An evaluational study: the perception of mother about routine immunization attending anganwadi centre in urban Hapur, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Immunization is the most powerful, safe and cost-effective measures for prevention/control of a number of diseases. The historical success of eradicating the dreaded disease, Smallpox, prompted World Health Organization (WHO) to ask its member countries to launch immunization against six vaccine preventable diseases in its national immunization schedule because unequivocal knowledge and practices helps to develop positive attitude towards vaccination and thus their contribution to vaccination. It helps to reduce the burden of dreadful infectious diseases, which are best controlled by vaccination. Poor maternal knowledge likely to results in partial immunization coverage or nill immunization coverage in children.Methods: Total 256 mother with children of aged 12-60 months were interviewed during four months duration, for the study. During the survey, 256 mothers having children between 12-60 months were interviewed through a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.Results: 97.08 mothers knew that immunization is to be started at birth, 39% of mothers knew that OPV protects against polio. All the mothers had received T.T during pregnancy as per schedule (93%) and 99% had received 2 doses. Maximum mother reported that information was received by ASHA/AWW.Conclusions: According to source of information the IEC activities should be increased and to improve the level of knowledge among mother of under five children.

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The Role of Pharmacists in Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and the Measles Outbreak

Journal of Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/0897190019895437 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 089719001989543

Author(s):

Katelin M. Lisenby ◽

Kruti N. Patel ◽

Michelle T. Uichanco

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Measles Outbreak ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Vaccine hesitancy has been identified as a top threat to global health by the World Health Organization. The current measles outbreak in the United States places even greater emphasis on the relevance of this topic. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective methods to avoid preventable disease and associated complications. Safety concerns and lack of education commonly contribute to vaccination refusals. By providing patients evidence-based facts and education, pharmacists have the opportunity to address common misconceptions influencing the antivaccination movement and prevent future outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

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Taking stock of global immunisation coverage progress: the gains, the losses and the journey ahead

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihz120 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

C A Nnaji ◽

A J Owoyemi ◽

U A Amaechi ◽

A B Wiyeh ◽

D E Ndwandwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supply And Demand ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

World Health ◽

Demand Side ◽

Global Level ◽

Immunisation Coverage ◽

National Immunization ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Made In

Abstract Despite the enormous benefits of vaccination, global immunisation coverage progress has stalled and remains suboptimal in many countries. In this commentary, we review the recently published update of the World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund Estimates of National Immunization Coverage. We highlight trends in which, despite substantial gains made in improving immunisation coverage at the global level, there remain numerous challenges with reaching and sustaining optimal coverage. We contextualise the trends by exploring plausible supply- and demand-side root causes. Based on these, we stress the need for targeted, context-appropriate strategies for reaching and maintaining optimal immunisation coverage.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE IN RURAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS IN KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v8i4.249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 206-212

Author(s):

Saudat Abdullahi Basheer ◽

Ratana Somrongthong ◽

Pramon Viwattanakulvanid ◽

Ramesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Vaccination Schedule ◽

World Health ◽

Verbal Reports ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North West ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Immunization Status ◽

Health Organization

Background: The National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2013 revealed that, only 25% of the children had received all recommended vaccines and about 21% of children were unvaccinated which is far below World Health Organization (WHO) target of (80%). The objective of this study is to assess the complete immunization coverage and its determinants among children under 2 years in Arewa and Dandi LGA, North west, Nigeria. Methods: A cross -sectional community- based study was conducted in 2 Local Government Areas (LGA) in Kebbi State, North West Nigeria, during October 2016 to March 2017. Around 420 households were interviewed by trained data collectors on assessment of vaccination status of the children based on vaccination cards and mother's verbal reports. Descriptive statistics, Bivariate and multivariate logistics regression analyses were used to assess the factors associated with complete immunization status. Results: About 66.4% of children under 2 years were un-vaccinated, 26.1% were partially vaccinated, only 7.4% were fully vaccinated by card plus recall. About 31% of the mothers knew about vaccination, only 25% could name four or more types of vaccine preventable diseases and 21.2% knew the benefit of immunization. The factors significantly associated with complete immunization status were mothers' education (AOR=0.069, 95% CI: 0.012- 0.0390), maternal daily income (AOR=0.013, 95%CI: 0.001-0.216), mother's knowledge about benefit of immunization (AOR=0.080, 95%CI:0.008-0.776), knowledge about vaccine side effects (AOR=0.014, 95% CI: 0.003-0.056), mothers knowledge about the age at which vaccination begins and completes (AOR= 0.139, 95% CI:0.041-0.469) and information received about the next vaccination schedule (AOR= 0.015, 95% CI: 0.003-0.071). Conclusion: Study concluded that the factors like mother's education, knowledge and income were significantly associated with complete vaccination among children in Nigeria.

