scholarly journals COVID-19 and all-cause-mortality; differential trends between countries and selected states of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 5040
Author(s):  
Jaideep C. Menon ◽  
Rakesh P. Suseela ◽  
Omesh K. Bharti ◽  
Kaushik Mishra ◽  
Basanta Swain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
High Income ◽  
Data Monitoring ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Mortality Differential ◽  
Context Specific

By 22nd January 2021, the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus had infected over 98 million and 10.6 million individuals globally and in India, with 1.7 million and 153, 067 deaths, respectively. Case Fatality rates (CFR) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) have varied significantly between countries. In order to understand the true impact of the pandemic, we should report coronavirus (COVID-19) mortality in the context of all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality, and compare with previous years. The consequences of the pandemic have been, and will be, different in different settings within and across countries. To compare the all-cause mortality in the year 2020 with previous years in three selected states of India correlate it to the burden of COVID19 and compare all-cause mortality between three states of India to four high income countries. We provide quantitative data in three states across India (Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Odisha) and compare with high-income countries to illustrate the importance of context-specific data monitoring and public health responses. There was a 1.9% increase in deaths, with 2.8% decrease in births in 2020, compared to 2019 in Himachal Pradesh, 13.3 and 9.2% decrease in Kerala and 16.7% and 21.4% decrease in Odisha. There was a direct correlation of all cause mortality to CFR on comparison between three states of India and despite the enormous burden of COVID19 in India all-cause mortality was lower compared to previous years in addition to the CFR due to COVID 19 being lower than in selected HICs.  

scholarly journals COVID-19 and all-cause-mortality; differential trends between countries and selected states of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaideep C Menon ◽  
P Suseela Rakesh ◽  
Omesh K Bharti ◽  
Kaushik Mishra ◽  
Basanta K Swain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
High Income ◽  
Data Monitoring ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Mortality Differential ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background: By 22nd January 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 virus had infected over 98 million and 10.6 million individuals globally and in India, with 1.7 million and 153, 067 deaths, respectively1. Case Fatality rates (CFR) due to COVID 19 have varied significantly between countries. In order to understand the true impact of the pandemic, we should report coronavirus (COVID-19) mortality in the context of all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality, and compare with previous years. The consequences of the pandemic have been, and will be, different in different settings within and across countries.Objectives: To compare the all-cause mortality in the year 2020 with previous years in three selected states of India correlate it to the burden of COVID19 and compare all-cause mortality between three states of India to four high income countries.We also compared the number of cases, deaths, CFR, prevalence of NCDs per million and the proportion of population > age 65 in India to four high income countries (HIC)- the UK, US, Spain and Italy.Methods: We provide quantitative data in three states across India (Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Odisha) and compare with high-income countries to illustrate the importance of context-specific data monitoring and public health responses.Results: There was a 1.9% increase in deaths, with 2.8% decrease in births in 2020, compared to 2019 in Himachal Pradesh, 13.3 and 9.2% decrease in Kerala and 16.7% and 21.4% decrease in Odisha.Conclusion: There was a direct correlation of all cause mortality to CFR on comparison between three states of India and despite the enormous burden of COVID19 in India all-cause mortality was lower compared to previous years in addition to the CFR due to COVID 19 being lower than in selected HICs.

scholarly journals A systematic literature review of the enabling environment elements to improve implementation of water safety plans in high-income countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Baum ◽  
Jamie Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Income ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Enabling Environment ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plans ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Effective risk management helps ensure safe drinking water and protect public health. Even in high-income countries, risk management sometimes fails and waterborne disease, including outbreaks, occur. To help reduce waterborne disease, the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality recommend water safety plans (WSPs), a systematic preventive risk management strategy applied from catchment to consumer. Since the introduction of WSPs, international guidelines, national and state legislation, and local practices have facilitated their implementation. While various high-income OECD countries have documented successes in improving drinking water safety through implementing WSPs, others have little experience. This review synthesizes the elements of the enabling environment that promoted the implementation of WSPs in high-income countries. We show that guidelines, regulations, tools and resources, public health support, and context-specific evidence of the feasibility and benefits of WSPs are elements of the enabling environment that encourage adoption and implementation of WSPs in high-income countries. These findings contribute to understanding the ways in which to increase the uptake and extent of WSPs throughout high-income countries to help improve public health.

