scholarly journals Taking stock of global immunisation coverage progress: the gains, the losses and the journey ahead

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Nnaji ◽  
A J Owoyemi ◽  
U A Amaechi ◽  
A B Wiyeh ◽  
D E Ndwandwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Immunisation Coverage ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

Abstract Despite the enormous benefits of vaccination, global immunisation coverage progress has stalled and remains suboptimal in many countries. In this commentary, we review the recently published update of the World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund Estimates of National Immunization Coverage. We highlight trends in which, despite substantial gains made in improving immunisation coverage at the global level, there remain numerous challenges with reaching and sustaining optimal coverage. We contextualise the trends by exploring plausible supply- and demand-side root causes. Based on these, we stress the need for targeted, context-appropriate strategies for reaching and maintaining optimal immunisation coverage.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

scholarly journals Measles Distribution Map according to Measles Immunization and Vitamin A Coverage

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Vika Gress Vio Dilita ◽  
Lucia Yovita Hendrati
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Incidence

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia is one of the ten countries with the most significant number of measles cases in the world. Immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency has reached the target of prevention of measles in the elimination stage, namely measles immunization coverage> 95%, the incidence of measles persists and increases in the last three years, from 2013 to 2015. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the trends between measles immunization status and the provision of vitamin A with the incidence of measles in Trenggalek Regency. Methods: This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The sample population is consist of 14 sub-districts in Trenggalek Regency. Data was taken from the health profile of Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015. In this study, data processing were analysed by Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03 to determine data descriptively. Results: Distribution of measles incidence with immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed that measles incidence tended to increase followed with the decreasing number of measles immunization coverage each year. Ironically, the distribution of measles incidence with vitamin A administration in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed the incidence of measles had increased because of the inconsistent amount of vitamin A administration. Conclusion: Measles incidence tends to occur in low immunization coverage areas and has decreased from the previous year. Giving vitamin A does not prevent the occurrence of measles, but serves to reduce compilation.

scholarly journals Impact of Covid-19 on banking business

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Marijana Joksimović ◽  
Jozefina Beke-Trivunac
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Banking System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Banking Business ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Positive Effect

The Covid-19 virus pandemic, declared in 2020 by the World Health Organization, has a very large impact on banking business around the world. The most significant problem is the growth of credit risk and the huge growth of demand for liquid assets. The crisis has also increased the risks associated with the digitalization of banking business and brought new risks posed by the work of employees from home. The timely reaction of regulatory authorities, at the global level, and the willingness of the monetary and fiscal authorities of all countries to cooperate have shown a very positive effect on the stability of the banking system.

scholarly journals The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of urgent surgery: a perspective from the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhiman Cheeyandira
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urgent Surgery ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

Abstract Corona virus pandemic has affected all the 50 states in the USA. States such as NY, CA and WA being the most affected. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, as of 28 March 2020, the total number of cases in the USA is over 103 300 and number of deaths to 1668. In the coming weeks, COVID-19 rates are expected to begin skyrocketing and hit a peak in late April/May/June given lessons learned from China, Italy and others. COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) as confirmed cases approach 575 444 patients with 26 654 deaths across over 160 countries, as of 28 March 2020. There is a lot of impact on management of the urgent and emergent cases. This article highlights the changes that are being made in delivering urgent and emergent surgical care during the pandemic.

Insulin safety: what is all the fuss about?

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 467-471
Author(s):  
Anne Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
The World ◽  
National Patient ◽  
The Common ◽  
Medication Incidents ◽  
Global Initiative ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

Errors in the prescribing, dispensing and administration of insulin can cause serious harm. Anne Cartwright raises awareness of the risks In 2010 National Patient Safety Alerts produced a rapid response report ‘Safer Use of Insulin’ in response to an increasing number of medication incidents leading to severe harm or death as a result of errors with insulin therapy. In 2017 the World Health Organization launched a global initiative to reduce avoidable medication error by 50% over 5 years. This article aims to raise awareness of the risks of insulin therapy, the common mistakes that can be made in the prescribing, dispensing and administration of insulin, and to inform health professionals who are involved in caring for people on insulin therapy how to reduce the risk of potential harm.

The Origins of a Global Standard for Food Quality and Safety: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Vojir ◽  
Erwin Schübl ◽  
Ibrahim Elmadfa
Keyword(s):  
Food Samples ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Codex Alimentarius ◽  
Codex Alimentarius Commission ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