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Chickenpox Vaccination: Knowledge and Attitude of Child-Bearing Women of Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v24i6.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 1021-1026

Author(s):

K.E. Edje ◽

P.Y. Toloyai ◽

J.C. Mordi ◽

T.M.E. Daubry ◽

E.G. Moke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signs And Symptoms ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Child Bearing ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Health Organization ◽

High Level

Chickenpox is a common childhood disease which is highly contagious. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in countries where chickenpox is an important public health burden, chickenpox vaccination should be introduced into their routine immunization programs. This present study is to ascertain the level of knowledge and attitude towards chickenpox infection and its vaccination among child-bearing women in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards chickenpox vaccination among 140 randomly selected child-bearing mothers residing in Abraka community. Of the 140 respondents, a greater number was within 30-40 years of age (61.4%). Most of the respondents (95.7%) had heard about chickenpox and 77.1% stated correctly its mode of transmitted.Majority were well aware of the signs and symptoms of the infection which included itching rashes (85.7%), blisters and red spots (66.4%), and fever (61.4%). Despite the fact that most of the respondents (72.9%) knew about chickenpox vaccination, only very few (19.3%) claimed to know the vaccine used, with less than half of the respondents (44.3%) correctly indicating two doses as the complete dosing for chickenpox vaccination. A greater proportion (91.4%) of the women had vaccinated their children against chickenpox, and believed that it was effective (82.1%). A high level of knowledge and positive attitude towards chickenpox vaccination among child-bearing women was evident in this study, however, it is paramount to encourage pregnant women and mothers attending antenatal care to immunize their children against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Keywords: Vaccination, chickenpox, vaccine-preventable diseases, knowledge, Abraka.

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Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9030256 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 256

Author(s):

Pedro Plans-Rubió

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Action Plan ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

World Health ◽

Immunization Programs ◽

National Immunization ◽

The World ◽

Measles Vaccination ◽

The Mean ◽

Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

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Improving the Role and Contribution of Pharmacokinetic Analyses in Antimalarial Drug Clinical Trials

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02777-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (10) ◽

pp. 5643-5649 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katherine Kay ◽

Eva Maria Hodel ◽

Ian M. Hastings

Keyword(s):

Antimalarial Drug ◽

Theoretical Data ◽

Drug Efficacy ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Field Studies ◽

World Health ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Health Organization ◽

Study Designs

ABSTRACTIt is now World Health Organization (WHO) policy that drug concentrations on day 7 be measured as part of routine assessment in antimalarial drug efficacy trials. The rationale is that this single pharmacological measure serves as a simple and practical predictor of treatment outcome for antimalarial drugs with long half-lives. Herein we review theoretical data and field studies and conclude that the day 7 drug concentration (d7c) actually appears to be a poor predictor of therapeutic outcome. This poor predictive capability combined with the fact that many routine antimalarial trials will have few or no failures means that there appears to be little justification for this WHO recommendation. Pharmacological studies have a huge potential to improve antimalarial dosing, and we propose study designs that use more-focused, sophisticated, and cost-effective ways of generating these data than the mass collection of single d7c concentrations.

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Design and Development of an Instrument on Knowledge of Food Safety, Practices, and Risk Perception Addressed to Children and Adolescents from Low-Income Families

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2324

Author(s):

Sueny Andrade Batista ◽

Elke Stedefeldt ◽

Eduardo Yoshio Nakano ◽

Mariana de Oliveira Cortes ◽

Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Low Income ◽

Raw Materials ◽

World Health ◽

Low Income Students ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Health Organization ◽

Rules Set

In the fight against foodborne diseases, expanding access to information for different groups is needed. In this aspect, it is crucial to evaluate the target audience’s particularities. This study constructed and validated an instrument containing three questionnaires to identify the level of knowledge, practices, and risk perception of food safety by low-income students between 11 and 14 years old. The following steps were used: systematic search of the databases; conducting and analyzing focus groups; questionnaires development; and questionnaires analysis. After two judges’ rounds, the final version was reached with 11 knowledge items, 11 practice items, and five risk perception items. The content validation index values were higher than 0.80. The adopted methodology considered the students’ understanding and perceptions, as well the appropriate language to be used. Besides, it allowed the development of questionnaires that directly and straightforwardly covers the rules set by the World Health Organization for foodborne disease control called Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean; separate raw and cooked; cook thoroughly; keep food at safe temperatures; and use safe water and raw materials). Its use can result in a diagnosis for elaborating educational proposals and other actions against foodborne illness in the most vulnerable population.