scholarly journals The Practice of Public Health Emergency Operations Center (EOC) The Operations of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)’s EOC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Ding ◽  
Qun Li ◽  
Lianmei Jin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Emergency Operation ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Operation Management ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Objectives To Share the construction status and operation management experience of the EOC of China CDC. It is also to promote the construction of global emergency operation management system.Methods We searched the websites of WHO, USCDC and EU CDC for the EOC-related concepts. And through expert interviews and personal communication with experts, we collected relevant opinions and identify additional published literature, then described the current situation of construction of China CDC’s EOC. Results For EOC, different organizations / agencies have different definitions. In China, the EOC is a place where CDC organizes and conducts the related emergency response work. And it is also an important part of public health emergency system construction. The China CDC’s EOC had developed a series of incident action plan (IAP) and the standardized forms for each incident. The event-specific data, context-specific data and event management data are usually obtained by different system and channel. The China CDC’s EOC would improve the staff’s abilities through an ongoing series of training and exercises. Comparing with before, the efficiency of incident response has been greatly increased after the establishment of EOC.Conclusions The China CDC’s EOC is still growing and groping phase. It is necessary to continue theoretical learning and practice to continuously improve the capacity of the construction and operations of the EOC system. We need continued close collaboration and partnership with international organizations to enable more to be accomplished through leveraging individual institutional strengths. The standardize approach to respond to public health emergencies meet global standards needs.

scholarly journals Impact of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Coastal Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Andayi ◽  
Sandra S. Chaves ◽  
Marc-Alain Widdowson
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks ◽  
The Impact

The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most significant pandemic recorded in human history. Worldwide, an estimated half billion persons were infected and 20 to 100 million people died in three waves during 1918 to 1919. Yet the impact of this pandemic has been poorly documented in many countries especially those in Africa. We used colonial-era records to describe the impact of 1918 influenza pandemic in the Coast Province of Kenya. We gathered quantitative data on facility use and all-cause mortality from 1912 to 1925, and pandemic-specific data from active reporting from September 1918 to March 1919. We also extracted quotes from correspondence to complement the quantitative data and describe the societal impact of the pandemic. We found that crude mortality rates and healthcare utilization increased six- and three-fold, respectively, in 1918, and estimated a pandemic mortality rate of 25.3 deaths/1000 people/year. Impact to society and the health care system was dramatic as evidenced by correspondence. In conclusion, the 1918 pandemic profoundly affected Coastal Kenya. Preparation for the next pandemic requires continued improvement in surveillance, education about influenza vaccines, and efforts to prevent, detect and respond to novel influenza outbreaks.

scholarly journals The Practice of China CDC’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Ding ◽  
Qun Li ◽  
Lianmei Jin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Emergency Operation ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Operation Management ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background: The EOC of Chinese Center for disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) was officially established in 2016, which has become the core department for the public health emergencies and risk response. In recent years, we have continued to improve and summarize the EOC's role and functions in different events. And we also want to share the construction status and operation management experience of the EOC of China CDC. It is also to promote the construction of global emergency operation management system.Main text: We searched the websites of WHO, USCDC and ECDC for the EOC-related concepts. And through expert interviews and personal communication with experts, we collected relevant opinions and identify additional published literature, then described the current situation of construction of China CDC’s EOC. For EOC, different organizations / agencies have different definitions. In China, the EOC is a place where CDC organizes and conducts the related emergency response work. And it is also an important part of public health emergency system construction. The China CDC’s EOC had developed a series of incident action plan (IAP) and the standardized forms for each incident. The event-specific data, context-specific data and event management data are usually obtained by different system and channel. The China CDC’s EOC would improve the staff’s abilities through an ongoing series of training and exercises. Comparing with before, the efficiency of incident response has been greatly increased after the establishment of EOC.Conclusions: The China CDC’s EOC is still growing and groping phase. It is necessary to continue theoretical learning and practice to continuously improve the capacity of the construction and operations of the EOC system. We need continued close collaboration and partnership with international organizations to enable more to be accomplished through leveraging individual institutional strengths. The standardize approach to respond to public health emergencies meet global standards needs.