In the second half of the 19th century the incidence of food adulterations increased very rapidly, prompting many European countries to put into force food laws to fight these practices. A number of parallel attempts were undertaken to establish a collection of instructions for the assessment of food samples to warrant the comparability of results obtained and interpreted by different experts. The first official steps towards such a standardization was made in 1891 at an international meeting of food chemists and microscopic scientists in Vienna. As a consequence, Austria installed a “Scientific Commission” in 1891, which drafted chapters for a future Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. In 1907, a Codex Commission was installed by the Ministry of Interior, but it took about four years, from 1907 to 1911, before the first edition of this compendium was published. So far, four editions have followed. The Codex Alimentarius Austriacus is a set of standards and guidelines for stakeholders, authorities, and law courts as a base for their activities. It has evolved over the past 100 years to become a flexible instrument, which has become indispensable for Austria. After 1945, attempts were made in different parts of the world to develop standardized rules for the testing of food samples to prevent trade barriers within the respective region. In Europe for instance, the development of a Codex Alimentarius Europaeus initiated by the Austrian Hans Frenzel, and based upon the model of the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus, made good progress. A number of other European countries were involved in this project. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations were intent on impeding such regional activities to prevent trade barriers at a global level. Between 1960 and 1963, steps were taken to install a FAO/WHO Codex partly in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Europaeus. Since 1963, the FAO/WHO Codex Commission has issued the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, which took its name and some organizational aspects from Codex Alimentarius Europaeus, that was itself modeled after the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. The Codex Alimentarius Europaeus was incorporated into the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the regional coordinating committee for Europe, thus providing a model for the six regional coordination committees of the Codex Alimentarius Commission existing today.

scholarly journals Anticancer activity of benzoxazole derivative (2015 onwards): a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanay Ghoshal ◽  
Tarun M. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Area ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

Abstract Background According to the report published recently by the World Health Organization, the number of cancer cases in the world will increase to 22 million by 2030. So the anticancer drug research and development is taking place in the direction where the new entities are developed which are low in toxicity and are with improved activity. Benzoxazole and its derivative represent a very important class of heterocyclic compounds, which have a diverse therapeutic area. Recently, many active compounds synthesized are very effective; natural products isolated with benzoxazole moiety have also shown to be potent towards cancer. Main text In the last few years, many research groups have designed and developed many novel compounds with benzoxazole as their backbone and checked their anticancer activity. In the review article, the recent developments (mostly after 2015) made in the direction of design and synthesis of new scaffolds with very potent anticancer activity are briefly described. The effect of various heterocycles attached to the benzoxazole and their effect on the anticancer activity are thoroughly studied and recorded in the review. Conclusion These compiled data in the article will surely update the scientific community with the recent development in this area and will provide direction for further research in this area.

scholarly journals An evaluational study: the perception of mother about routine immunization attending anganwadi centre in urban Hapur, Uttar Pradesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2159
Author(s):  
Nitin K. Pathak ◽  
Pankaj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dreaded Disease

Background: Immunization is the most powerful, safe and cost-effective measures for prevention/control of a number of diseases. The historical success of eradicating the dreaded disease, Smallpox, prompted World Health Organization (WHO) to ask its member countries to launch immunization against six vaccine preventable diseases in its national immunization schedule because unequivocal knowledge and practices helps to develop positive attitude towards vaccination and thus their contribution to vaccination. It helps to reduce the burden of dreadful infectious diseases, which are best controlled by vaccination. Poor maternal knowledge likely to results in partial immunization coverage or nill immunization coverage in children.Methods: Total 256 mother with children of aged 12-60 months were interviewed during four months duration, for the study. During the survey, 256 mothers having children between 12-60 months were interviewed through a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.Results: 97.08 mothers knew that immunization is to be started at birth, 39% of mothers knew that OPV protects against polio. All the mothers had received T.T during pregnancy as per schedule (93%) and 99% had received 2 doses. Maximum mother reported that information was received by ASHA/AWW.Conclusions: According to source of information the IEC activities should be increased and to improve the level of knowledge among mother of under five children. 

World Health Organization

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Health Work ◽  
Inaugural Address ◽  
The World ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Regular Session ◽  
Made In

To mark the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the World Health Organization (WHO), the eleventh regular session of the Assembly was preceded by a special two-day tenth anniversary commemorative session. The eleventh session was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, from May 28 to June 13, 1958. The President of the Assembly (Dr. Leroy E. Burney) stated in his inaugural address that WHO's efforts during its first ten years had been concentrated largely on the fight against the major communicable diseases. He emphasized the necessity for more research, the importance of intensifying training activities, and the need for wider public participation in health work. The Director-General, introducing his report on the work of WHO during 1957, stated that one indication of the direction in which WHO's work was likely to develop in the future was to be found in the repeated references made in the report to the coordination of research. He stated that one of the most pressing immediate needs continued to be the strengthening of national health services. He proposed an effective working budget for 1959 of $14,287,600, which represented an increase of 5.3 percent over the effective working budget for 1958. The Assembly approved the proposed budget.

Globalization of Ergonomics Through the International Ergonomics Association

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Caple
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The International Ergonomics Association (IEA) plays a pivotal role in developing ergonomics at a global level. Through the federated societies in 49 countries, IEA brings together knowledge and resources to share and develop ergonomics education, research, and practice internationally. IEA also recognizes the relatively small size of this domain in the global community and is working to develop collaborations with larger and more influential organizations to integrate and expand exposure to ergonomics, such as with the International Organization for Standardization, the International Labor Organization, and the World Health Organization. Collaborations with other professional associations at an international level also assist in developing and integrating connections for mutual recognition of ergonomics research and practice. This article briefly describes some of IEA’s goals and activities.

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