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Reasons for Vaccine Rejection in 0 to 2 Years Old Children Registered to Family Health Centers in Konya

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1722972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (02) ◽

pp. 074-079

Author(s):

Hasan Kucukkendirci ◽

Fatih Kara ◽

Gulsum Gulperi Turgut

Keyword(s):

Health Personnel ◽

Family Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

University Graduates ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Health Organization

AbstractObjective According to the 2017 report of the World Health Organization (WHO), ∼1.5 million people die from vaccine preventable diseases. The WHO is working to generate and popularize effective vaccination programs. However, the concept of “vaccine rejection,” which first started in Europe and United States, has started to make an impact in Turkey during the past 10 years. It is therefore seen as a growing danger in future. This study was conducted to determine, detect, and prevent the reasons of vaccine rejection that have increased in recent years.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and December at 2015. In all districts of Konya (n = 31), it was aimed to reach all 242 families who rejected vaccination to their 0 to 2 years old babies. Families having more than one child refused to vaccinate all of their children. A questionnaire consisting of 47 questions was prepared by the researchers, using the standard trainings of the Ministry of Health and the literature. A total of 172 families agreed to participate in this study. The questionnaire was applied to the parents using the telephone interview technique. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and percentage.Results About 41.3% (n = 71) of the mothers were high school graduates, 50.6% (n = 87) of their fathers were university graduates. About 82.6% (n = 142) of the participants received examination, treatment and follow-up services from family physicians and family health personnel. About 20.9% (n = 36) of the children were the only children of the family. About 55.8% (n = 96) of the families also refused the vaccination for other children. About 83.7% (n = 144) of the unvaccinated children had infants/children follow-up care. While all participants stated that vaccines had side effects, 31.4% (n = 54) of these believed that vaccines cause autism or paralysis in infants. About 62.2% (n = 107) of their mothers did not receive tetanus vaccine during pregnancy. The highest rate of nonvaccination was with the second dose of hepatitis A vaccine, which 96.5% (n = 166) refused. The most accepted vaccine was the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine, which was refused by 18.0% (n = 31). About 79.7% (n = 137) of the participants did not know the reason for the vaccination and 95.9% (n = 165) thought that the vaccines were not required. All participants received information from the health personnel about the vaccines. While 9.9% (n = 17) of the families thought that vaccines cause infertility, 44.8% (n = 77) did not receive vaccination because the vaccines were produced abroad.Conclusion A growing number of families refuse to have their babies vaccinated. The production of vaccines abroad is a major cause of insecurity. There are also beliefs that vaccines cause infertility. Vaccine production in Turkey should be accelerated and public education about vaccines should be reviewed. Training provided to families about vaccines should also be reviewed.

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An IoT Architecture for Assessing Road Safety in Smart Cities

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2018/8214989 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Abd-Elhamid M. Taha

Keyword(s):

Road Safety ◽

Markov Models ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Dynamic Assessment ◽

Route Planning ◽

Cost Effective ◽

World Health ◽

Road Users ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

The Safe System (SS) approach to road safety emphasizes safety-by-design through ensuring safe vehicles, road networks, and road users. With a strong motivation from the World Health Organization (WHO), this approach is increasingly adopted worldwide. Considerations in SS, however, are made for the medium-to-long term. Our interest in this work is to complement the approach with a short-to-medium term dynamic assessment of road safety. Toward this end, we introduce a novel, cost-effective Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that facilitates the realization of a robust and dynamic computational core in assessing the safety of a road network and its elements. In doing so, we introduce a new, meaningful, and scalable metric for assessing road safety. We also showcase the use of machine learning in the design of the metric computation core through a novel application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Finally, the impact of the proposed architecture is demonstrated through an application to safety-based route planning.

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Motion – Screening and Surveillance of Barrett’s Epithelium Is Practical and Cost Effective: Arguments against the Motion

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/2002/354181 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 541-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Naoki Chiba

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

World Health ◽

Endoscopic Screening ◽

Effective Screening ◽

Screening And Surveillance ◽

Screening Protocol ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Prolongation Of Life ◽

Health Organization ◽

Very High

The issue of whether to screen individuals for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is highly controversial. Important considerations are that BE is not highly prevalent in the general population and that not many patients with BE develop or die from EAC. Studies that suggest an improved prognosis from surveillance programs are susceptible to lead-time bias. Most of the principles for effective screening, as outlined by the World Health Organization, are not met by endoscopic screening and surveillance protocols. The diagnosis of BE (and dysplasia) is often unclear. Most patients with BE are not identified by screening, and few deaths would be prevented by surveillance. A decision analysis found that the most cost effective screening protocol would be every five years, but the costs associated with prolongation of life are very high, even if a group at high risk for EAC could be identified.

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