scholarly journals Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for a Contextualized and Effective Response to Public Health Emergencies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibeltal Assefa ◽  
Charles F Gilks ◽  
Simon Reid ◽  
Remco van de Pas ◽  
Dereje Gedle Gete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Care Approach ◽  
Public Health Emergency Response ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background: The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a timely reminder of the nature and impact of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. As of 27 May 2021, there were over 169 million cases and over 3.5 million deaths notified since the start of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic takes variable shapes and forms in different regions and countries of the world. The objective of this study is to analyse the COVID-19 pandemic so that lessons can be learned towards an effective public health emergency response. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study to understand the heterogeneity of the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis and scatter plot were employed for the quantitative data. We used Spearman’s correlation analysis. Thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data to explain the findings from the quantitative data.Results: We have found that regions and countries with high human development index are most affected by COVID-19 due to international connectedness and mobility of their population related to trade and tourism, and their vulnerability related to older populations and higher rates of non-communicable diseases. The pattern of the pandemic is also variable among high- and middle-income countries due to differences in the governance of the pandemic, fragmentation of health systems, and socio-economic inequities. Conclusion: The aspiration towards a healthier and safer society requires that countries develop and implement a coherent and context-specific national strategy, improve governance of public health emergencies, build the capacity of their (public) health systems, minimize fragmentation, and tackle upstream structural issues, including socio-economic inequities. This is possible through a primary health care approach, which ensures provision of universal and equitable promotive, preventive and curative services, through whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches.

India as a Pioneer of Innovation

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Context Specific

What does innovation mean to and in India? What are the predominant areas of innovation for India, and under what situations do they succeed or fail? This book addresses these all-important questions arising within diverse Indian contexts: informal economy, low-cost settings, large business groups, entertainment and copyright-based industries, an evolving pharma sector, a poorly organized and appallingly underfunded public health system, social enterprises for the urban poor, and innovations for the millions. It explores the issues that promote and those that hinder the country’s rise as an innovation leader. The book’s balanced perspective on India’s promises and failings makes it a valuable addition for those who believe that India’s future banks heavily on its ability to leapfrog using innovation, as well as those sceptical of the Indian state’s belief in the potential of private enterprise and innovation. It also provides critical insights on innovation in general, the most important of which being the highly context-specific, context-driven character of the innovation project.

scholarly journals Health inequities and technological solutions during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in high-income countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 175797592098418
Author(s):  
Muriel Mac-Seing ◽  
Robson Rocha de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
High Income ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
And Control ◽  
Political Decisions

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in massive disruptions to public health, healthcare, as well as political and economic systems across national borders, thus requiring an urgent need to adapt. Worldwide, governments have made a range of political decisions to enforce preventive and control measures. As junior researchers analysing the pandemic through a health equity lens, we wish to share our reflections on this evolving crisis, specifically: (a) the tenuous intersections between the responses to the pandemic and public health priorities; (b) the exacerbation of health inequities experienced by vulnerable populations following decisions made at national and global levels; and (c) the impacts of the technological solutions put forward to address the crisis. Examples drawn from high-income countries are provided to support our three points.

scholarly journals Medicines Counterfeiting in Africa: A View from Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. maapoc.0000017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingai D. Gwatidzo ◽  
Petronella K. Murambinda ◽  
Zivanai Makoni
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Control Authority

With the sprouting of unregulated outlets on the streets of Zimbabwe, common questions that are raised include: (i) what is the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) doing about these street vendors? and (ii) is the law against unregulated markets and proliferation of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines being actively enforced? There is no doubt that this is a new challenge for MCAZ because of the risks involved with SF medicines. Notwithstanding the rather strong regulatory framework for the regulated market that the MCAZ has major control over, and its demonstrable regulatory prowess over the last 20 years as a National Medicines Regulatory Authority (NMRA), MCAZ is increasingly challenged to take a leading role in addressing this rising phenomenon. MCAZ has attempted to address the problem through collaboration with the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), public education and inspections by port officials at ports of entry. However, the problem still persists. A general lack of concrete qualitative and quantitative data on the commonly encountered SF medicinal products on the Zimbabwe market is another major issue. This is evidently a multi-layered problem and as the Shona adage goes “chara chimwe hachitswanye inda” (loosely translated “one thumb cannot crush all lice”), there is need for engaging local and regional partners in a bid to fulfil the MCAZ's mandate of protecting public health by ensuring medicines and medical devices intended for sale and distribution in Zimbabwe, are safe, effective and of good quality.

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