where nearly 70% deaths were occurred. Recently, third outbreak of Nipah virus infection has been reported in India from two districts Kozhikode and Mallapuram of Kerala on 19 May 2018 and 17 patients were died from 19 reported cases (18 laboratory confirmed cases) from these two affected districts. Till now, no reasons of the outbreak in Kerala have been identified and situation was controlled immediately because of taking stringent containment and preventive measures like enhancement of acute fever and acute encephalitis syndrome surveillance system and strengthening of Hospital and community surveillance. There is no effective treatment or vaccine available that’s why the primary focus should be on the prevention like avoidance of drinking of raw palm sap (palm toddy) contaminated by bat excrete, don’t consumed partially eaten fruits by bats and water from wells infested by bats and avoid exposure to bats in endemic areas and sick pigs. The WHO suggests that health care professionals should wear gloves and other protective clothing during any pig slaughtering and culling procedures.

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